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humanistic psychology

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historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth

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applied research

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scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

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behaviorism

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the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)

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biopsychosocial approach

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an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

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clinical psychology

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a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

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cognitive neuroscience

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the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).

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levels of analysis

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the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.

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community psychology

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a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups.

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basic research

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pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.

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counseling psychology

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a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.

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positive psychology

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the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

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psychiatry

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a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.

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SQ3R

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a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review.

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Eward Titchener was concerned primarily with the study of

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sensory experiences.

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The early school of psychology that used introspection was known as

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structuralism

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Who was the functionalist who authored a textbook for the emerging discipline of psychology?

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William James

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Compared with the structuralists, early behaviorists were much less likely to focus on the study of

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thinking

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The scientific study of behavior without reference to mental processes was of special interest to

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B. F. Skinner.

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Professor Schroeder argues that children have an innate concept of justice that enables them to distinguish between fair and unfair rules. This argument is most consistent with the views of

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Plato

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In the context of debates over the origins of ideas, nature is to nurture as ________ is to Locke.

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Descartes

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An integrated explanation of human behavior provided by the neuroscience, cognitive, social-cultural, and other perspectives in psychology is most clearly provided by

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biopsychosocial approach.

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Which perspective would be most helpful for understanding the role of retrieval practice on long-term memory of information?

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cognitive

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Inherited traits are to learned habits as the ________ perspective is to the ________ perspective.

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evolutionary; behavioral

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Basic research on persistent human traits like optimism and pessimism is most characteristic of the specialty known as ________ psychology.

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social

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To study inner sensations, images, and feelings, Edward Titchener engaged people in self-reflective

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introspection

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Which school of psychology was most clearly concerned with the adaptive value of complex mental processes?

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functionalism

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Wilhelm Wundt was both a

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physiologist and philosopher

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The growth potential of healthy people was emphasized by

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humanistic psychology.

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A study of the relationship between reasoning capacities and brain functions would be of most direct interest to

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cognitive neuroscience

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The suggestion that psychology is less a set of facts than a method of evaluating ideas best highlights the ________ character of psychology.

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introspective

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In debating the origins of human traits, Plato and Aristotle disagreed about the relative importance of

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nature and nurture

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The importance of inherited behavioral traits was most clearly highlighted by

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Charles Darwin.

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Professor Reed attempts to assess the relative contributions of heredity and home environment on children's susceptibility to depression. Her research best illustrates the concerns of the ________ perspective.

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behavior genetics

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Which perspective is most relevant to understanding the links between hormone levels and sexual motivation?

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neuroscience

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Focusing on the extent to which personality is influenced by motives outside our own awareness is most relevant to the ________ perspective.

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psychodynamic

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