Psych Test 1 Test Questions – Flashcards
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Juanita suffers from a painful back condition. Smoking marijuana would reduce her pain. She thinks it would be wrong because it is prohibited by the laws of her state. Juanita is demonstrating Kohlberg's _______ level of morality.
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Conventional
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An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting is his or her.
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Personality
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Akira believes that her son has become a good student because she frequently praises his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a ____ perspective.
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Behavioral
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Brad is 18 and is looking into career options. He is currently deciding whether he wants to become a gourmet chef or a race car driver. Brad is at what stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development?
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Identity vs. Role Confusion
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Which theory would most likely predict that boys without a father figure will have a difficulty developing a strongly masculine gender identity?
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Freuds Psychoanalytic theory
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For no apparent reason, Adam has recently begun to feel so tense and anxious that he frequently stays home from work. It would be best for Adam to contact a ____ psychologist.
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Clinical
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Mahmoud was just told that his father has cancer. Mahmoud's first response is that there must be a mistake and he demands that the doctor repeat his tests. Which defense mechanism is at work here?
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Denial
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Rodesia insists that Dr. Phillip's theory of aggression be checked against observable evidence. She is demonstrating the scientific attitude of?
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Skepticism
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Two-year-old Anna perceives her parents as cold and rejecting. This is most indicative of?
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Insecure attatchment
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When you watch dogs play in the park or watch how your professors conduct their classes, you are engaging in a form of ____.
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Naturalistic Observation
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Marc sees himself as being very honest and ethical person, and yet he has no real problem stealing small items from a local grocery store. He tells himself that it is no big deal because the store makes so much money anyway. According to Rogers, Marc's actual self and real self are in a state of:
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Incongruence
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The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a
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Psychiatrist
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Sally proposes the idea that one's sexual history prior to marriage predicts whether one ends up getting divorced. This best represents which step of the scientific method?
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Forming a hypothesis
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A characteristic pattern of behavior or tendency to act in a certain way is called a
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trait
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Incorporating new information into existing theories is to _____ as modifying existing theories in light of new information is to _____.
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assimilation; accommodation
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Jin is searching for a sense of purpose in life that goes beyond fulfilling her own potential for growth and self- actualization. According to Maslow, Jin is striving for
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self-transcendence
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Ashani is 18 months old. When her mom leaves her at the babysitter's house, Ashani cries initially. After a few moments, she stops crying because her mom is "out of sight and out of mind". According to Piaget, what cognitive capability does this toddler lack?
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object performance
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Mr. Lambers refuses to pay income taxes because his conscience will not allow him to support a government that spends billions of dollars on military weapons. Mr. Lambers' reasoning best illustrates Kohlberg's ______ stage.
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post postconventional
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At age 12, Sean is happy, self-reliant, and has a positive self-image. It is most likely that Sean's parents are.
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authoritative
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Cameron counted a total of 8 blocks stacked in a single pile of blocks. When the pile was knocked over and the blocks scattered in front of him, he knew that there were still 8 blocks. This indicates that Cameron understands?
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conversation
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The famous test introduced by Hermann Rorschach ask test-takers to respond to?
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meaningless inkblots
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Efforts to discover whether the intelligence of children is more heavily influenced by their biology or by their home environments are most directly relevant to the debate regarding?
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nature and nurture
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To understand the unusual behavior of an adult client, a clinical psychologist carefully investigates the client's current life situation and his physical, social-cultural, and educational history. Which research method has the psychologist used?
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the case study
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Randy's substandard academic performance is both a result and a cause of his feeling of academic inferiority. This best illustrates the importance of?
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reciprocal determinism
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How might adolescents' tendency to engage in such risky behaviors as street racing and experimental drug use reflect brain development phenomena?
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the prefrontal cortex matures slowly, hindering adolescents' ability to weigh potential consequences
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Last night Allie's mom gave her a haircut. As she walked into her high school, she felt like everyone could tell that her bangs were a little uneven. This example illustrates the belief of a(n):
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imaginary audience
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Regis thinks it's wrong to drive over the speed limit simply because he might get punished doing so. He is demonstrating Kohlberg's_____ stage of morality.
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pre conventional
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No matter how long and hard Lerae studies, she always feels she hasn't studied as much as she should have. A Freudian psychologist would suggest that Lerae shows signs of a?
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strong super ego
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Mary Ainsworth was trying to determine __________________ when she devised an experimental method called the Strange Situation?
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the nature of attachment between babies and their mothers
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Janine is repulsed by the thought of watching a pornographic video. Freud would have attributed these feeling to Janine's.
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superego
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According to Freud, the unconscious is?
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mind is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of our conscious awareness
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Nageeb thought all nurses were young females until a middle-aged male nurse took care of him. Nageeb's altered conception of a "nurse" illustrates the process of?
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accommodation
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Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of people's?
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potential for healthy growth
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When you question whether anecdotal evidence can be generalized to all people, you are applying?
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critical thinking
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Humanistic theorists have been criticized for
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understanding the inherent human capacity for destructive and evil behaviors
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The belief that the unconscious mind has an influence on one's behavior is part of what early field of psychology?
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psychoanalytic
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To determine whether the strength of people's self-esteem is related to their income levels, researchers would most likely make use of?
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correlational research
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Drinking orange juice is a negatively correlated with the risk of cancer. Based on this information, which of the following statements is true?
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the more orange juice you drink, the lower your risk of cancer
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Anthony is sick of writing papers and studying for tests, but he knows he needs a college degree if he wants to be successful in his chosen career. So every morning Anthony gives himself a "dressing down"- in essence yelling at himself- to make himself get out of bed and go to classes, and every evening he does the same thing to get himself to do his work. According to Freud, which personality structure is in control here?
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superego
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The question "When will it happen again?" refers to which of the following goals in psychology?
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prediction
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Lissette wonders whether personality differences between her African-American friends result from biological or cultural influences. Is this instance, Lissette is primarily concerned with the relative contributions of?
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nature and nurture
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In the 1970s, a 13-year old girl was found locked up in a room, strapped to a potty chair. Because she had grown up in a world without human speech, researchers studied "Genie's ability to acquire words, grammar, and pronunciation. This type of research is called_________ because a lot of data were gathered about a single individual.
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a case study
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According to Kohlberg, morality based on the avoidance of punishment and attainment of concrete rewards represents ______ morality.
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pre conventional
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A mother who is slow in responding to her infant's cries of distress is most likely to encourage.
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insecure attachment
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What is one similarity shared by clinical psychologists and psychiatrists?
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they work with people experiencing behavioral and emotional problems
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Professor Ober carefully observes and records the behaviors of children in their classrooms in order to track the development of their social and intellectual skills. Professor Ober is most clearly engaged in
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naturalistic observation
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Being highly imaginative is most closely related to the Big 5 trait dimension of.
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openness
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Brad is an electronics store with his parents. He looks at the CDs and thinks for a moment that he could grab one and put it beneath his coat. As he considers this possibility he decides not to do it because he might get caught and his parents would punish him. What stage of moral development does Brad's decision represent?
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preconventional
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1 year old Euince is not overly fearful of strangers but she clearly prefers being held by her mother than by anyone else. Her behavior best illustrates?
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secure attatchment
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Freud referred to lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage as?
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fixation
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Psychologists who carefully watch the behavior of chimpanzee societies in the jungle are using a research method known as?
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naturalistic observation
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Chester is irritable, loud, and negative most of the time. He doesn't like it when new people pick him up, and he has irregular sleeping, and walking schedules. What temperament does he exhibit?
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difficult
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Ron, a toddler, takes a picture and puts it to the receiver of a phone in order to "show" it to his grandmother. This example illustrates:
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egoentricism
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4-year-old Timmy had not wet his bed for over a year. However, he started bed-wetting again soon after his sister was born. Timmy's behavior best illustrates?
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regression
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Your little brother has a big ball of clay. While he watches, you roll the ball of clay into a long snake-like shape. He begins to cry because he thinks he has less clay now. This mistake likely indicates that?
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preoperational
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Difficult babies with an intense and highly reactive temperament tend to be?
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irritable and unpredictable
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Freud's theory of personality has been criticized because it?
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offers few testable hypotheses that allow one to determine its validity
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The person-situation controversy involves a debate regarding the influence of _____ and _____ on behavior.
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environment; traits
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Piaget was convinced that the mind of a child.
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develops through a series of stages
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Because Mr. Maloney truss his employees, he treats them kindly. His kindness leads them to work diligently on his behalf, which in turn increases his trust in them. This pattern of trust, kindness, diligence, and increasing trust illustrates what is meant by.
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reciprocal determinism
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Several weeks after a political election, voters often exaggerate their ability to have a predicted the election outcome. This best illustrates.
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hindsight bias
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Sheen is usually animated and talkative when he is with his girlfriend, but he is often quiet and reserved at home. He actively participates in many class discussions but frequently seems reluctant to talk with friends at the campus coffee shop. Sheen's behavior should make us more cautious about overemphasizing the impact of _____ on behavior.
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personality traits
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In which type of research is a representative, random sample of people asked to answer questions about their behaviors or attitudes?
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the survey
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Adolescents' sense of what's fair is most likely to change from simple equality to what's proportional to merit when they achieve
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formal operations
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Which perspective would help us to understand the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory?
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a neuroscience
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Freud believed that certain troubling symptoms could be traced to painful unconscious memories. This led him to suspect that these symptoms resulted from?
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psychological processes
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Which perspective would focus on the extent to which different parenting styles are encouraged among various ethnic groups?
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social-cultural
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The belief that the unconscious mind has an influence on one's behavior is part of what early field of psychology?
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the psychoanalytical perspective
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Hindsight bias and overconfidence often lead us to overestimate?
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our intuition
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Mrs. Sunstedt believes that parents should accept and try to understand their children's feelings and should honestly disclose their own inner feeling to their children. Her approach to parent-child interaction was most explicitly recommended by?
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Carl Rogers
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While Professor Gomez was going through a painful divorce, he tended to create unnecessarily difficult test and gave students unusually low grades. A psychoanalyst would be most likely to view the professor's treatment of students as an example of
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displacement
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Walter's parents strongly believe that Walter should make his own decisions, so they set very few rules about homework, bedtime, and household chores. Because they believe that freedom and responsibility are important, they patiently tolerate all of Walter's behavior, whether childish or mature. The parenting style adopted by Walter's parents is termed:
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permissive
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A correlation between physical attractiveness and dating frequency of +1.00 would indicate that?
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less frequent dating is associated with lower levels of physical attractiveness
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To compare the pace of life in different countries, investigators measured the speed with which postal clerks completed a simple request. Which research method did this illustrate?
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naturalistic observation
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The importance of unconscious conflicts and childhood experiences is of most central importance to?
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psychodynamic theories
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According to Freud, defense mechanisms are used by the?
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ego to prevent threatening impulses from being consciously recognized
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Cognition refers to?
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The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
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Which psychologist was most influential in shaping our understanding of cognitive development?
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Jean Piaget
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Brad and Jane exercise very little control over their two young children, and they usually allow them to do whatever they want. Psychologists would characterize Brad and Jane as _____ parents?
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permissive
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Dr. Caleigh conducts research on the relationship between adults' language skills and their capacity to solve mathematical problems. Dr. Caleigh is most likely a ______ psychologist.
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cognitive
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Self-actualized people, as described by Maslow, are LEAST likely to be highly
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conforming
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Freud referred to the largely conscious "executive" part of the personality as the?
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superego
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One evening, when he couldn't sleep, Mr. Bradley turned on the television and saw an infomercial for a new sleep aid. As a critical thinker, Mr. Bradley should be most cautious about this new product if
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Its makers claim it has been "proven" to induce sleep in 80% of test participants
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Abe just got his driver's license. He loves to speed around town going more than 20 miles per hour over the speed limit. He believes that he can speed through re lights due to his perfect timing. This is an example of:
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a personal fable
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Plato's assumption that certain ideas are inborn is most directly relevant to the controversy regarding
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nature and nurture
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By professional training, Freud was a
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a physician
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Many researchers believe that adult styles of romantic love correspond with childhood patterns of?
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attachment
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Freud suggested that the process of identification is most directly responsible for strengthing?
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the superego
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Professor Ambra was skeptical about accuracy of recently reported research on sleep deprivation. Which process would best enable her to assess to reliability of these findings?
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replication
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A negative correlation between degree of wealth and likelihood of suffering from a psychological disorder would indicate that:
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people who are poor and more likely to have a psychological disorder then wealthy people
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Personal inventories are designed to assess several _____ at once
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traits
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Branden is so apathetic about his occupational future that within 2 years of his high school graduation he had already been fired by 4 different employers. According to Erikson, Branden best illustrates
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role confusion
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The biopsychosocial approach incorporates different levels of analysis which
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complement one another
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The "Monty hall Problem" game that asked whether people should "stay" or "switch" to a different door showed us?
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cognitive illusion
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Thinking is a way of interpreting or evaluating information with a set of reflective attitudes and abilities.
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critical
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Dr. Robinson conducts research on the relationship between brain chemistry and intellectual functioning. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Robinson's research best represent?
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biological psychology
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A person who is careless and disorganized most clearly ranks low on the Big 5 trait dimension of?
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conscientiousness
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Mrs. Alfieri believes that her husband's angry outburst against her result from her unconscious hatred of his own mother. Mrs. Alfieri is looking at her husband's behavior from a(n) ________ perspective.
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psychodynamic
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To learn about the TV viewing habits of all the children attending Oakbridge School, Prof Devries randomly selected and interviewed 50 of the school's students. Int his instance all the children attending the school are considered to be a?
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population
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Correlational research is most useful for the purpose of?
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prediction
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One night after he heard his parents arguing, 12-year-old Wei had vivid dream in which he saved his mother from being bitten by a large snake. A psychoanalytic would most likely suspect that his dream reflects a?
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oedipus complex
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Children who release unexpressed anger toward their parents by kicking the family pet illustrate the defense mechanism of
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displacement
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Ellen has been described as creative, imaginative, curious, artistic, and nonconforming. She is likely to obtain an elevated score on a questionnaire designed to measure
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openness
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4-year-old Jennifer mistakenly believes that her mother would like to receive a toy doll as a Christmas present. This best illustrates Piaget's concept of?
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egocentrism
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The first time 4-year-old Sarah saw her older brother play a flute, she thought it was simply a large whistle. Sarah's initial understanding of the flute best illustrates the process of
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assimilation
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As all of the following variable pairs, except for ______, would likely show a positive correlation
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alcohol consumption and scores on a driving test
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Which research method provides the best way of assessing whether cigarette smoking boots mental alertness?
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the experiment
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When faced with conflict between law and conscience, Liz follows her conscience despite the potential risk. This would be characteristic of _____ morality.
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post conventional
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Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the
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adaptive value of conscious thought and emotions
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Ron, a toddler, takes a picture and puts it to the receiver of a phone in order to "show" it to his grandmother. This example illustrates.
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egocentrism
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The school of psychology called structuralism used a technique called ______, which involved examining, analyzing, and measuring one's own mental health
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introspection
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Studying the basic elements of parts of sensation, feelings, and images is most directly associated with which school of psychology?
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personality
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Studies of monkeys raised with artificial mothers suggest that mother-infant emotional bonds result primarily from mothers providing infants with?
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body contact
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5 year olds who were surprised to discover that Band-Aids box contained pencils were able to anticipate their friend's false belief about the contents of the box. This best illustrates that the children had developed a
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theory of mind
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Joan's mom and dad believe that parents know best. They expect Joan to obey all parental rules without question, and they are quick to impost stern punishment is she does not. In terms of the parenting styles discussed in your textbook, Joan's parents are:
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authoritarian
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Carl Rogers suggested that the _____ is a central feature of personality.
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self-concept
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According to Freud, the unconscious is
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the thoughts, wished, feelings, and memories, of which we are largely unaware
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psychotherapist instructs Dane to relax, close his eyes, and state aloud whatever thoughts come to mind no matter how trivial or absurd. The therapist is using a technique known as
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free association
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A questioning attitude regarding psychologists' assumptions and hidden values best illustrates
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overconfidence
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Psychoanalysis refers to the personality theory and therapeutic practices developed by
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Sigmund Freud
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The administration of Midwest State University wants to know if arrangement of chairs affects student participation in classrooms. What would be a good operational definition of the dependent variable in an experiment designed to measure this relationship?
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frequency with which students ask questions
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Parents who disguise hostility toward their children by becoming overly protective of them are very likely using the defense mechanism of
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reaction formation
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Dr. Santaniello conducts research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a _______ psychologist.
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developmental
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Professor shalet conducts that parents and children have similar levels of intelligence largely because they share common genes. His idea is best described as a
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theory
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"I notice that Jamilla is very outgoing and always makes friends very easily. I wonder if she was just born with that sort of personality, or if her parents have taught her to be so extraverted." This question addresses which universal question in psychology?
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nature vs. nurture
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Abdul mistakenly believes that his classmates are unusually hostile. In fact, Abdul is the most quarrelsome and aggressive child in the school. According to psychoanalytic theory, Abdul's belief that his classmates are hostile is a
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projection
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A teacher tells the school psychologist that Kate is late to class, doesn't turn in her homework, squirms around a lot in her seat, and swings her feet constantly. This is an example of which goal of psychology?
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describing behavior
