psych hw #1, psych hw #2, psych hw #3 – Flashcards
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Experiments allow researchers to:
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a. study the natural environment. b. study the complexity of an individual. c. use the scientific method in a cost-effective way. -d. determine a cause-and-effect relationship.
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Between 1957 and 1961, many pregnant women took thalidomide to alleviate morning sickness; this drug disrupted a( n) _____ period of prenatal development.
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a. sensitive -b. critical c. early d. late
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A researcher wants to find out if 350 mg of a certain drug will help patients with bipolar disorder. He sets up an experiment to find out. This experiment is based on his:
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a. conclusion. b. proof. -c. hypothesis. d. result.
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Differential sensitivity means that certain people have genes that:
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-a. make it more likely that they may develop specific problems. b. give a person blond or black hair. c. have no impact of the likelihood of developing problems. d. have an unknown impact on individuals.
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Research data that is open-ended and not easily transcribed into numbers is:
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a. quantitative. -b. qualitative. c. correlational. d. hypothetical.
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One risk associated with SIDS is:
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a. being born past one's due date. b. having a mother who drank alcohol during the pregnancy. c. putting an infant to sleep on his or her back. -d. using a lambskin blanket.
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A good example of a sensitive period is a time when:
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-a. children learn language easily. b. adolescent males build muscle mass. c. children's feelings are most easily hurt. d. children are most resistant to being bullied.
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Which of these is the BEST example of plasticity?
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a. a man who consistently drives his car too fast -b. a teenager who spends a summer in Chile and learns to speak Spanish c. a woman who leaves her job to stay home with her newborn d. a person who is in a coma
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Dr. Devalle is conducting interviews, collecting background information, and running a series of tests on a single individual over several years. She is conducting a( n):
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a. survey. b. experiment. -c. case study. d. observation.
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Empirical evidence is based on:
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a. theories. -b. observations. c. inferences. d. opinions.
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Pavlov's experiments with dogs that salivated when they heard a specific noise provide an example of:
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-a. classical conditioning. b. observational learning. c. operant conditioning. d. reinforcement.
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According to Piaget, when new experiences are interpreted to fit into old ideas it is called:
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a. learning. -b. assimilation. c. equilibrium. d. accommodation.
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A researcher studies the relationship between two variables and determines the likelihood that a change in one variable is related to a change in the other variable. What type of research did this person conduct?
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a. experimental -b. correlational c. observational d. descriptive
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The foundation of psychoanalytic theory is:
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a. observable behaviors. -b. inner drives and motives. c. a person's ideas and beliefs. d. observations.
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High school classmates are part of the same:
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a. social construction. b. network. c. socioeconomic status. -d. cohort.
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When biological change is dramatic, such as when a larva becomes a mosquito, it is an example of:
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a. continuity. -b. discontinuity. c. genetics. d. nurture.
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A system of shared beliefs, conventions, norms, behaviors, expectations, and symbolic representations is the definition of:
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a. a cohort. -b. culture. c. nature. d. nurture.
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Which type of research design is the most complex and beneficial way to study change over time?
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-a. cohort-sequential b. cross-sectional c. meta-sequential d. longitudinal
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Unlike Freud, Erikson:
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a. only described development in childhood. b. believed that adult problems reflect childhood conflicts. -c. emphasized family and culture in his stages. d. was a psychoanalytic psychologist.
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Which statement about scientific observation is true?
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a. It requires a large number of participants. b. It requires specialized equipment such as video recorders. -c. It involves recording behavior systematically and objectively. d. It must take place in a lab setting.
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What is one danger in asking people to reveal their race?
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a. encouraging people to be too proud of their heritage b. documenting disparities along racial lines c. identifying which medical problems that are more likely to affect one race than another -d. stereotyping people unlike ourselves
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The second step in the scientific method involves:
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a. posing a question. b. conducting research. -c. developing a hypothesis. d. asking people to participate.
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What is the only research method that can establish a cause-and-effect relationship?
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a. a case study b. a survey -c. an experiment d. scientific Section: Observation
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A correlation is considered to be negative if:
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a. both variables decrease. b. both variables increase. -c. one variable increases while the other variable decreases. d. change in one variable is unrelated to change in the other variable.
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If a researcher watches one-week-old babies and records how many times they open and close their eyes while lying in their cribs, he is most likely using:
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a. the case-study method. b. a controlled experiment. c. cross-sectional research. -d. scientific observation.
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When a researcher wants to determine the cause of a particular behavior, the appropriate research method to use is a( n):
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a. case study. b. scientific observation. -c. experiment. d. survey.
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Most developmental psychologists believe that development is the result of:
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a. nature and nurture acting separately. b. primarily nature. -c. nature and nurture acting together. d. primarily nurture.
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According to evolutionary theory, why are so many people afraid of spiders?
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a. The fear is based on people's daily experiences. b. The fear is genetically programmed. c. The fear is learned from watching other people act afraid of spiders. -d. The fear helped humans to survive when they lived outside.
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The causes of depression do NOT include:
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a. genes. b. brain chemicals. c. development. -d. ethnicity.
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A woman in Honduras worked in a field treated with pesticides during her pregnancy. When her son was born, she was horrified to find that he had no limbs. Her pesticide exposure must have occurred during a( n) _____ period of prenatal development.
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-a. critical b. early c. late d. sensitive
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Scientific observation allows for the:
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-a. study of individuals' reactions and behaviors. b. determination of cause-and-effect relationships. c. precise control of the environment. d. systematic manipulation of variables.
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In Bronfenbrenner's model, a hospital in the community is an example of which system?
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a. the ecosystem b. the microsystem c. the health-care system -d. the exosystem
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A correlation is considered to be zero if:
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a. one variable increases while the other decreases. b. both variables decrease. c. both variables increase. -d. change in one variable is unrelated to change in the other variable.
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To study whether vitamin D consumption slows the progress of multiple sclerosis, a researcher would most likely use:
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-a. laboratory experiment. b. a survey. c. naturalistic observation. d. the case-study method
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Which term is NOT associated with Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems approach?
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-a. mastosystems b. microsystems c. exosystems d. macrosystems
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After posing a question, a researcher using the scientific method:
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a. draws conclusions. b. runs an experiment. c. selects a group of participants. -d. develops a hypothesis.
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Skinner studied:
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a. classical conditioning. b. observational learning. -c. operant conditioning. d. cognitive learning.
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What is an independent variable?
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a. It is the measured variable that may change depending upon manipulation of an independent variable. b. It is any unmeasured variable that is uncontrolled within the context of the experiment. -c. It is the variable that is intentionally manipulated by the researcher. d. It is an external variable that cannot be controlled by the researcher.
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A hypothesis is a( n):
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a. experiment. -b. prediction that can be tested. c. conclusion drawn from research. d. replication of a scientific study.
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When biological change is gradual, as when a tortoise grows larger over its 150-year lifespan, it is an example of:
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-a. continuity. b. discontinuity. c. genetics. d. nurture.
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Genetic analysis has confirmed that race is a( n):
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a. biological difference. b. culture. -c. social construction. d. ethnicity.
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The ecological-systems approach was proposed by:
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a. Maslow. b. Baltes and Baltes. -c. Bronfenbrenner. d. Skinner.
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A correlation does not indicate that one variable causes the other to occur; rather, it indicates that there is a ______ between the two variables.
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a. proof b. validity c. reliability -d. relationship
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Which factor has NOT been linked to depression?
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a. low exposure to daylight b. a life crisis -c. high levels of serotonin d. poverty
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The life-span perspective takes into account development from:
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a. birth to adulthood. b. childhood to middle age. c. the last decade of life. -d. conception to death
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The term for all the environmental influences that affect development after conception is:
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a. proteins. -b. nurture. c. nature. d. amino acids.
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One crucial element of the science of human development is the:
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-a. focus on all kinds of people. b. search for the meaning of life. c. focus on middle-class Americans. d. use of subjective research methods.
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What is a dependent variable?
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-a. It is the measured variable that may change depending on manipulation of an independent variable. b. It is any unmeasured variable that is uncontrolled within the context of the experiment. c. It is the variable that is intentionally manipulated by the researcher. d. It is an external variable that cannot be controlled by the researcher.
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Which is the correct order of the first three stages of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
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a. oral, anal, genital b. anal, oral, phallic -c. oral, anal, phallic d. phallic, oral, anal
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What does the science of human development seek to understand?
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a. the meaning of life b. theories that have not been subjected to scientific testing c. the works of Freud, Piaget, and Erikson -d. how and why people change over time
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The people in which group are DEFINITELY members of the same cohort?
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a. women who are pilots b. men with learning disabilities c. citizens of the United States -d. current middle school students
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Dr. Seldor does a study in which she finds that alcohol consumption is correlated to an increased risk of diabetes. She publishes her results. Then Dr. Al-Jaher does the same study using different participants in another nation. Dr. Al-Jaher's work is an example of:
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a. scientific controversy. -b. replication. c. empirical evidence. d. a hypothesis.
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The realization that genes alone do not determine development and that environmental forces also shape development led to the concept that many human characteristics are:
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a. plastic. -b. epigenetic. c. static. d. diverse.
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According to Abraham Maslow, all people:
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-a. have the same basic needs and drives. b. are driven by inner drives and motives. Incorrect c. learn from the environment. d. learn from observing others.
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Dr. Kilbey is studying the impact of exosystems on human development. Which of these would she be MOST interested in examining?
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a. cultural values and economic processes b. family, friends, and school -c. Internet influences and health care systems d. the development of the skeletal structure in children
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A comprehensive, organized explanation of many phenomena is called a:
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a. hypothesis. -b. theory. c. conclusion. d. development.
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Dwayne was born to a single mother living in Chicago. Knowing this fact allows one to know something about his:
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a. chronosystem. b. exosystem. -c. microsystem. d. macrosystem.
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When doing research with anyone under the age of 18, which of the following must be obtained?
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a. the children's birth records b. the names of the children's biological parents if the children are adopted -c. the parents' informed consent d. the names of the children's peers
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The term "SIDS" refers to the death of a seemingly healthy infant, usually between the ages of _____ and 6 months.
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a. 8 days b. 2 weeks -c. 2 months d. 3 months
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A person's macrosystem includes:
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-a. political philosophy. b. their peer group. c. school and church. d. historical setting.
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Dr. Henderson is curious to know more about how children develop over time. The BEST way to gain an understanding of this subject is to:
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-a. use the scientific method to collect data and establish facts. b. have the children undergo psychoanalysis. c. talk with many children's parents. d. read Dr. Spock's book, Baby and Child Care.
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According to most developmental psychologists, the greatest influence on human development comes from:
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a. heredity. b. the environment. c. learning. -d. environment and heredity combined.
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Any consequence that follows a behavior and makes the person likely to repeat that behavior is called a( n):
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a. punishment. b. condition. -c. reinforcement. d. observation.
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People whose ancestors were born in the same region and who usually share the same language and religion are called a( n):
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a. race. -b. ethnic group. c. SES group. d. exosystem.
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Replication is important in scientific research because it:
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a. satisfies curiosity. b. develops a hypothesis. -c. verifies evidence using different participants. d. frequently refutes prior studies.
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A systematic statement of principles and generalizations that provides a framework for understanding how and why people change over time is a:
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a. hypothesis. -b. developmental theory. c. conclusion. d. stage.
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Research data that can be categorized, ranked, or numbered is:
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a. anecdotal. b. qualitative. -c. quantitative. d. hypothetical
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A study shows a strong positive correlation between maternal age and birth defects. Which of these numbers is the correlation?
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-a. 0.78 b. 0.25 c. 0.40 d. 0.32
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Which of these numbers shows the strongest correlational relationship?
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-a. -0.98 b. 0.85 c. -0.40 d. 0.32
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Social learning is also called:
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a. classical conditioning. b. operant conditioning. -c. modeling. d. cognition.
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Which psychoanalytic theorist identified stages of development from birth through late adulthood?
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a. Freud b. Piaget c. Skinner -d. Erikson
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What is NOT a problem with longitudinal research?
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-a. the aging of the participants b. losing participants over time c. changing historical context d. participants becoming aware of the goals of the study and changing their behaviors or answers
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Social learning theory was first described by:
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a. Watson. b. Skinner. c. Pavlov. -d. Bandura.
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What is epigenetics?
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a. the study of defective human genes -b. the study of how the environment affects which genes are expressed c. a theory that states that nature matters more than nurture d. a theory that explains how motivation can change one's biology
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An individual's socioeconomic status includes his or her:
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a. ethnicity. -b. education level. c. political beliefs. d. religion.
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What term did Bronfenbrenner use to describe the impact of the specific time in history on a person's development?
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a. macrosystem b. exosystem c. microsystem -d. chronosystem
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Dr. Kong does a study in which he finds that smoking is correlated to an increased risk of high blood pressure. He publishes his results. Then Dr. Meco does the same study using different participants in another city. Dr. Meco's work is an example of:
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a. scientific controversy. -b. replication. c. ethics. d. observation.
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What is replication of a study?
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-a. the repetition of a study using different participants b. the repetition of a study using the same participants c. designing a new study based on information from a previous study d. designing a new study using new ideas and information
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Socioeconomic status refers to an individual's:
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a. culture. b. ethnicity. -c. social class d. race.
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Researchers have an ethical obligation to choose topics of study that:
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a. may be researched quickly. b. may be researched inexpensively. -c. are of major importance to society. d. are politically correct.
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According to Maslow, self-actualization is
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a. getting basic needs met. -b. fulfilling one's potential. c. feeling safe. d. being respected.
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Which cognitive theorist emphasized the cultural context?
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a. Piaget -b. Vygotsky c. Maslow d. Darwin
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Which example best illustrates a sensitive period?
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a. a child being born blind b. an egg being fertilized c. a fetus developing fingers and toes -d. a child learning to speak a second language
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If a researcher finds that there is a correlation between secondhand smoke and children's asthma, he knows for SURE that:
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a. secondhand smoke causes children's asthma. b. secondhand smoke does not cause children's asthma. c. children exposed to smoke in utero often get asthma. -d. asthma and secondhand smoke have some relationship.
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_____ is the quickest and least expensive way to study the development of a large group of people.
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a. A case study -b. Survey research c. A cohort-sequential study d. Longitudinal research
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According to Piaget, when old ideas are restructured to include new experiences it is called:
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a. learning. b. assimilation. c. equilibrium. -d. accommodation.
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According to Piaget, intellectual advancement occurs because humans seek cognitive:
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a. learning. b. resolution. -c. equilibrium. d. modeling.
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The third step in the scientific method involves:
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a. posing a question. -b. conducting research. c. drawing conclusions. d. developing a hypothesis.
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Behaviorists believe that psychologists should focus on:
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-a. observable behaviors. b. inner drives and motives. c. a person's ideas and beliefs. d. a person's sexual conflict.
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The code of ethics requires that when studying children:
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-a. the children's consent must be obtained. b. the results must be shared with the parents. c. the conclusions cannot be published. d. the study must be replicated before being published.
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One historical example of the "different-equals-deficit error" is:
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-a. the pioneers viewing American Indians as savages. b. European immigrants crossing the ocean to settle in America. c. how people's IQ scores have been steadily rising for more than 100 years. d. women taking factory jobs during World War II.
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The study of human development is conducted in a scientific manner because:
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a. researchers can develop objective opinions. -b. scientists want to move from opinion to proof. c. people usually disagree on how children should be raised. d. researchers want to move from the objective to the subjective.
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In the science of human development, "nature" refers to:
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-a. the genes that people inherit. b. environmental influences. c. patterns of development. d. developmental differences.
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Dr. Towne believes that heredity is primarily responsible for personality traits. Dr. West believes that environmental influences are primarily responsible for personality traits. They are on different sides of the _____ debate.
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-a. nature versus nurture b. intelligent design versus evolution c. genes versus development d. traits versus conditioning
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The foundation of cognitive theory is:
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a. observable behaviors. b. inner drives and motives. -c. a person's ideas and beliefs. d. observations
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Based on research about SIDS, caregivers are advised that babies should be:
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-a. put to sleep on their backs. b. put to sleep on their stomachs. c. kept in a very warm bedroom. d. fed right before being put to bed.
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The more Hank eats, the less hungry he feels. The correlation that exists between his food intake and his hunger is:
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a. positive. -b. negative. c. zero. d. causal.
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Susan Beal hypothesized that _____ played a role in SIDS deaths.
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a. birth order b. ethnicity -c. sleeping position d. parents' genes
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In an experiment, the group of participants who receive the imposed treatment or special condition is referred to as the _____ group.
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a. independent b. dependent -c. experimental d. comparison
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An example of a behavior by a researcher that would be considered unethical is:
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a. halting the study if harm is suspected. -b. changing the data to support the hypothesis. c. obtaining informed consent. d. maintaining confidentiality.
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Dr. Hernandez thinks that a certain drug will help patients with schizophrenia. Her belief is called:
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a. a conclusion. b. empirical evidence. -c. a hypothesis. d. a result.
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The fourth step in the scientific method involves:
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a. posing a question. b. conducting research. c. developing a hypothesis. -d. drawing conclusions.
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The idea that human development is an ongoing, ever-changing interaction between the body, mind, and every aspect of the environment is known as the:
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-a. dynamic-systems approach. b. theory of evolution c. concept of universality. d. domino effect.
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What is plasticity?
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a. a time in development when it is optimum to develop certain traits or abilities b. the amount of flexibility a human possesses at birth -c. the idea that personality, abilities, and human characteristics may change over time d. the idea that personality, abilities, and human characteristics are mostly inborn
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Which example best illustrates a critical period?
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a. a child learning to walk b. a child learning a second language before age 4 -c. a fetus developing fingers and toes between 28 and 54 days in utero d. a child learning to ride a bike between 5 and 6 years of age
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Social constructions are ideas created by one's:
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a. status. b. education. -c. society. d. physical characteristics.
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The approach to cognitive development that describes cognition with details instead of stages is called _____ theory.
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a. learning -b. information processing c. cognitive cultural d. accommodation
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An example of the "difference-equals-deficit" is:
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-a. assuming that children who are deaf cannot communicate as well as children who can hear. b. failing to compare typical and atypical behavior. c. ignoring inconsistencies in a child's language development. d. the identification of flaws within the application of the scientific method.
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Which of these numbers shows the weakest correlational relationship?
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a. 0.90 b. -0.76 -c. 0.05 d. -0.50
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In Bronfenbrenner's model, family and peers are part of a person's:
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-a. microsystem. b. exosystem. c. macrosystem. d. social system.
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An individual's socioeconomic status includes his or her:
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a. ethnicity. b. political beliefs. -c. neighborhood. d. religion.
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A study shows a weak negative correlation between maternal age and gestational diabetes. Which of these numbers is the correlation?
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a. -0.80 b. -0.66 c. -0.50 -d. -0.09
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Parents who spend a great deal of time and money trying to find the best school for their children believe in the importance of:
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-a. nurture. b. replication. c. nature. d. classical conditioning.
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Which is an example of the influence of nature?
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a. having a mother who smoked during pregnancy -b. having the gene for epilepsy c. eating a healthy diet d. going to an underperforming school
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In the science of human development, "nurture" refers to:
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a. universal traits. b. biological traits. -c. environmental influences. d. unique traits.
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The human fetus develops fingers and toes between 28 and 54 days after conception but cannot develop fingers and toes before or after that time. This is an example of:
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a. a sensitive period. -b. a critical period. c. discontinuity. d. continuity.
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The first step in the scientific method involves:
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-a. posing a question. b. conducting research. c. selecting a group of participants. d. developing a hypothesis.
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The process by which a response becomes linked to particular stimulus is called:
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a. psychoanalysis. b. cognition. c. observational learning. -d. conditioning.
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Dr. Furth wonders if a specific brain chemical can be suppressed if a patient is given a large dose of vitamin E. This curiosity is the _____ step in the scientific method.
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-a. first b. second c. third d. fourth
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The final step in the scientific method is to:
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a. test the hypothesis. b. draw conclusions. c. conduct research. -d. report the results.
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Some social scientists believe that using a term such as _____ exaggerates minor differences between people.
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-a. white b. diversity c. genetic analysis d. culture
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What is a researcher's first step when designing a research study on children's language acquisition?
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a. recruit children and their parents as participants in the study b. develop a hypothesis on the way language is acquired in children -c. pose a research question about language acquisition d. draw conclusions on the way children acquire language
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IRB stands for:
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-a. Institutional Review Board. b. International Research Board. c. Internal Review Board. d. Intelligence Research Board.
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A study of African-American 11-year-old males in Georgia (Brody et al., 2009) found that those with the short version of a gene called 5-HTTLPR were:
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a. not at risk of engaging in potentially destructive behaviors. b. the least at risk of engaging in potentially destructive behaviors. -c. the most at risk of engaging in potentially destructive behaviors if they did not receive family training. d. the least at risk of engaging in potentially destructive behaviors if they did not receive family training.
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Which of these is the sequential order of Piaget's four stages of cognitive development?
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a. formal operational, concrete operational, preoperational, sensorimotor b. preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational -c. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational d. sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational
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Plasticity refers to the:
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a. fact that many academic fields contribute data to the science of development. b. universals and specifics of human development in many cultural settings. c. vast array of contexts in which development occurs. -d. ability of human traits to be molded during development.
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Bronfenbrenner called the historical context that affects other systems in his theory the:
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a. ecosystem. -b. chronosystem. c. mesosystem. d. macrosystem.
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Who was a cognitive theorist?
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a. Freud b. Watson -c. Piaget d. Maslow
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According to the text, race is:
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a. part of the microsystem. -b. a social construction. c. defined by heritage. d. multidirectional.
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Dorothy was born during the Great Depression. Knowing this fact allows one to know about her:
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-a. chronosystem. b. exosystem. c. microsystem. d. macrosystem.
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What is one of the biggest drawbacks to the survey method?
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-a. lack of accuracy b. too costly to do c. participants quitting the study d. too time consuming to do
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Jameel has a college degree, lives in a nice neighborhood, and earns more than $50,000 a year. This information defines his
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a. economic potential. -b. socioeconomic status. c. cohort. d. microsystem.
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According to evolutionary theory, people
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a. have the same basic needs and drives. -b. change their behaviors in order to survive. c. learn from the environment. d. learn from observations.
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Bettie belongs to one cohort; Zahara belongs to another. The only DEFINITE difference between these two women is:
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a. membership in community groups. b. socioeconomic status. -c. generation. d. ethnic or racial group.
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In Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems approach, the _____ refers to the interactions among systems.
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a. macrosystem b. exosystem c. microsystem -d. mesosystem
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Which developmentalist was the first to describe the interaction between culture and education?
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-a. Vygotsky b. Piaget c. Bronfenbrenner d. Skinner
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If a researcher finds a positive correlation between school grades and school attendance, one can conclude that:
answer
-a. high attendance and high grades occur together. b. high attendance causes high grades. c. high attendance rarely means high grades. d. high grades cause high attendance.
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Michelle and Greg are having a baby and are hoping for a boy. Who is responsible for the determining the sex of the baby?
answer
a. Michelle -b. Greg c. both of them d. neither of them
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The neural tube will become the:
answer
a. reproductive organs. b. intestinal tract. c. backbone, legs, and arms. -d. brain and spinal cord
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Almost every trait is _____, which means it is affected by many genes.
answer
-a. polygenic b. nonadditive c. X-linked d. monozygotic
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One reason male fetuses are more vulnerable than female fetuses may be that the:
answer
-a. X chromosome seems to have a protective effect. b. Y chromosome seems to have a protective effect. c. Y chromosome seems to have a hazardous effect. d. X chromosome seems to have no protective effect.
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Timur and Juan are playing basketball. Timur shoots the ball and Juan blocks the shot. Timur says, "Wow, I didn't realize how tall you were until you did that!" Timur's comment refers to Juan's:
answer
-a. phenotype. b. allele. c. genotype. d. gamete.
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On the 23rd set of chromosomes, males have:
answer
a. two X chromosomes. b. two Y chromosomes. -c. an X and a Y chromosome. d. just a Y chromosome.
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Eyeballs change shape at typical stages of development, including puberty and middle adulthood. This makes it more likely that _____ will increase at puberty, and _____ will decrease during middle adulthood.
answer
a. nearsightedness; farsightedness b. farsightedness; nearsightedness -c. nearsightedness; nearsightedness d. farsightedness; farsightedness
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The longest period of prenatal development is the _____ period.
answer
a. embryonic -b. fetal c. proximodistal d. germinal
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When the effects of genes add up to make the phenotype, they are called _____ genes.
answer
a. dominant b. recessive -c. additive d. nonadditive
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In the United States, more than _____ of births occur via C-section.
answer
-a. 1/3 b. 1/2 c. 2/3 d. 1/4
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Reproductive cells are called:
answer
a. chromosomes. b. zygotes. c. DNA. -d. gametes.
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Research indicates that alcoholism may be caused by:
answer
a. just nature. b. just nurture. -c. a combination of nature and nurture. d. poor moral character.
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Anoxia refers to:
answer
a. cerebral hemorrhaging. b. signs of cerebral palsy. -c. a lack of oxygen. d. toxic substances in the bloodstream.
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Lacy has a recessive gene in her genotype that is not expressed in her phenotype. She is a( n) _____ of that gene.
answer
a. recipient -b. carrier c. expressor d. reactor
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The total collection of genes that an individual has is called his or her:
answer
a. phenotype. b. allele. -c. genotype. d. gamete.
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Fraternal twins are also called _____ twins.
answer
a. monozygotic -b. dizygotic c. zygotic d. gamete
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Down syndrome is also called:
answer
a. trisomy-12. b. trisomy-13. -c. trisomy-21. d. trisomy-31.
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Babies born under 1,000 grams (2 pounds 3 ounces) are considered:
answer
a. low birthweight. b. very low birthweight. -c. extremely low birthweight. d. ultra low birthweight.
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Greg and Allen are at bar watching a football game. Over the course of the game, each one drinks three beers. Greg is sweating and red-faced while Allen is not. A likely reason for the difference in their physiological reactions to the alcohol is that:
answer
-a. Greg's and Allen's bodies metabolize the alcohol differently. b. Greg and Allen have had diverse cultural experiences. c. Greg is significantly younger than Allen. d. Greg could not control his physiological reaction to the alcohol, but Allen could control his reaction.
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Cindy is doing a presentation on prenatal development and wants to present the three main periods of prenatal development in order from conception to birth. Cindy's presentation uses the following order:
answer
a. embryonic, germinal, and fetal. b. fetal, embryonic, and germinal. -c. germinal, embryonic, and fetal. d. germinal, fetal, and embryonic.
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Babies born slightly under 2,500 grams (5 pounds 8 ounces) are considered:
answer
-a. low birthweight. b. very low birthweight. c. extremely low birthweight. d. ultra low birthweight.
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The _____ is a worldwide effort to map all human genes.
answer
a. Hap Map b. Apgar scale -c. Human Genome Project d. Brazelton Assessment
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Around day 14 of the embryonic period, the _____ appears. It will eventually become the neural tube.
answer
a. the stem cells b. the spinal cord -c. the primitive streak d. the placenta
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Prenatally, development happens in a "near to far" pattern known as:
answer
-a. proximodistal. b. cephalocaudal. c. neurogenesis. d. synaptogenesis.
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Age impacts alcoholism in that _____ get drunk more often and experience more pleasure and less pain from drinking.
answer
-a. adolescents b. geriatric adults c. young parents d. middle-aged adults
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Low folic acid in during pregnancy can result in:
answer
a. heart defects. b. lung defects. c. limb deformities. -d. neural-tube defects.
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Each individual inherits 23 chromosomes from their mother and 23 chromosomes from their father. In addition, epigenetic effects create an individual's appearance and behavior to create a:
answer
-a. phenotype. b. allele. c. genotype. d. gamete.
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When infants turn their heads and suck in response to a touch on the cheek, they are demonstrating the:
answer
a. Moro reflex. -b. rooting reflex. c. sucking reflex. d. thrashing reflex.
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Most of the known single-gene disorders are:
answer
a. recessive. -b. dominant. c. difficult to identify. d. additive.
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Bruno and Juliana moved to the United States from Mexico 2 years ago and just had their first baby. Although Bruno and Juliana's SES is lower than their native-born peers, their baby was born at a healthy weight, due in part, to the support of their social network. This phenomenon is called the:
answer
a. immigrant paradox. -b. Hispanic paradox. c. native-born paradox. d. SES paradox.
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The name of the full set of genes that provide the instructions for making living organisms is the:
answer
a. phenotype. b. genotype. -c. genome. d. allele.
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The statistic that indicates how much of the variation in a particular trait can be traced to genes is called:
answer
a. a correlation. -b. heritability. c. the mean. d. probability.
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In the third stage of labor, the:
answer
a. cervix begins to dilate. b. baby's head moves into the birth canal. c. mother experiences intense contractions. -d. placenta is delivered.
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The germinal period ends approximately _____ after conception.
answer
a. 2 days b. 3 months -c. 2 weeks d. 12 weeks
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Harry was a preterm newborn who was born after 26 weeks of prenatal development. He now is a healthy, happy 2-year-old. Harry's ability to survive after being born so early was due in part to his reaching the:
answer
a. term of postnatal development. b. germinal period. c. neurogenesis point. -d. age of viability.
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Cigarette smoking is implicated in _____ percent of all low-birthweight births worldwide.
answer
a. 10 b. 15 c. 20 -d. 25
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The age of viability is the time when the preterm newborn:
answer
-a. might survive outside the uterus. b. begins to move. c. will be born without defects. d. has developed all its major organs.
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Jeremy inherited _____, a genetic disorder characterized by uncontrollable tics and explosive verbal outbursts.
answer
a. Alzheimer disease b. Huntington disease -c. Tourette syndrome d. major depression
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Maternal depression:
answer
a. is normal and does not usually require any treatment. b. is usually not noticed by the father. c. does not seem to affect an infant. -d. can have a long-term impact on the newborn
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The phenomenon in which fathers experience symptoms of pregnancy and birth is known as:
answer
a. postpartum depression. -b. couvade. c. false labor. d. the Moro reflex.
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Which statement is true?
answer
-a. Male embryos are more vulnerable than female embryos therefore less likely to survive prenatally. b. Female embryos are more vulnerable than male embryos therefore less likely to survive prenatally. c. Male and female embryos are equally vulnerable prenatally making them equally likely to survive prenatally. d. X sperm swim faster and reach the ovum first while the Y sperm is more resistant to genetic disorders.
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Each human has a total of about _____ genes.
answer
a. 10,000-13,000 -b. 20,000-23,000 c. 30,000-33,000 d. 40,000-43,000
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Parents of newborn Renata are amazed at their daughter's responsiveness and reflexes when a professional administers the:
answer
-a. Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale. b. Apgar scale. c. Child Behavioral Checklist. d. Strange Situation.
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Compared to vaginal births, C-section births:
answer
a. are less expensive. -b. increase the risk of complications. c. usually take longer. d. are less safe for the baby.
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In the fourth week after conception, a miniscule blood vessel that is the start of the _____ system begins to pulsate.
answer
a. respiratory b. digestive c. skeletal -d. cardiovascular
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In a first birth, the average length of active labor is:
answer
a. several days. -b. about 12 hours. c. about 8 hours. d. a few minutes.
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Some teratogens have a threshold effect, which means that they are:
answer
a. harmful no matter what the level. b. rarely harmful. -c. harmless up to a certain level. d. always harmless.
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Brothers and sisters from the same parents share only half the same genes, making the possible combinations:
answer
a. in the hundreds. b. in the thousands. c. in the tens of thousands. -d. in the millions
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Due to understanding more about the role of genes in determining the sex of a child, couples can select the sex of a child by all methods EXCEPT:
answer
a. inactivating X or Y sperm before conception. -b. selecting only X eggs for fertilization. c. aborting XX or XY fetuses. d. undergoing in vitro fertilization and then inserting only male or female embryos.
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What happens to the brain during the fetal period of development?
answer
a. It goes through a process of regeneration. b. It begins to form and function. -c. Increases about six times in size. d. The number of neurons decreases sixfold.
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Statistically, which woman is MOST apt to have a baby with LBW?
answer
a. Ashley, who is 27 years old and middle class SES b. Jody, who has been diagnosed with diabetes -c. Kate, who regularly misses meals d. Delfina, who is a Hispanic immigrant
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Babies born slightly under 1,500 grams (3 pounds 5 ounces) are considered:
answer
a. low birthweight. -b. very low birthweight. c. extremely low birthweight. d. ultra low birthweight.
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A teratogen is any agent or condition that increases the risk for:
answer
-a. prenatal abnormalities. b. damage to the placenta. c. extra chromosomes. d. male infertility.
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Mandy is pregnant yet she still smokes cigarettes, drinks alcohol, and does not eat well. Her baby may be at increased risk for the development of:
answer
-a. fetal alcohol syndrome. b. fetal anoxia syndrome. c. fetal alcohol situation. d. functional alcohol syndrome.
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In the United States, which is NOT a potential reason for the rise in the frequency of LBW babies?
answer
a. food insecurity b. drug use c. cigarette use -d. genetic factors
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Jill is 3 years old. She is hyperactive and learning-disabled. Her doctor suggests that Jill's problems could be the result of prenatal exposure to _____, though he stresses that the link is not straightforward at this time.
answer
a. chromosomal abnormalities b. genetic abnormalities c. cell differentiation -d. behavioral teratogens
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Historically, who was blamed for not producing an offspring of a particular gender?
answer
-a. mothers only b. fathers only c. both mothers and fathers d. fathers only if a girl was desired and a boy was born
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Risks to development are apparent at conception, pregnancy, and birth but the risks can be _____ if mothers and fathers, professionals, and the community work to promote healthy prenatal development.
answer
a. eliminated -b. minimized c. enhanced d. exaggerated
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Which is NOT a possible consequence of low birthweight?
answer
a. early death b. delayed walking c. hearing impairment -d. speech impediment
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Each human body cell contains:
answer
a. 46 pairs of chromosomes. -b. 46 chromosomes. c. 23 chromosomes. d. 20 pairs of chromosomes.
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Virginia Apgar was a( n):
answer
-a. anesthesiologist. b. labor and delivery nurse. c. surgeon. d. obstetrician.
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During the germinal period of prenatal development, some cells become part of the brain, some become part of the leg, and some become part of the stomach, etc. The term for this process is:
answer
a. duplication. b. division. -c. differentiation. d. specialization.
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Full-term pregnancies typically last _____ from the date of conception.
answer
a. 32 weeks b. 34 weeks c. 36 weeks -d. 38 weeks
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On average, fetuses gain about _____ pounds during the last trimester of pregnancy, which brings the average birth weight to about 7.5 pounds.
answer
a. 1.5 pound b. 2.5 pounds -c. 4.5 pounds d. 6.5 pounds
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Approximately once in every _____ births, an infant is born with 45, 47, or even 48 or 49 chromosomes instead of the usual 46.
answer
a. 50 -b. 200 c. 500 d. 1,000
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Many obstetricians date the onset of pregnancy from the date:
answer
a. of conception. -b. of the woman's last menstrual period. c. of implantation. d. when the woman had intercourse.
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In the _____ after conception, sex organs develop and are soon visible via ultrasound.
answer
a. fourth week -b. ninth week c. twelfth week d. twentieth week
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The _____ starts the sequence of events that prepares the fetus for delivery and starts labor.
answer
-a. fetal brain b. maternal brain c. placenta d. germinal period
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An alternative to giving birth in a hospital is to arrange to give birth at home. This option is especially popular in Europe, where home births appear to have:
answer
a. more complications than those in hospitals. -b. fewer complications than those in hospitals. c. an equal number of complications as those in hospitals. d. an unknown number of complications, because no records are kept on home births.
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The Apgar scale is used at one minute and five minutes after birth to:
answer
a. evaluate the newborn's sensory abilities. b. evaluate the health of the new mother. c. help the mother recover from childbirth. -d. evaluate the health of the newborn.
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Babies considered small for gestational age:
answer
-a. can be full-term or preterm babies. b. have major structural deformities. c. are born buttocks or legs first. d. are addicted to drugs.
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A woman who is pregnant is having an ultrasound done eight weeks into prenatal development. She is surprised by the size of the embryo's head when she sees the image on the screen. The doctor reassures her that this is typical and due to the _____ pattern of development.
answer
a. proximodistal -b. cephalocaudal c. neurogenesis d. synaptogenesis
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During the germinal period, the first task of the zygote's outer cells is:
answer
a. differentiation. b. duplication. c. germination. -d. implantation.
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Justin and Jacob are identical twins. They are the result of:
answer
-a. One ovum fertilized by one sperm that split into two zygotes. b. Two separate ova that were fertilized by two different sperms. c. One ovum that was fertilized by two sperms. d. Two ova that were fertilized by one sperm.
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Eight-year-old Joe has no difficulty seeing things near him but sometimes struggles to see things in the distance. Joe gets his eyes checked and is told that he does not yet need corrective lenses for nearsightedness. Instead, drawing on current research, the ophthalmologist advises that he:
answer
a. do homework in a very brightly lit room. b. watch television on a larger screen. -c. play outside more. d. avoid reading small print.
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About a week after conception, the outer layer of the multiplying cells forms a protective circle, or shell, that will become the:
answer
-a. placenta. b. umbilical cord. c. vernix. d. infant.
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Brown-eyed Alma has a blue-eyed mother and a brown-eyed father. In this case, her brown eyes were determined by a _____ allele.
answer
-a. dominant b. recessive c. dominant-recessive d. dizygotic
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Holly learned from her science teacher that her height resulted from about 180 genes, each contributing a tiny amount of genetic information. Holly learned that her height was due to:
answer
-a. additive genes. b. dominant genes. c. recessive genes. d. nonadditive genes.
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Studies indicate that _____ may mitigate maternal depression by in part by increasing levels of the bonding hormone oxytocin.
answer
-a. breast-feeding b. having a home birth c. couvade d. epidurals
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On the 23rd set of chromosomes, females have:
answer
-a. two X chromosomes. b. two Y chromosomes c. an X and a Y chromosome. d. just a Y chromosome.
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Michael is color-blind. His gene for color blindness is most likely a:
answer
a. dominant gene on his X chromosome. b. dominant gene on his Y chromosome. -c. recessive gene on his X chromosome. d. recessive gene on his Y chromosome.
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A baby is assessed at one minute after birth according to the Apgar scale. Three of the five vital signs are good, but the baby is weak and inactive and grimaces. The two vital signs the medical team is concerned about are:
answer
a. muscle tone and heartbeat. b. respiratory effect and color. -c. muscle tone and reflex irritability. d. reflex irritability and respiratory effect.
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Chantal and Larry are considering having a baby. Chantal's doctor recommends that they stop using recreational drugs and update their immunizations:
answer
-a. before Chantal gets pregnant. b. as soon as Chantal knows she is pregnant. c. anytime during the first trimester of pregnancy. d. as soon as the baby is born.
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Before differentiation begins, the first cells of the zygote are called _____ cells.
answer
a. germinal -b. stem c. zygotic d. reproduction
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The third period of gestation is the _____ period.
answer
a. zygotic b. embryonic c. germinal -d. fetal
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Early prenatal care can help decrease the risk of prenatal abnormalities. However, it CANNOT provide pregnant women with information about:
answer
a. substances to avoid. b. proper nutrition. -c. exact thresholds for teratogens. d. treatments for preexisting conditions.
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Adults who were low-birthweight babies have higher rates of:
answer
-a. diabetes. b. malnutrition. c. normal-range weight. d. obesity.
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question
Each reproductive cell contains:
answer
a. 46 pairs of chromosomes. b. 46 chromosomes. -c. 23 chromosomes. d. 20 pairs of chromosomes.
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The first days and weeks after conception (the germinal and embryonic periods) are _____ for body formation, but the entire fetal period is a _____ period for brain development.
answer
a. sensitive; sensitive b. critical; critical c. sensitive; critical -d. critical; sensitive
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Julia had a baby 3 weeks ago. She has been feeling sad and inadequate as a mother, which has made caring for her newborn difficult. Julia may be experiencing:
answer
a. post-traumatic stress disorder. -b. postpartum depression. c. generalized anxiety disorder. d. separation anxiety.
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The critical factor in attaining the age of viability is:
answer
a. weighing at least 5 pounds (2.3 kg). -b. having adequate brain development. c. having functioning digestive and respiratory systems. d. surviving at least 28 weeks past conception.
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Rumasia places her baby on her chest so that they are skin to skin. This is called:
answer
a. couvade. b. a doula. -c. kangaroo care. d. parent-infant bond.
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Newborn babies do NOT have reflexes designed to:
answer
a. maintain oxygen supply. b. maintain a constant body temperature. -c. adjust to the difference between day and night. d. manage feeding
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Each molecule of DNA is called a( n):
answer
-a. chromosome. b. RNA. c. gene. d. zygote.
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Which country has the highest rate of C-section births in the world?
answer
a. Egypt -b. China c. Chile d. the United States
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Genetic _____ distinguishes each person and allows for adaptation.
answer
a. mapping -b. diversity c. similarities d. testing
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What percentage of all serious defects occurs for unknown reasons?
answer
a. 10 percent -b. 20 percent c. 30 percent d. 40 percent
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Identical twins are also called _____ twins.
answer
-a. monozygotic b. dizygotic c. zygotic d. gamete
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Thresholds, as they relate to harm from any teratogen, are difficult to set because one teratogen may _____ the harm from another teratogen
answer
a. decrease -b. increase c. cancel d. improve
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Epidurals, often used in hospital births to manage pain during childbirth, have been shown to:
answer
a. help prevent unnecessary C-sections. b. encourage breast-feeding from the beginning. -c. inhibit the newborn's readiness to suck. d. induce labor.
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Kelley just had a baby and now is experiencing a sense of inadequacy and sadness. She may have:
answer
a. couvade. b. behavioral teratogens c. kangaroo care. -d. postpartum depression.
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As of 2008, the rate of low-birthweight babies in the United States babies is ______ percent.
answer
a. 7.0 -b. 8.2 c. 9.5 d. 10.2
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Harold and Heather are twins. They are the result of:
answer
a. One ovum fertilized by one sperm that split into two zygotes. -b. Two separate ova that were fertilized by two different sperms. c. One ovum that was fertilized by two sperms. d. Two ova that were fertilized by one sperm.
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The head begins to take shape in the _____ week after conception.
answer
-a. fourth b. fifth c. sixth d. seventh
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The frequency of LBW in the United States _____ throughout most of the twentieth century, and then _____ in the 1990s and early 2000s.
answer
-a. decreased; increased b. increased; decreased c. decreased; remained stable d. increased; remained stable
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What is the main function of the placenta?
answer
a. screening out potentially harmful substances b. exchanging blood between the mother and the developing embryo -c. protecting and surrounding the developing fetus d. creating antibodies for the developing fetus
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A baby born three or more weeks early is called:
answer
a. premature. -b. preterm. c. low birthweight. d. small for gestational age.
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Pruning is the process by which:
answer
a. brain centers are rewired following localized brain damage. b. the left hemisphere specializes for language processing. c. the frontal lobe disengages from the prefrontal cortex. -d. unused connections between neurons are eliminated.
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"Do you want to play patty-cake?" Sofia asks her infant daughter. The baby responds by clapping her hands. In which stage of sensorimotor development is Sofia's baby?
answer
a. stage one b. stage two -c. stage three d. stage four
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Parents are told that their newborn is in the 90th percentile for height. This means that their child is:
answer
-a. above average in height. b. below average in height. c. average in height. d. 90 percent of the desired height for his weight.
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Children reach half their adult height by the age _____ years.
answer
-a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 6
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The brain develops extremely quickly in the first few years, but not all of this growth is permanent. Due to its rapidity and temporary nature, this rapid brain growth is called:
answer
a. dendrite proliferation. b. pruning. c. cortex multiplication. -d. transient exuberance.
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Aran's mother has been helping him to walk by holding his hands and supporting him. Aran's legs are strong enough to hold him up, and he's able to move his legs in a coordinated way as long as his mother supports him. What else does Aran need in order to walk on his own?
answer
a. muscle strength b. brain maturation -c. practice d. fine motor skills
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You see a beautiful yellow flower while walking through a meadow. Your eyes seeing the flower is a matter of ______. Your brain determining that the flower is yellow is a matter of ______. Imagining how the flower will look in a vase would demonstrate ______.
answer
a. perception; knowing; cognition b. sensation; perception; knowing c. perception; sensation; knowing -d. sensation; perception; cognition
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_____ is the understanding that objects continue to exist when they cannot be seen.
answer
-a. Object permanence b. Acquired adaptation c. Mental representation. d. Object continuity
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Bae is a Korean toddler; his cousin Troy is a Korean-American toddler. Bae is learning to speak Korean, while Troy is learning to speak English. What will be the most noticeable difference in Bae's and Troy's use of language?
answer
-a. Bae will use more verbs than Troy does. b. Troy will use more verbs than Bae does. c. Bae will use adverbs at a younger age. d. Troy will use adverbs at a younger age.
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Umar is a newborn is lying awake in his crib. Someone across the room speaks. What is his likely reaction?
answer
a. Umar won't react at all, because his sense of hearing is not well developed. b. If the voice is that of Umar's mother, he will turn in the direction of the voice; otherwise, he will ignore the voice. -c. Umar will turn his head in the direction of the voice no matter whose voice it is. d. Umar will show a startle response and probably cry.
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_____ believed that children learn language by receiving adequate parental attention.
answer
a. Jean Piaget -b. B. F. Skinner c. Noam Chomsky d. Leo Vygotsky
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The term holophrase is used to denote:
answer
a. a word that is empty of meaning. -b. the infant's use of one word to express a whole thought. c. the relationship of object permanence to language development. d. the use of two words to take the place of one.
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The neonate's vision:
answer
-a. is clearest when objects are four to 30 inches away. b. is clearest when objects are about 10 feet away. c. does not improve until about age one. d. is the most developed of the baby's senses.
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Piaget's sixth stage of sensorimotor intelligence is known as the stage of:
answer
-a. mental combinations. b. interesting observations. c. primary reactions. d. new adaptation and anticipation.
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The last part of the brain to mature is the:
answer
a. axons. b. dendrites. c. synapses. -d. prefrontal cortex.
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A child who is too short for his or her age due to severe malnutrition is suffering from a condition called:
answer
-a. stunting. b. marasmus. c. wasting. d. protein calorie malnutrition.
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A life-threatening condition that occurs when infants are shaken back and forth sharply and quickly is called:
answer
a. self-righting. b. head-sparing. -c. shaken baby syndrome. d. transient exuberance.
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For which illness is an immunization NOT available?
answer
-a. malaria b. measles c. whooping cough d. smallpox
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Newborns perceive important experiences like breastfeeding:
answer
-a. with dynamic sensory-motor systems. b. primarily through fine motor skills. c. primarily through the sense of smell. d. with practice.
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In addition to cultural influences, what is a compelling reason that causes parents to choose to co-sleep with their infant?
answer
-a. Co-sleeping makes nighttime feedings easier. b. Co-sleeping allows the infant to sleep more deeply for longer periods. c. Co-sleeping helps the baby's digestion. d. Co-sleeping infants become more independent.
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The process through which unused and misconnected dendrites atrophy and die is called:
answer
-a. pruning. b. degeneration. c. transitional exuberance. d. myelination.
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The human body is equipped to protect the brain when malnutrition temporarily affects body growth. This protective feature is known as:
answer
a. the blood-brain barrier. b. brain-override. -c. head-sparing. d. caudal protection.
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What is one effect of lower infant mortality rates?
answer
a. Mothers have more babies. -b. Mothers have fewer babies. c. Mothers achieve less education. d. National economies are undermined.
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The average North American newborn weighs _____ pounds at birth.
answer
a. 5 b. 6 -c. 7 d. 8
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Binocular vision appears between _____ months of age.
answer
-a. 2 and 4 b. 6 and 8 c. 10 and 12 d. 14 and 16
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Infants' repetition of certain syllables at the age of about six or seven months is called:
answer
a. cooing. b. holophrasing. c. gurgling. -d. babbling.
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At least _____ billion children were born between the years 1950 and 2010.
answer
a. 4 b. 5 c. 6 -d. 10
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The area in the brain that plans, anticipates, and controls impulses is the _____ cortex.
answer
-a. prefrontal b. parietal c. temporal d. striate
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Alma brought her six-month-old son to the doctor for a well-baby visit. The doctor says that her son's weight is in the 20th percentile. What does this definitely mean?
answer
a. He is large for his age. b. He is not growing properly. c. He is malnourished. -d. He is small compared to other 6 month olds.
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Most infants are able to inch forward on their bellies by the age of _____ months.
answer
-a. 5 b. 8 c. 10 d. 12
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The first of Piaget's sensorimotor stages that involves an infant's interaction with something else is:
answer
a. stage one. b. stage two. -c. stage three. d. stage five
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In Piaget's terminology, sensorimotor stage one is described as:
answer
-a. the stage of reflexes. b. making interesting sights last. c. first acquired adaptations. d. new adaptation and anticipation.
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Brain cells are called:
answer
a. frontal cells. b. axons. c. dendrites. -d. neurons.
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Piaget called an infant's first period of cognitive development:
answer
-a. sensorimotor intelligence. b. adaptation. c. object awareness. d. imitative learning.
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When they practice walking, babies average between _____ steps per hour.
answer
a. 100 and 300 b. 200 and 800 c. 600 and 1200 -d. 500 and 1500
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By three months of age, babies look closely at the eyes and mouth when studying faces. This change in focus is due to:
answer
a. increased interest in other humans. b. increased awareness of caregivers' identities. c. changes in willingness to interact with adults. -d. improvements in visual scanning ability.
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According to research, increased brainpower is most likely due to:
answer
a. transient exuberance. b. synaptic regeneration. c. axonal pruning. -d. synaptic pruning.
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On average, children begin saying recognizable words at around _____ months of age.
answer
a. 3 b. 6 -c. 12 d. 24
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In which of Piaget's sensorimotor stages do infants become aware of things and respond to people and objects?
answer
a. stage one b. stage two -c. stage three d. stage four
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Trent is an infant who lacks the toys and videos that promote brain development. He spends much of his day in a playpen with kitchen items for toys, listening to his grandmother sing while his mother works outside the home. In this situation, Trent's brain development will most likely:
answer
-a. proceed normally due to the self-righting tendency. b. flourish due to the self-excelling tendency. c. be somewhat impaired due to his limited environment. d. be extremely impaired due to his limited environment.
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Renee is concerned because her son is 13 months old and is starting to walk before learning to crawl. What advice would a pediatrician give to Renee?
answer
a. She should not let her son continue to walk until he has learned to crawl. b. He needs to be tested because this may be a sign of a serious learning disability. c. She should wait another month or so to see if he crawls and walks at the same time. -d. She should not be worried since some babies do not crawl.
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The function of neurotransmitters is to:
answer
a. bind the neurons of the central nervous system together. b. form the synapse between neurons. -c. carry information from one neuron to another. d. assist in the formation of new neurons.
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Clean water, immunizations, and nutritious food have all had a dramatic impact on:
answer
-a. infant and child mortality. b. maternal education levels. c. population constriction. d. rates of violence.
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The dozing, half-awake state often seen in newborns is called:
answer
a. REM sleep. b. paradoxical sleep. -c. transitional sleep. d. postnatal sleep.
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Between _____ months of age, most infants can lift their midsections and crawl on "all fours."
answer
-a. 8 and 10 b. 10 and 12 c. 12 and 14 d. 14 and 16
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Lyrissa lives in Africa. She is 9 months old and does not weigh enough due to malnutrition. Her life is in danger. Lyrissa suffers from:
answer
a. rickets. b. hypoglycemia. c. kwashiorkor. -d. marasmus.
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At what point in development is the sense of hearing already quite acute?
answer
-a. at birth b. by 3 months of age c. by 14 weeks of age d. by 6 months of age
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Twelve-month-old Emily has slept in her parents' bed since she was born. This custom is called:
answer
a. co-bedding. b. shared sleep. c. sleep accommodation. -d. co-sleeping.
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Transient exuberance is the:
answer
-a. rapid growth of dendrites during the first few years of life. b. high energy that toddlers experience following a nap. c. friendliness that infants display prior to the onset of stranger wariness. d. rapid growth of axons during the first few years of life.
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Thinking about something that has been perceived is:
answer
a. sensation. -b. cognition. c. intuition. d. knowing.
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According to the sociocultural perspective, what is the focus of early communication for infants younger than 12 months?
answer
a. context b. content -c. emotion d. sound
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Piaget believed children begin to develop cognitively at:
answer
-a. birth. b. 3 months. c. 1 year. d. 18 months.
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_____ is the thick, high-calorie fluid that is secreted by a new mother's breasts in the days immediately following birth.
answer
a. Collodion -b. Colostrum c. Breast milk d. Glucose
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The average North American newborn measures _____ inches in length.
answer
a. 14 b. 16 -c. 20 d. 24
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Approximately how many hours per day does the average newborn spend asleep?
answer
a. 13 to 14 -b. 15 to 17 c. 18 to 19 d. 20 to 21
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Adriana and her mother have been playing patty-cake, but mother is now trying to engage Adriana in a picture book. Adriana wants to play patty-cake again, so she grabs mother's hands and puts them together as if in a clap. Adriana is clearly in which stage of sensorimotor development?
answer
a. stage one b. stage two c. stage three -d. stage four
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Newborns prefer:
answer
-a. their mother's language more than any other language. b. animal sounds more than speech. c. normal speech more than baby talk. d. traffic noises more than music.
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A typical child at 24 months weighs about _____ pounds.
answer
a. 19 -b. 28 c. 41 d. 52
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Ann-Marie started walking when she was 10 months old; Cynthia is just beginning to take steps by herself at 13 months. Which conclusion is MOST likely true?
answer
a. Ann-Marie is very intelligent. b. Cynthia is malnourished. c. Cynthia is mentally handicapped. -d. Both girls are developing normally.
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Why are breast-fed babies less likely to contract infectious diseases than bottle-fed babies?
answer
a. They are less likely to come in contact with viruses and bacteria. b. Breasts are more sterile than bottles. -c. Breast milk contains antibodies to all the diseases for which the mom has antibodies. d. Most breast-fed babies don't leave the home often.
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The sense that is the least developed at birth is an infant's:
answer
a. hearing. b. taste. -c. vision. d. smell.
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Fine motor skills are:
answer
a. head motions. -b. small movements. c. large movements. d. feet motions.
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Object permanence is demonstrated by an infant who:
answer
a. laughs when a sibling makes faces. b. grasps a rattle and bangs it on the floor. c. willing lets go of an object. -d. searches for a toy that has fallen from sight.
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Abed is an average toddler. His parents can expect him to utter his first multiword sentence around:
answer
a. 12 months. b. 16 months. -c. 24 months. d. 27 months.
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Synapses are:
answer
-a. intersections where the axons of one neuron meet the dendrites of another neuron. b. where neurons make direct contact with one another. c. chemical structures that allow dendrites to send their messages to axons. d. the area where neurons determine whether a stimulus exceeds the absolute threshold or not.
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A hypothesis that has been repeatedly disproved is that the MMR vaccine cause:
answer
a. HIV. b. schizophrenia. c. ADHD. -d. autism.
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The language acquisition device (LAD) was proposed by Chomsky to explain:
answer
a. children's vocabulary spurts. b. the difference between surface structure and deep structure. c. the systematic differences among languages. -d. children's ability to derive the rules of grammar quickly and effectively.
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The usual order of the development of spoken language in an infant is:
answer
a. cooing, babbling, reflexes, and spoken words. -b. reflexes, cooing, babbling, and spoken words. c. babbling, cooing, spoken words, and reflexes. d. cooing, reflexes, babbling, and spoken words.
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Most babies learn to grasp and hold onto objects by about _____ months old.
answer
a. 2 b. 4 -c. 6 d. 8
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Dominique was an infant with very few toys, but she concocted things to play with out of what was available in her home in order to develop her brain. This is an example of:
answer
a. transient exuberance. b. cognitive independence. -c. self-righting. d. selective attention.
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The process that first detects an external stimulus is:
answer
a. perception. -b. sensation. c. interpretation. d. cognition.
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The mental processing of sensory information is called:
answer
-a. perception. b. sensation. c. input. d. cognition.
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By ______ months of age, babies can usually sit up unsupported.
answer
a. 2 b. 4 -c. 6 d. 8
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Britta has begun repeating syllables such as "da-da-da-da" and "me-me-me-me-me." Britta is in the _____ stage of language development.
answer
a. cooing b. holophrasing c. gurgling -d. babbling
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The areas at the very front of the cortex:
answer
a. are responsible for visual functions. b. help humans to understand spoken words. -c. assist with self-control. d. are well-developed in newborns.
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Behaviors that involve small body movements are known as _____ motor skills.
answer
a. gross -b. fine c. mature d. micro
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The use of prefixes, suffixes, intonation, verb forms, pronouns, and other parts of speech is known as:
answer
-a. grammar. b. sentence structure. c. speech patterns. d. syntax.
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A newborn's brain weight is _____ an adult's brain weight.
answer
a. greater than b. the same as c. 50 percent of -d. 25 percent of
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Which statement describes the brain's cortex?
answer
a. It is found in the center of the brain and is responsible for primitive emotions and reflexes. b. It makes up a small percentage of the outer brain and is responsible for movement. -c. It makes up the outer layers of the brain and is responsible for thinking, feeling, and sensing. d. It is the gray matter of the brain where the intersections of dendrites and axons form.
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The statement, "Multiple attentional, social, and linguistic cues contribute to early language learning" supports the _____ theory of language learning.
answer
a. behavioral b. epigenetic -c. hybrid d. social impulse
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Co-sleeping may be harmful to the baby if the mother:
answer
a. is in a fetal position around the baby. b. is a light sleeper. -c. is drugged or drunk. d. awakens frequently.
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When the immune system is primed to resist a particular disease, the process is called:
answer
a. exuberance. -b. immunization. c. pertussis. d. head-sparing.
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Elaine communicates with her new baby using child-directed speech, which is also referred to as:
answer
-a. motherese. b. echolalia. c. holophrastic speech. d. telegraphic speech.
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What three factors contribute to the ability to walk?
answer
a. muscle strength, parental teaching, practice b. brain maturation, parental teaching, muscle strength c. parental teaching, practice, brain maturation -d. muscle strength, brain maturation, practice
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Gross motor skills are:
answer
a. head motions. b. small movements. -c. large movements. d. feet motions.
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Small movements made by fingers and toes are known as _____ motor skills.
answer
a. athletic b. primitive -c. fine d. gross
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question
Which statement supports the sociocultural perspective of language learning?
answer
a. Toddlers learn new words best by hearing an adult say a new word as they play with an unrelated object. -b. Toddlers learn new words best when they are taught in person. c. Toddlers learn new words best in a group setting. d. Toddlers learn new words best by watching others talk.
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Hasan is 2 years old and does not have enough food. As a result, he has unusual swelling in his face and abdomen, and thin, colorless hair. Hasan is suffering from:
answer
-a. kwashiorkor. b. marasmus. c. rickets. d. hypoglycemia.
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After a child's vocabulary has reached about 50 expressed words, vocabulary will increase by approximately _____ words per month.
answer
a. 25 to 50 -b. 50 to 100 c. 100 to 125 d. 125 to 150
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On average, which skill does an infant develop first?
answer
a. running b. walking backward -c. walking alone d. jumping
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Which theory compares human thought to the workings of a computer?
answer
a. behavioral theory -b. information-processing theory c. adaptive theory d. Piaget's theory of cognitive development
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When does it first become obvious that a person has discerned the rules of his or her native language?
answer
a. when the person learns a second language b. when the person is able to read and write -c. when the person starts using two-word sentences d. once the person's sentences contain a subject, verb, and object
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Research indicates that infants reach the stages of Piaget's sensorimotor intelligence _____ Piaget originally predicted.
answer
-a. earlier than b. later than c. at the same time as d. in a different sequence than
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Clara's weight is in the 30th percentile. This means that _____ percent of all babies her age weigh less than she does and _____ percent of all babies her age weigh more than she does.
answer
-a. 30; 70 b. 20; 80 c. 70; 30 d. 80; 20
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Piaget referred to toddlers in sensorimotor stage five as:
answer
a. little heathens. b. tertiary infants. -c. little scientists. d. blank slates.
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Baby Sam can grab objects, but sometimes he closes his hand too early or too late. Sam is probably around _____ months old.
answer
a. 2 -b. 4 c. 6 d. 8
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The outer layers of the brain are referred to as:
answer
-a. the cortex. b. axons. c. dendrites. d. synapses.
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The behavior of an infant in sensorimotor stage four might best be described as:
answer
-a. deliberate. b. experimental. c. creative. d. anxious.
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Shirley returned to full-time employment six weeks after her baby's birth. She exclusively breast-fed during her maternity leave, and then pumped her breast milk when she returned to work. Now her baby is three months old and drinks some formula when at daycare. Shirley wants to stop breast-feeding. If you were a pediatric nurse, what would you say to her?
answer
a. She can quit breast-feeding since all of its benefits are achieved within the first three months. b. She should quit breast-feeding since it is only beneficial if the baby doesn't drink any formula. c. She should keep breast-feeding until the baby begins to eat solid foods, which is the point at which breast milk loses its nutritional value. -d. She should keep breast-feeding as long as possible since breast-fed babies are less likely to get sick.
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In one research study, scientists scanned the brains of both a monkey reaching for a banana and another monkey watching that action. The same neurons in a particular region of the brain were activated in both monkeys. These neurons are called _____ neurons.
answer
a. information processing -b. mirror c. axon d. dendrite
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Newborns' sense of touch allows them to:
answer
a. determine who is touching them. -b. be soothed by their caregiver. c. feel no pain. d. make up for their lack of hearing at birth.
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In which of Piaget's sensorimotor stages do infants adapt, anticipate, and become more deliberate in responding to people and objects?
answer
a. stage one b. stage two c. stage three -d. stage four
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A _____ is a ranking between 0 and 100 that compares children of the same age in order to determine whether a particular baby is growing well.
answer
a. normal score b. standard deviation -c. percentile d. norm
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A basic nerve cell in the central nervous system is called a( n):
answer
a. frontal cell. b. axon. c. dendrite. -d. neuron.
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The signs of REM sleep include flickering of the infant's:
answer
a. open eyes and rapid brain waves. -b. closed eyes and rapid brain waves. c. open eyes and slow, steady brain waves. d. closed eyes and slow, steady brain waves.
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When children are immunized, they contribute to the protection of others. This is referred to as:
answer
a. community immunity. b. vaccinating. -c. herd immunity. d. failure to thrive.
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On average, which skill does an infant develop last?
answer
a. pulling up onto feet -b. standing alone without holding on c. sitting without support d. standing while holding on
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By 10 months of age, Alan has a vocabulary of a dozen words. B. F. Skinner would have attributed Alan's rapid speech development mainly to:
answer
a. his unusually high I.Q. b. an unusual language-acquisition talent. -c. the amount his parents talk to him. d. rapid physical development.
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Jordan's weight is in the 50th percentile. This means that:
answer
a. he weighs 50 percent more than other children his age. b. he weighs 50 percent less than other children his age. c. the average weight for his age is 50 percent more than his weight. -d. 50 percent of children his age weigh less than he does.
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At approximately what age will a child begin to utter his or her first two-word sentences?
answer
a. 10 months b. 12 months c. 18 months -d. 21 months
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An infant's inborn drive to remedy deficits is called:
answer
a. self-efficacy. b. experience-expectant brain functions. c. experience-dependent brain functions. -d. self-righting.
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James uses the word "more" to mean "I want another cookie." In this case, "more" is a( n):
answer
-a. holophrase. b. preverbal communication. c. overextension. d. reflexive communication.
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The part of the brain that seems to be devoted to perceiving faces is the:
answer
a. prefrontal cortex. -b. fusiform face area. c. countenance perception area. d. neurofacial transmitter.
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Sensorimotor stage four is the stage of:
answer
a. making interesting sights last. b. new means through active experimentation. c. new means through mental combinations. -d. new adaptation and anticipation.
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In Piaget's terminology, sensorimotor stage two is described as:
answer
a. the stage of reflexes. -b. first acquired adaptations. c. making interesting sights last. d. new adaptation and anticipation.
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At birth, the human brain has:
answer
-a. billions of neurons. b. trillions of neurons. c. 25 percent of its adult neurons. d. 50 percent of its adult neurons.
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Tia is fascinated with the toilet. So far, her parents have caught trying to flush a stuffed animal, a toy cell phone, and a handful of dog kibble. Which sensorimotor stage is Tia MOST likely in?
answer
a. stage 3 b. stage 4 -c. stage 5 d. stage 6
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As infants acquire language, they say more _____ than any other parts of speech.
answer
-a. nouns b. verbs c. pronouns d. adjectives
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Slow-wave sleep:
answer
-a. increases significantly at about three or four months of age. b. is also known as REM sleep. c. is also known as paradoxical sleep. d. rarely occurs until two years of age.
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When a child is more than two standard deviations underweight for his or her age, the child is suffering from a condition called:
answer
a. stunting. -b. wasting. c. marasmus. d. protein calorie malnutrition.
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Becky is a four-month-old infant whose mother uses a high-pitched voice, simple words or phrases, and lots of repetition when she speaks. Becky delights in her mother's use of:
answer
a. long, grammatically correct sentences. b. a variety of high and low tones. -c. child-directed speech. d. babbling.
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Research has found that child-directed speech is:
answer
a. confined to females; males do not use it. -b. spoken in a high pitch with simple vocabulary and short sentences. c. unique to English-speaking parents. d. spoken in a low pitch with the use of nonsense words.
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Whenever the eyes, ears, tongue, skin, or mouth detect a stimulus, a( n) _____ has occurred.
answer
a. perception b. interpretation -c. sensation d. response
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In the United States, _____ percent of babies are breast-fed at birth, and _____ percent are breast-fed at six months.
answer
a. 75; 36 b. 90; 50 c. 50; 50 -d. 75; 44
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Binocular vision refers to the ability to:
answer
a. focus on objects at a distance. b. bring an object in and out of focus. -c. focus on an object with both eyes. d. visually distinguish between similar colors.
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Studies comparing breast-feeding to bottle-feeding show that:
answer
-a. breast-fed babies have fewer allergies and stomachaches. b. breast-feeding is recommended for about half of all mothers. c. recent improvements in formula make bottle-feeding more nutritious than breast milk. d. breast-feeding should end as soon as a baby gets a tooth.
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Baby Hugh enjoys playing with his dad's keys, but when his dad takes them away, Hugh does not search for them. Piaget would say that is because Hugh does not understand:
answer
a. conservation. -b. object permanence. c. egocentrism. d. affordances.
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An example of stage-three sensorimotor behavior is:
answer
a. thumb-sucking and self-soothing. -b. looking for a smile and smiling back. c. searching for a teddy bear hidden under a blanket. d. trying to dress like Mommy or Daddy.
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Dendrite growth is the main reason that brain weight _____ from birth to the age of two.
answer
a. decreases b. doubles -c. triples d. quadruples
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Brain weight triples in size during first two years of life primarily because of the growth of:
answer
a. axons. -b. dendrites. c. neurons. d. synapses.
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Large movements that coordinate many parts of the body are known as _____ motor skills.
answer
a. athletic b. fine c. primitive -d. gross
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The distinct language form known as "baby talk" is a:
answer
a. verbal collection of facts and myths about having and caring for babies. b. teaching technique used to accelerate language acquisition. -c. simplified language that adults use when talking to babies. d. preverbal sound (like "ga ga" and "goo goo") that mothers often make.
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In terms of visual acuity, newborns:
answer
a. possess 20/20 vision. -b. are legally blind. c. have binocular vision. d. exhibit organized visual scanning.
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Children as young as _____ old exhibit signs of the own-race effect.
answer
-a. 3 months b. 9 months c. 1 year d. 3 years
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Neurons in the brain meet at "intersections" called:
answer
-a. synapses. b. cortexes. c. axons. d. dendrites.
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Research found that three year olds _____ were better at recognizing differences in newborn faces.
answer
a. with older siblings -b. with younger siblings c. who spent time looking at different monkey faces d. with broad multiethnic experience
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Due to smell recognition, babies prefer to sleep:
answer
a. alone in a crib with freshly-washed sheets. -b. nuzzled into their caregiver's chest. c. near a kitchen while food is being prepared. d. in the room in which they were born.
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Between 1950 and 2010, more than _____ children died before age 5.
answer
a. 2 million b. 5 million -c. 2 billion d. 5 billion
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An abusive caregiver shakes an infant to get her to stop crying. The infant stops crying. Why?
answer
a. The infant is so startled by the shaking that she can't cry. -b. Blood vessels in her brain rupture and neural connections break. c. Experience has taught her to stop crying. d. The infant's airway is damaged.
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On average, children begin to walk independently at approximately _____ of age.
answer
a. 6 months -b. 1 year c. 18 months d. 2 years
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The average newborn triples his weight by:
answer
a. 6 months. b. 9 months. -c. 1 year. d. 2 years.
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According to Chomsky's theory of language acquisition:
answer
a. children learn language through a complex process of imitation and reinforcement. -b. children have an inborn ability to learn language. c. the inability to learn language is due to specific brain dysfunctions. d. language learning utilizes one particular structure in the brain.
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From birth until age two, dendrites in the cortex increase:
answer
a. twofold. b. threefold. -c. fivefold. d. tenfold.
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The most lethal disease for all children in past centuries was:
answer
a. polio. -b. smallpox. c. rubeola. d. anencephaly.
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Javier's mother is a native Spanish speaker, and his father is a native English speaker. He hears both languages equally often and is addressed in Spanish by his mother and in English by his father. If Javier is a typical toddler, how will his language skills be affected by this early experience?
answer
a. His grammar in one language will be better than his grammar in the other. b. He will often mix the two languages together when speaking to monolinguals. -c. His mastery of both languages will proceed normally, with proper grammar in both. d. His cognitive skills will lag behind those of similar-aged monolingual children.
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Fine motor skills are those that:
answer
a. develop as a result of brain damage. b. require practice. -c. require small body movements. d. use three or more muscles.
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New research on infant long-term memory has shown that infants can remember if the researchers:
answer
a. use situations that are different from real life. b. do not let the baby move during the memory event. c. use highly emotional events. -d. use special measures to aid memory retrieval, such as reminders.
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The learned ability to move and control some parts of the body is referred to as:
answer
a. instinct. b. facilitation. -c. motor skill. d. reflex.
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Breast milk:
answer
a. is deficient in iron and vitamin C. b. is more likely than formula to produce allergies. -c. provides antibodies to fight diseases. d. upsets the baby's digestive system more than formula.
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Geoff has begun uttering one-word holophrases (e.g. "Dada!"). About how old is Geoff likely to be?
answer
a. 3 months old b. 6 months old -c. 1 year old d. 2 years old
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question
During the sensorimotor stage, the child's main task is to:
answer
a. learn to use language to express sensations. b. think of past and future events. -c. use senses and motor skills to understand the world. d. think logically and critically.
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question
According to Piaget, a stage-five sensorimotor baby is like a:
answer
a. child in the "terrible twos." b. neurotic person who cannot take no for an answer. c. mime who imitates behavior of all kinds. -d. scientist who experiments to see what will happen.
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