Psych Test #3 (Ch. 9,10,11) – Flashcards
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When faced with Piaget's balance scale problem, people in formal operations are most likely to
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figure out a rule for solving the problem by testing hypotheses
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Adolescents who have reached formal operations show an increase in
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hypothetical-deductive reasoning
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Adolescents (and others) who text while driving, believing that it is not dangerous for them, even though it might be for others, are showing evidence of
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an invincibility fable
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Kayleigh joined the same sorority that her mother and grandmother joined. She says 'it's just what we do.' Kayleigh is showing evidence of
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identity foreclosure
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Diana is 16 years old. She is really not sure what she believes in. When she is asked she says 'I'm only 16, I don't have to think about that stuff.' Diana's identity status can be described as
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identity diffused
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Jacob broke his eyeglasses. The temporary ones he got are geeky. He refuses to go to school saying 'everyone will be looking at me.' Jacob is demonstrating the feature of adolescent egocentrism known as
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the imaginary audience
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Which of the following is a criticism of Piaget's theory of formal operations?
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in everyday problem-solving, adolescents and adults tend to use intuitive thinking more than analytical thinking
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Of the characteristics of family closeness, which two are generally helpful regardless of context?
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communication & support
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Tonya is just beginning to be comfortable with the fact that she is lesbian. She has begun the process of disclosure and coming out. Tonya is in the ____ stage of coming out
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tolerance
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Darren is romantically attached to Melissa but he has no desire to have sex with her or with anyone else. Darren is likely to be
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asexual
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Compared to males, the dating script of females in adolescence tends to be
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reactive
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According to Savin-Williams' research, gay and lesbian adolescents tend to have ____ sexual experience than their heterosexual peers
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less
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Dmitri didn't get invited to his friend Jason's party. He is upset but says to himself 'now I know what kind of a friend Jason is.' Dmitri is using the emotional skill of
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reframing
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In Arnett's study of ethnic differences in emerging adulthood, which group was most likely to say that they felt like adults?
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African Americans
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Which of the following is an example of 'epistemic space' in adolescent attachment relationships?
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Andrew is able to reflect on the positive and negative aspects of his relationship with his dad
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Ellie sees the teacher be really mean to her friend. She is very upset and wants to yell at the teacher but instead she calmly reports the incident to the principal. Ellie is using the emotional skill of
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managing strong emotions evoked by empathy
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In Arnett's study of ethnic differences in emerging adulthood, which group of emerging adults emphasized complying with norms that encouraged good behavior towards others?
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African-Americans, Asian-Americans and Latinos
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In Arnett's study of ethnic differences in emerging adulthood, which of the following was seen as a marker of adulthood by most respondents in each of the group?
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independence
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Harry's peer group likes to cut class and party. Harry is rethinking this lifestyle and starting to pay more attention to class. To do so, he has to stand up to his friends. Which of Baxter Magolda's phases is he in?
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becoming the author of your own life
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Lily feels that her professors know the right answers to life's questions. Where is she on Perry's scheme?
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dualism
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Barry thinks that since no authority has the right answer, everyone's opinion is equally right. Where is he on Perry's scheme?
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relativism
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For boys, the event that most closely parallels menarche is
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spermache
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In the twenty-first century, early puberty positively correlates with
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aggression and antisocial behavior in boys
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Jose enjoys sports, especially running. As an adolescent, he has the potential to become a star athlete. Which pair of influences will be MOST beneficial to him in reaching his full potential?
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changes in myelination in his brain and the guidance of an experienced coach
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Josefina is obsessed with her weight. She sometimes eats a whole package of Oreos at once and then makes herself vomit. Josefina is of normal weight, but she constantly has heartburn. She MOST likely suffers from
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bulimia nervosa
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Justine is 14 years old. Her parents are frequently annoyed because Justine tends to ask critical questions such as, "Why can't I have wine with dinner? You do." Or "I don't understand why I'll be able to vote when I'm 18, but I have to wait until I'm 21 to buy alcohol!" This demonstrates Justine's:
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hypothetical thinking
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Latisha experienced menarche when she was 8 years old. She experienced:
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precocious puberty
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Marsha says, "There is no way I am going to school today with this bruise on my cheek. Everybody is going to laugh at me." Marsha is demonstrating:
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her belief in an imaginary audience
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One reason adolescents' nutritional habits may be poor is:
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anxiety about their body image
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Piaget called the reasoning that characterizes adolescence:
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formal operational thought
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Reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality defines:
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hypothetical thought
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Research has shown that adolescents who drop out of high school are strongly influenced by their:
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middle school experiences
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Since adolescents' prefrontal cortex is not fully developed, many of them tend NOT to:
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exercise caution in most situations
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Since adolescents regard themselves as uniquely special:
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it is difficult for them to envision another person's perspective
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The common middle-school schedule that involves classroom changes every 40 minutes:
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creates a developmental mismatch
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What-if propositions require:
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hypothetical thought
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Some teenagers seem able to skate, play basketball, or dance for hours without rest. This increased endurance is best explained by:
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the growth of the heart and lungs
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Thinking or drawing conclusions based on past personal experience, emotions, or a gut feeling is referred to as:
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intuitive thought
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Which is NOT a challenge associated with vocational education at the secondary level in the United States?
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Graduates of vocational programs earn less than students who do not attend them
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Which statement is correct?
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There is a positive correlation between body fat and early onset of puberty
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Xavier, 16, invites a group of his high school friends to swim in a neighbor's pool late at night while that neighbor is away. They climb the fence and jump in, playing wildly and loudly in the water. Just a few minutes later, the police arrive. How does adolescent brain development help explain Xavier's poor decision making?
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His prefrontal cortex is underdeveloped
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During psychosocial development, the adolescent is trying to figure out:
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"who am I?"
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During the fifth stage of psychosocial development, an adolescent who isn't sure which role to adopt is said it be:
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experiencing a crisis of identity versus role confusion
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It is typical for an adolescent experiencing ________ to sleep too much, care little about school, and be indifferent to parental criticism
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identity diffusion
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In achieving full identity, an adolescent should understand his or her goals and values regarding
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religion and sex politics and ethnicity vocation
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Today, vocational identity is postponed because:
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many vocations require specialized skills that take years to attain
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What is a gender role?
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a pattern of behavior that society considers appropriate for only men or only women
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Petty, peevish arguing that is usually ongoing is known as
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bickering
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Adolescents are said to have closeness with family when
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there is open communication, support, emotional connectedness, and parental control
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"Facilitation," specifically in adolescent peer relationships, refers to the way that peers
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encourage each other to do things that most wouldn't do on their own.
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In the past 50 years, teen births have _____ in every nation
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decreased
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According to Dunphy, the third event in the sequence of male-female relationships is
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small mixed-sex groups
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Which of the following statements concerning homosexual youth is TRUE?
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Ten percent of heterosexual adults report having had same-sex encounters during their adolescence
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The best sex-education programs are those that
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start before high school, require parent-child communication, focus on behavior, and last for years
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The belief that family members should support one another, sacrificing individual freedom if necessary, is called
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familism
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Serious depression among adolescents is
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more common in females than in males
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Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning adolescent suicide?
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Suicidal ideation is common among adolescents, but completed suicides are not
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Most longitudinal studies on adolescent destructiveness conclude that
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increased anger at puberty is normal and is usually expressed in acceptable ways
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The best predictor of drug abuse in adulthood is
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drug use before age 18
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Which psychoactive drug used during adolescence inhibits growth and may result in the adolescent becoming a shorter and heavier adult?
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tobacco
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Adolescents who regularly smoke marijuana are more likely to
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drop out of school become teenage parents be unemployed
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What is Erikson's fifth stage of psychosocial development?
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identity versus role confusion
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Understanding oneself based on past experiences and future plans is called ________, and lack of commitment to any goals or values is called __________
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identity achievement; role confusion
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Erikson's term for premature identity formation is
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foreclosure
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Within which type of identity does society expect some debate and questioning during late adolescence?
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religious identity
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______ refers to a person's self-definition as male or female, and _______ refers to a person's erotic desires
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gender identity; sexual orientation
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Parent and adolescent conflicts:
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occur when a child's drive for independence clashes with the parents' supervision and control
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Parents' ongoing awareness of what their children are doing, where, and with whom is called
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parental monitoring
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Mr. Sanchez gives the car keys to his son and asks, "Who is going to the movies with you, and what time will you be home?" This questioning is an example of
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parental monitoring
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Peer pressure or encouragement to conform to a friend's behavior or fashion style
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can be positive
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High school romances:
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are short-lived, rarely lasting more than a year
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From 1991 to 2001, the rate of sexual activity among U.S. high school students
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decreased
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In many nations of Africa and the Middle East, same-sex behaviors are considered
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criminal and pathological
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Which immigrant youth seem to suffer from lower self-esteem than the other groups?
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Asian
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Research has shown that the dip in self-esteem during adolescence:
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is experienced by both sexes
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Two causes of depression in adolescence are
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genetics and having a mother who is often belligerent and disapproving
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Thinking about suicide is called _________, and a failed suicide is called __________
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suicide ideation; parasuicide
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Early neurological impairments increase the risk of a child becoming a(n) _________, and a teen experiencing a negative psychosocial development is at greater risk of becoming a(n) ___________
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life-course-persistent offender; adolescence-limited offender
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The only drug(s) used by more eighth-graders than twelfth-graders is
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inhalants
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The most frequently abused drug among North American teenagers is
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alcohol
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Longitudinal research on marijuana use suggests that
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drug use causes more problems than it solves
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Biologically, the years from 18 to 25 are the ideal time for
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physical work successful reproduction
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According to the text, the term used to describe a person between the ages of 18 and 25 is
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emerging adult
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Approximately what percentage of young adults in the United States rate their health as good, very good, or excellent?
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96
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Most women under age 30 who gave birth in 2011
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were not married
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Young adults rarely die from
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heart disease
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In the United States, how many people in their mid-20s feel that premarital sex "is not wrong at all"?
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53%
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Half of all new cases of STIs occur in people
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younger than 26
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Which of the following nations are making progress in its effort to halt AIDS?
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Brazil
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The possibility that one's appearance or behavior will be misread to confirm another person's prejudice is known as
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stereotype threat
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Massification is the idea that establishing higher learning institutions and encouraging college enrollment could
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benefit everyone
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In every developed nation, _____ of college students are female.
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more than half
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During which stage did Erikson believe that adults seek someone with whom to share their lives in an enduring and self-sacrificing commitment?
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intimacy vs isolation
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Worldwide, emerging adults think about their identities in terms of
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-political loyalties and religious commitments -gender roles -ethnic and vocational identities
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During late adolescence and early adulthood, people are ____ to be proud of their ethnic background
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likely
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Research reveals that personality is
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-genetically influenced -environmentally influenced -not fixed; plasticity is evident
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In general, emerging adults experience
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increasing self-esteem
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Severe anxiety and depression are not unusual during adolescence and emerging adulthood, especially for
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young women
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Distorted thinking, lack of energy, and flat affect can all be signs of
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schizophrenia
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After age _____, few people are newly diagnosed with schizophrenia
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30
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In which of the following countries is cohabitation considered unusual?
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Ireland
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According to the text, by age ____, the immune system can fight off just about everything from the sniffles to cancer
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20
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Historically, most couples had their first child as teenagers, whereas now most women are having their first child at age _____
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25
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Most people over age 65 think that premarital sex is
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wrong
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What percentage of emerging adults has at least one sexually transmitted infection?
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50
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The leading cause of death for young men in South Africa is:
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AIDS
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Which of the following may be a destructive risk common in emerging adulthood?
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-driving fast w/o a seat belt -abusing drugs -carrying a loaded gun
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Forms of recreation that risk causing injury or death, and are attractive and thrilling as a result, are referred to as
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extreme sports
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U.S. Census data confirm that a college degree adds about _____ per year to a worker's salary.
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$20,000
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College trends indicate that
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more girls than boys attend college
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Erikson's fifth stage of development, identity versus role confusion, starts in adolescence and is completed
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later during adulthood
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A longitudinal study found that students at four-year colleges were more likely to be involved in _____ than were students at two-year colleges
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extra-curricular activities
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Personality patterns of adults are affected by
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cultural norms social context genetic continuity
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Aggressive young adults
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rated themselves as quite conscientious
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Social phobia is most likely to be diagnosed in women around age
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20
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Which disorder is characterized by having irrational thoughts, delusions, and hallucinations?
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schizophrenia
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A commonality among intimate relationships is that they
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progress from attraction to close connection to ongoing commitment
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The idea that each of us enlarges our understanding, our experiences, and our resources through our intimate relationships is known as
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self-expansion
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Moratorium
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a time-out that includes some exploration, either in breadth (trying many things) or in depth (examining a single path after making a tentative commitment that may change). Ex: college and military
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Rumination
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talking about, remembering, and mentally replaying past experiences--is more common among girls than boys. Can contribute to depression
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Postformal thought
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characterized by "problem finding," not just "problem solving," wherein a person is more open to ideas and less concerned with absolute right and wrong
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