question

How did physiology contribute to the emergence of psychology as a separate scientific discipline?

answer

Physiologists demonstrated that scientific methods could be applied to understanding human behavior and mental processes.

question

The factor or variable other than the ones being studied that, if not controlled, could affect the outcome of an experiment is the:

answer

extraneous variable.

question

In general, critical thinking refers to the practice of:

answer

actively questioning statements rather than blindly accepting them.

question

Which of the following statements does the Chapter 1 'Focus on Neuroscience' feature NOT mention as a potential limitation of brain imaging studies?

answer

Because the participants in the brain-imaging studies usually have some type of brain damage, it is difficult to draw conclusions about the functioning of the healthy, intact human brain.

question

Which of the following phrases would be an acceptable operational definition for anxiety?

answer

asking people to rate their current level of anxiety on a 1-to-10 scale

question

The results of the Crum and Langer hotel experiment were that:

answer

those who perceived housekeeping work as exercise (informed group) reported higher levels of fatigue than the uninformed group.

question

Scientific research into the effects of magnet therapy has demonstrated that:

answer

static magnets are more effective in relieving pain and other ailments than transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

question

Who was the first woman to be elected president of the American Psychological Association?

answer

Mary Whiton Calkins

question

In Crum and Langer's hotel experiment, the:

answer

hotels were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control condition, thus ensuring that all participants at a given hotel were in the same group.

question

A perfect positive correlation:

answer

is statistically impossible.

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Like other scientists, psychologists are guided by the assumption that:

answer

events are lawful and ultimately explainable.

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Juanita participated in a psychology research project that involved solving a number of arithmetic problems. During the experiment, she was informed that her solutions were incorrect. After the experiment was completed, a research assistant explained the purpose of the experiment. He told Juanita that she had actually answered all items correctly, and then explained why the experiment required that she be told that her answers were wrong. This stage of the research represents:

answer

debriefing

question

Researchers who were interested in the effects of alcohol consumption on perceived attractiveness of members of the opposite sex randomly assigned participants to two groups. Each participant in the first group received a fruit flavored drink containing a set amount of alcohol and those in the second group received an identical tasting drink with no alcohol. Next, the participants viewed pictures of members of the opposite sex and rated their attractiveness on a scale of 1 to 10. Why did the researchers include a group that drank a nonalcoholic beverage that tasted identical to the alcoholic beverage?

answer

to examine expectancy effects

question

People who engage in critical thinking:

answer

are open to new ideas, yet maintain a sense of skepticism.

question

Interactive dualism is the idea that:

answer

mind and body are separate entities that interact to produce conscious experiences.

question

Wilhelm Wundt defined psychology as the study of consciousness and emphasized the use of experimental methods to study and measure consciousness.

answer

true

question

Random assignment helps ensure that potential differences among participants are spread out across all experimental conditions.

answer

true

question

In an experiment, the independent variable is the purposely manipulated factor thought to produce change in the dependent variable.

answer

true

question

Educational psychology is a specialty area that investigates research focused on basic psychological topics such as sensory and perceptual processes, learning, emotion, and motivation.

answer

false

question

Abraham Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth.

answer

true

question

Which school of psychology would agree that "psychology should stress the study of how behavior and mental processes allow people and animals to adapt to their environments"?

answer

funtionalism

question

Founder of Psychoanaliysis:

answer

Austrian physician Sigmund Freud

question

The participants assigned to the control group or condition in Crum and Langer's hotel experiment were:

answer

not informed that their housekeeping work was beneficial exercise

question

Which of the following statements best characterizes the principle of natural selection?

answer

organisms that inherit characteristic that increase their chances of survival in their particular habitat are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pa on their characteristics to their offspring

question

Which of the following is a definition of the experimental method?

answer

research method used to determine a cause-and-effect relationship between changes in one variable and the effect that is produced on another variable

question

Which of the following statements is an important advantage of surveys?

answer

Researchers are able to gather information about a very large group of people based on a representative sample of that group.

question

As you flip through the television channels, you come across the "Psychic Circle," which advertises "psychics" who use "scientifically proven methods" to see the future. This is an example of:

answer

a pseudoscientific claim.

question

Researchers who were interested in the effects of alcohol consumption on perceived attractiveness of members of the opposite sex randomly assigned participants to two groups. Each participant in the first group received a fruit flavored drink containing a set amount of alcohol and those in the second group received an identical tasting drink with no alcohol. Next, the participants viewed pictures of members of the opposite sex and rated their attractiveness on a scale of 1 to 10. Why did the experimenters include a group that received nonalcoholic drinks?

answer

to serve as a baseline for comparison against the experimental group

question

In contrast to collectivistic cultures, individualistic cultures tend to:

answer

value the needs and goals of the individual over the needs and goals of the group.

question

Psuedo means:

answer

fake or false

question

In the Crum and Langer hotel experiment, the participants were selected:

answer

from the housekeeping staff at seven carefully matched hotels

question

After the dictatorship ended in Slobonia, many children were found in state-run orphanages where they had been badly treated and often neglected. These children were placed for adoption and researchers followed their progress over a number of years, measuring psychological and physical indicators of well-being. This type of research is called:

answer

a natural experiment

question

Case studies:

answer

are commonly used by clinical psychologists and other mental health professionals to develop a complete profile of a psychotherapy client

question

Norms of social behavior are virtually identical in all developed countries.

answer

false

question

Some limitations of brain-imaging studies discussed in the Focus on Neuroscience feature in Chapter 1 include the fact that they typically involve a small number of participants and that they tend to focus on simple aspects of behavior.

answer

true

question

A hypothesis is to a question as a theory is to a model.

answer

true

question

Many cultures are neither completely individualistic nor completely collectivistic, but fall somewhere between the two extremes.

answer

true

question

Evolutionary psychologists emphasize the study of the physical bases of human and animal behavior, including the nervous system, endocrine system, immune system, and genetics.

answer

false

question

The early psychological school called structuralism emphasized the study of:

answer

the elemental components of sensations, feelings, and conscious experience.

question

The hypothesis in the Crum and Langer hotel experiment was that:

answer

changing a person's beliefs and perceptions about the exercise benefits of a particular activity would result in actual health benefits.

question

Anecdotal evidence:

answer

consists of telling personal stories to support a particular claim.

question

Using statistics, Dr. Hazlett determined that the result of her experiment was statistically significant. Dr. Hazlett then concluded that the:

answer

results of the experiment were not likely to have occurred by chance.

question

Psychology is formally defined as the scientific:

answer

study of behavior and mental processes.

question

Dr. Professor has used a relatively new technique called the fMRI scan to examine changes in the brain that occur with age. Dr. Professor most likely subscribes to the _____ perspective of psychology.

answer

biological

question

Which of the following approaches was referred to as the "third force" in American psychology?

answer

humanistic psychology

question

Humanistic psychology was called the "third force" because it:

answer

provided an alternative viewpoint to the two approaches that were dominant at the time, behaviorism and psychoanalysis.

question

_____ psychology is most interested in examining individual differences and the characteristics that make each person unique.

answer

Personality

question

A correlational study:

answer

examines how strongly two variables are related to one another.

question

In one natural experiment investigating weight gain during the first year of college, it was found that:

answer

female students who were assigned to dormitories with on-site dining facilities gained more weight and exercised less than students who were assigned to dormitories without food services.

question

Dr. Jackson is interested in how stress affects the brain and examines PET scans of individuals before and after stressful situations. Dr. Jackson's approach is part of the _____ perspective.

answer

biological

question

Francis C. Sumner was the first African American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology.

answer

true

question

A hypothesis is a tentative explanation that tries to integrate and account for the relationship among various findings and observations.

answer

false

question

Even if two factors are very strongly correlated, correlation does NOT necessarily indicate causality.

answer

true

question

In Crum and Langer's hotel experiment, responses to questionnaires about exercise and diet and measures of physical health constituted the dependent variable.

answer

true

question

The independent variable in Crum and Langer's hotel experiment was being informed that housekeeping work was unhealthy and contributed to health problems.

answer

false

question

The ethical requirement of informed consent means that:

answer

participants must be completely informed about the purpose and conditions of the research, and must be free to withdraw from the research at any time.

question

One potential problem with surveys and questionnaires is that:

answer

people may misrepresent their personal characteristics or lie in their responses.

question

The founder of psychoanalysis was:

answer

Austrian physician Sigmund Freud.

question

Researchers interested in how sleep deprivation affected performance randomly assigned participants to groups that had one, two, or three nights of sleep deprivation. Then they tested subjects' reaction times on a standard motor reaction task. The dependent variable in this experiment was:

answer

the reaction times of the three groups on the standard motor reaction task.

question

Researchers who tested whether ginkgo biloba improves memory and concentration were careful to control changes caused by other influences so they could be confident that the _____ could be attributed to the treatment variable.

answer

main effect

question

Structuralism:

answer

was based on the idea that even our most complex conscious experiences could be broken down into basic mental "structures" of sensations and feelings.

question

Researchers who were interested in the effects of alcohol consumption on perceived attractiveness of members of the opposite sex randomly assigned participants to two groups. Each participant in the first group received a fruit flavored drink containing a set amount of alcohol and those in the second group received an identical tasting drink with no alcohol. Next, the participants viewed pictures of members of the opposite sex and rated their attractiveness on a scale of 1 to 10. Which of the following is an operational definition of perceived attractiveness?

answer

participants' rating on a 1-to-10 scale in response to questions about the attractiveness of members of the opposite sex

question

A pseudoscience is a:

answer

fake or false science that is based on little or no scientific evidence.

question

During the 1960s, the movement away from traditional behaviorism and toward the study of how mental processes influence behavior was called:

answer

"the cognitive revolution" and was influenced by the development of the first computers.

question

Researchers were interested in the effects of alcohol consumption on the perceived attractiveness of members of the opposite sex. One group of participants was given four drinks containing alcohol, and another group was given no drinks at all. Next, both groups of participants rated the attractiveness of members of the opposite sex by viewing pictures and rating attractiveness on a 1-to-10 scale. Which group was the control group?

answer

the group that was given no drinks

question

The results of the Crum and Langer hotel experiment were that:

answer

the informed group participants showed significant improvements in all physical health measures except diastolic blood pressure.

question

Dr. Mason and Dr. Jacobson both work in Minnesota in different cities. They both treat people with severe mental disorders. Dr. Mason cannot prescribe medications for his patients, but Dr. Jacobson frequently prescribes medications. Dr. Mason is probably a _____, whereas Dr. Jacobson is probably a(n) _____.

answer

clinical psychologist; psychiatrist

question

You and your co-researchers want to compare the brain structures of musically gifted young adolescents with those of a closely matched control group of normal, nonmusical adolescents using a noninvasive technique. You and your colleagues are conducting a(n) _____ brain imaging study, and will use _____ to study the details of the brain structures.

answer

descriptive; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

question

The basic goal of the experimental method is to:

answer

demonstrate that one variable causes change in a second variable.

question

According to Freud, glimpses of unconscious impulses were revealed in everyday life in dreams, memory blocks, and slips of the tongue.

answer

true

question

Psychologists' open-minded attitude is tempered by a healthy sense of realism, which is guided by the assumption that many events are not explainable, including human behavior and mental processes.

answer

false

question

Of the nearly 6,000 people who participated in the National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior (NSSHB), which is a survey on sexual behaviors, each was randomly selected from the entire U.S. population.

answer

true

question

Replication of research findings increases confidence in the accuracy of the findings.

answer

true

question

The results of Crum and Langer's hotel experiment:

answer

had little impact because the statistical analysis was flawed.

question

Dr. Woods is studying the degree to which primates seem to display logic and insight in figuring out a variety of puzzles and other simple problems. Dr. Woods is most likely a(n) _____ psychologist.

answer

cognitive

question

The purpose of using a placebo control group in an experiment is often to:

answer

control for expectancy effects.

question

Which of the following statements is an important advantage of surveys?

answer

Researchers are able to gather information about a very large group of people based on a representative sample of that group.

question

A hypothesis is:

answer

a tentative statement that describes the relationship between two or more variables.

question

To ensure that participants are responding honestly and consistently, survey researchers:

answer

sometimes rephrase the question and ask for the same information in a different way at different points in the survey.

question

"What are the most basic units or structures of consciousness?" This is a question that would most likely be of interest to a follower of:

answer

structuralism

question

The evolutionary perspective in psychology:

answer

analyzes behavior in terms of its adaptive function, such as how it increases a species' chances to survive and reproduce.

question

Deception in psychology experiments:

answer

is still allowed when it is not feasible to use alternatives that do not involve deception, and when the potential findings justify its use because of the scientific, educational, or applied value.

question

Professor Anderson is interested in how family relationships change over time. During the last two decades, he has kept track of and repeatedly surveyed the same group of 3,000 participants about changes in their relationships with their parents and siblings. Professor Anderson is most likely a _____ psychologist.

answer

developmental

question

A theory:

answer

integrates and summarizes diverse findings on the same topic.

question

"My goal is to discover how behavior is acquired and modified in response to environmental influences." Of the following individuals, who is most likely to have made such a statement?

answer

John B. Watson

question

Why was Mary Whiton Calkins denied the Ph.D. degree she had earned in her graduate studies of psychology at Harvard University?

answer

She was a woman, and at the time Harvard was not a coeducational institution.

question

After attending a series of lectures by Freud at Clark University in 1909, _____ described Freud as "a man obsessed with fixed ideas."

answer

William James

question

When a student participates as a research subject to fulfill a course requirement, the student must be given a choice of an alternative activity to fulfill the course requirement.

answer

true

question

According to the evolutionary perspective, psychological processes that were adaptations to a prehistoric way of life may continue to exist in the human behavioral repertoire today.

answer

true

question

A representative sample very closely matches the population from which it is drawn.

answer

true

question

Harvard University refused to award Mary Whiton Calkins her Ph.D. in psychology because she was a woman and at that time Harvard was not a coeducational institution.

answer

true

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