question

Our differences as humans include our, ____, ___ and ___ and ____ backgrounds.

answer

personalities interests cultural family

question

Our similarities as human beings include our common ____, our shared ____ architecture, our ability to use ____, and our ____ behaviors.

answer

biological heritage brain language social

question

A fundamental question in psychology deals with the extent to which we are shaped by our heredity, called our ____, and by external influences, called our ____.

answer

nature nurture

question

Researchers who specifically study genetic and environmental influences on behavior are called ____.

answer

behavior geneticists

question

The term environment refers to every ____ influence.

answer

nongenetic

question

The master plans for development are stored in the ___. In number, each person inherits ____ of these structures, ____ from each parent. Each is composed of a coiled chain of the molecule ____.

answer

chromosomes 46 23 DNA

question

If chromosomes are the "chapters" of heredity, the "words" that make each of us a distinctive human being are called ____.

answer

genes

question

The complete instructions for making an organism are referred to as the human ____.

answer

genome

question

To study they power and limits of genetic influences on behavior, researchers use ____ and ____ studies.

answer

twin adoption

question

Twins who developed from a single egg are genetically ____. Twins who developed from different fertilized eggs are no more genetically alike than siblings and are called ____ twins.

answer

identical fraternal

question

In terms of the personality traits of extraversion and neuroticism, identical twins are _____ alike than are fraternal twins.

answer

more

question

Twin pairs reported ____. However their similarities ____ be attributed to how they were treated.

answer

being treated alike could not

question

Through research on identical twins raised apart, psychologists are able to study the influence of the ____.

answer

environment

question

Studies tend to show that the personalities of adopted children _____ closely resemble those of their adoptive parents. However, adoptions studies show that parenting ____ matter. For example, many adopted children score ___ than their biological parents on intelligence tests.

answer

do not does higher

question

The term that refers to the inborn personality, especially the child's emotional excitability, is ____, which ___ endure over time.

answer

temperament does

question

From the first weeks of life, ___ babies are more ____, ____, and ____. In contrast, ___ babies are ____, ____, and ____ in feeding and sleeping. Faced with a new or strange situation, anxious infants become ____ physiologically aroused than less excitable infants.

answer

difficult irritable intense unpredictable easy cheerful relaxed predictable more

question

The extent to which variation among individuals can be attributed to differing genes is called ____. Heritable individual differences ____ heritable group differences.

answer

heritability do not necessarily imply

question

Genes are self-___; rather than acting as ___ that always lead to the same result, they ___ to the environmental context.

answer

regulating blueprints react

question

For ____ phenomena, human differences are nearly always the result of both __ and ___ influences.

answer

psychological genetic environmental

question

Throughout life, we are the product of the ___ of our ___ predispositions and our surrounding ____.

answer

interaction genetic environment

question

Environments trigger activity in ____ and our genetically influenced traits evoke ____ in other people. This may explain why ____ twins recall greater variations in their early family life than do ____ twins.

answer

genes responses fraternal identical

question

The subfield of biology that seeks to identify some of the many genes that influence normal human traits is ___.

answer

molecular genetics

question

Researchers who study natural selection and the adaptive nature of human behavior are called ___.

answer

evolutionary psychologists

question

Researchers in this field focus mostly on what makes people so ____.

answer

much alike

question

According to the principle of ___, traits that lead to increased reproduction and survival will be most likely to be passed on to succeeding generations.

answer

natural selection

question

Genetic ____ are random errors in genetic replication that are the source of all genetic ___.

answer

mutations diversity

question

Genetic constraints on human behavior are generally ___ than those on animal behavior. The human species' ability to ___ and therefore to ___ in responding to different ___ contributes to our ____, defined as our ability to ___ and ___. Because of our genetic legacy, we love the tastes of sweets and ____, which we tend to ___, even though famine is unlikely in industrialized societies.

answer

looser learn adapt environments fitness survive reproduce fats store

question

The characteristics by which people define male and female constitute ___. These characteristics are subject to ___ and ___ influences.

answer

gender biological social

question

Compared to females, males are ___ likely to engage in casual, impulsive sex and they are ___ likely to initiate sexual activity. This is an example of a ____ difference.

answer

more more gender

question

The ____ explanation of gender differences in attitudes toward sex is based on differences in the optimal strategy by which women and men pass on their ___. According to this view, males and females ___ selected for different patterns of sexuality.

answer

evolutionary genes are

question

Cross-cultural research reveals that men judge women as more attractive if they have a ___ appearance, whereas women judge men who appear ____, ___, and ____ as more attractive.

answer

youthful mature dominant bold affluent

question

Critics of the evolutionary explanation of the gender sexuality difference argue that it often works ____ to propose a ____ explanation.

answer

backward hindsight

question

Another critique is that gender differences in sexuality vary with ___ expectations. Gender differences in mate preferences are largest in cultures characterized by greater gender ____.

answer

social inequality

question

Evolutionary psychologists counter the criticisms by noting that the sexes, having faced similar adaptive problems, are more ___ that they are ___. They also note that evolutionary principles offer testable ____.

answer

alike different predictions

question

Environmental influences begin during the period of ___ development.

answer

prenatal

question

Rosenzweig and Krech discovered that rats raised from a young age in enriched environments had ___ brain cortexes than animals raised in isolation.

answer

thicker

question

Experience shapes the brain by preserving activated ____ connections and allowing unused connections to ____. This process, called ____, results in a massive loss of unused connections by ____.

answer

neural degenerate pruning puberty

question

The idea that parents shape their children's futures come from ___ and ___.

answer

Freudian psychiatry psychology

question

Parents do influence some areas of their children's lives, such as their ____, ____, and ____.

answer

political attitudes personal manners religious beliefs

question

In areas such as ____, the environment siblings share at home accounts for less than ____ percent of their differences.

answer

personality 10

question

Experiences with ___ have a powerful effect on how children develop, partly as a result of a ____ effect by which kids seek our others with similar attitudes and interests.

answer

peers selction

question

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions of a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next defines the group's ____.

answer

culture

question

One landmark of human culture is the preservation of ___, which is derived from our mastery of ____, so that we can pass it on to future generations. Culture also enables an efficient division of ____.

answer

innovation language labor

question

All cultural groups evolve their own rules for expected behavior, called ____.

answer

norms

question

One such rule involves the buffer zone that people maintain around their bodies, called ____.

answer

personal space

question

The speed at which culture changes is much ___ than the pace of evolutionary changes in the human ____.

answer

faster gene pool

question

Cultures based on ____ value personal ____ and individual ____. Examples of such cultures occur in ___, ____, ____, and ____.

answer

individualism independence (or control) achievement North America Western Europe Australia New Zealand

question

In contrast, cultures based on ____ value ____, ____, and ____. Examples of such cultures occur in ____, ____, and ____.

answer

collectivism interdependence tradition harmony Korea Japan China

question

Whereas people in ___ cultures value freedom, they suffer more ____, divorce, ___ and ____-related disease.

answer

individualist loneliness homicide stress

question

Whereas most Western parents place more emphasis on ____ in their children, many Asian and African parents focus on cultivating ____.

answer

independence emotional closeness

question

Children in collectivist cultures grow up with a strong sense of ____, a sense that what shames or honors the person also shames or honors the family.

answer

family self

question

In general, differences between groups are ____ than person-to-person differences within groups.

answer

smaller

question

Among your ____ chromosomes, ____ are unisex.

answer

46 45

question

Compared with the average man, an average woman has more ____, less ___ and is a few inches ____. Women are more likely than men to suffer from ___, ____, and ____.

answer

fat muscle shorter depression anxiety eating disorders

question

Compare with women, men are more likely to commit ___ and to suffer ____. They are also more likely to be diagnosed with ___, ____, ____, and ____.

answer

suicide alcohol dependence autism color-blindness attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder antisocial personality disorder

question

Aggression is defined as ____ or ____ behavior that is ____ to hurt someone.

answer

physical verbal intended

question

Throughout the world, men are more likely than women to engage in ___, ____, and ____.

answer

hunting fighting warring

question

The aggression gender gap pertains to ____ rather than ____ aggression.

answer

physical verbal

question

Compared with women, men are perceived as being more ____, ____, and ____. As leaders, they tend to be more ____, while women are more ____.

answer

dominant forceful independent directive (or autocratic) democratic

question

Compared with men, women are perceived as being more ___, ___, and ____.

answer

deferential nurturant affiliative

question

These perceived differences occur ____.

answer

throughout the world

question

According to Carol Gilligan, women are more concerned than men in making ____ with others.

answer

connections

question

This difference is notable in how children ____, and it continues throughout the teen and adult years. Girls play in groups that are ___ and less ____ than boys' groups.

answer

play smaller competitive

question

Because they are more ____, women are likely to use conversation to ____, while men are likely to use conversation to ____.

answer

interdependent explore relationships communicate solutions

question

Women tend an befriend--for example, they turn to others for ____, especially when coping with ____.

answer

support stress

question

Gender differences in power, connectedness, and other traits peak in late ___ and early ___. By age 50, the differences have ____.

answer

adolescence adulthood decreased

question

The 23rd pair of chromosomes determines the developing person's ____. The mother always contribures a(n) ____ chromosome. When the father contributes a(n) ____ chromosome, the testes begin producing the hormone ____. In about the ____, this hormones initiates the development of external male sex organs.

answer

sex X Y testosterone seventh

question

Sex chromosomes control ___ that influence the brain's wiring. In adulthood, part of the ___ lobe, an area involved in ___ fluency, is thicker in women. Part of the brain's ____ cortex, a key area for ____ perception, is thicker in men.

answer

hormones frontal verbal parietal space

question

Our expectations about the way men and women behave define our culture's ____.

answer

gender roles

question

Gender roles ____ rigidly fixed by evolution, as evidenced by the fact that they vary across ____ and over ____. For instance, in ____ societies there tends to be minimal division of labor by sex; by contrast, in ____ societies, women remain close to home while men roam freely, herding cattle or sheep.

answer

are not cultures time nomadic agricultural

question

Our individual sense of being male or female is called our ____. The degree to which we exhibit traditionally male or female traits and interests is called ____.

answer

gender identity gender typing

question

According to ____ theory, children learn gender-linked behaviors by observing and imitating others and being rewarded or punished. When their families discourage traditional gender typing, children ____ organize themselves into "boy worlds" and "girl worlds."

answer

social learning do

question

Children also learn from their ___ what it means to be male or female and adjust their behavior accordingly, thereby demonstrating that ____ is important in the formation of gender identity.

answer

gender schemes cognition

question

As brute strength becomes ____ relevant to power and status, gender roles are ____.

answer

less converging

question

We are the product of both ____ and ____, but we are also a system that is ____. we know this because a ____ approach to development shows that no single factor is all-powerful.

answer

nature nurture open biopsychosocial

question

The principle that we should prefer the simplest of competing explanations for a phenomenon is called ___.

answer

Occam's razor

question

X chromosome

answer

the sex chromosome found in both women and men

question

norm

answer

an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior

question

fraternal

answer

twins that develop from separate eggs

question

genes

answer

the biochemical units of heredity

question

DNA

answer

a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes

question

identical

answer

twins that develop from a single egg

question

Y chromosome

answer

the sex chromosome found only in men

question

gender role

answer

a set of expected behaviors for males and females

question

gender identity

answer

one;s personal sense of being female or male

question

gender typing

answer

the acquisition of a traditional gender role

question

environment

answer

non genetic influences

question

testosterone

answer

principle male sex hormone. During prenatal development, testosterone stimulates the development of the external male sex organs

question

social learning theory

answer

people learn social behavior (such as gender roles) by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

question

natural selection

answer

the evolutionary principle that traits lead to increased reproduction and survival are the most likely to be passed on to succeeding generations

question

Scientists who study physical, cognitive, and social changes throughout the life cycle are called ___.

answer

developmental psychologists

question

One of the major issues in developmental psychology concerns the relative importance of genetic inheritance and experience in determining behavior; this is called the ____ issue.

answer

nature/nurture

question

A second developmental issue concerns whether developmental changes are gradual or abrupt; this called the ____.

answer

continuity/stages

question

A third controversial issue concerns the consistency of personality and whether development is characterized more by ____ over time or by change.

answer

stability

question

Conception begins when a woman's ___ releases a mature ____.

answer

ovary egg

question

The few ___ from the man that reach the egg release digestive ____ that eat away the egg's protective covering. As soon as one sperm penetrates the egg, the egg's surface ___ all other sperm.

answer

sperm enzymes blocks

question

The egg and sperm ____ fuse and become one.

answer

nuclei

question

Fertilized human eggs are called ____. During the first week, the cells in this cluster begin to ___. The outer part of the fertilized egg attaches to the ____ wall.

answer

zygotes differentiate uterine

question

From about 2 until 8 weeks of age the developing human, formed from the inner cells of the fertilized egg, is called a(n) ____. During the final stage of prenatal development, the developing human is called a(n) ____.

answer

embryo fetus

question

Formed as the zygote attached to the uterus, the ____ transfers ____ and ____ from mother to fetus. Along with nutrients, a range of harmful substances known as ____ can pass through the placenta.

answer

placenta nutrients oxygen teratogens

question

Moderate consumption of alcohol during pregnancy ___ the fetal brain. If a mother drinks heavily, her baby is at risk for the birth defects and mental retardation that accompany ____.

answer

can affect fetal alcohol syndrome

question

When an infant's cheek is touched, it will vigorously ___ for a nipple. Other infant reflexes include ___, ____, ____, and ____.

answer

root sucking swallowing tonguing breathing

question

American psychologist ____ believed that the newborn experiences a "blooming, buzzing confusion." This belief is ____.

answer

William James incorrect

question

To study infants' thinking, developmental researchers have focused on a simple form of learning called ____, which involves a ____ in responding with repeated stimulation. Using the ____ procedure, researchers have found that infants prefer sights, such as faces, that facilitate ___ responsiveness.

answer

habituation decrease novelty-preference social

question

The developing brain ___ produces neurons. At birth, the human nervous system ___ fully mature.

answer

over is not

question

Between 3 and 6 years of age, the brain is developing most rapidly in the ___ lobes, which enable ___. The last areas of the brain to develop are the ____ linked with ____, ____ and ____.

answer

frontal rational planning association areas thinking memory language

question

After puberty, a process of ___ shuts down some neural connections and strengthens others.

answer

pruning

question

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior are called ____.

answer

maturation

question

Infants pass the milestones of ___ development at different rates, but the basic ____ of stages is fixed. Infants sit before they ___ and walk before they ____.

answer

motor sequence crawl run

question

Genes play a ___ role in motor development.

answer

major

question

Until the necessary muscular and neural maturation is complete, including the rapid development of the brain's ____, experience has a ___ effect on learning to walk, for example.

answer

cerebellum small

question

Our earliest memories generally do not occur before age ____. This phenomenon has been called ____.

answer

3 infantile amnesia

question

Cognition refers to all the mental activities associated with ___, ___, ___ and ____.

answer

thinking knowing remembering communicating

question

The first researcher to show that the thought processes of adults and children are very different was ____.

answer

Piaget

question

To organize and interpret his or her experiences, the developing child constructs cognitive concepts called ____.

answer

schemas

question

The interpretation of new experiences in terms of existing ideas is called ____. The adaption of existing ideas to fit new experience is called ____.

answer

assimilation accommodation

question

In Piaget's first stage of development, the ____ stage, children experience the world through their motor and sensory interactions with objects. THis stage occurs between infancy and nearly age ____.

answer

sensorimotor 2

question

The awareness that things continue to exist even when they are removed from view is called ____. This awareness begins to develop at about ___ month of age.

answer

object permanence 8

question

Developmental researchers have found that Piaget and his followers ___ young children's competence. For instance, babies have an intuitive grasp of simple laws of ___, as Sarah Shuwairi showed, and an understanding of ____, as Karen Wynn demonstrated.

answer

underestimated physics numbers

question

According to Piaget, during the preschool years and up to age ___, children are in the ___ stage.

answer

6 or 7 preoperational

question

The principle that the quantity of a substance remains the same even when the shape of its container changes is called ___. Piaget believed that preschoolers ___ developed this concept.

answer

conservation have not

question

Preschoolers have difficulty in perceiving things from another person's point of view. This inability is called ____.

answer

egocentrism

question

The child's growing ability to take another's perspective is evidence that the child is acquiring a ____. Between about 3 1/2 and 4 1/2 children come to realize that other may hold ____.

answer

theory of mind false beliefs

question

The disorder characterized by deficient ___ and ___ interaction and an impaired ____ is ____. This disorder is related to malfunction of brain areas that allow us to take another's ___. The "high functioning" form of this disorder is called ____.

answer

communication social theory of mind autism viewpoint Asperger syndrome

question

Baron-Cohen's theory proposes that autism represents an "extreme ____ brain." According to this theory, girls tend to be ___, who are better than boys at reading facial expressions and gestures. Boys tend to be ____, who understand things in terms of rules or laws.

answer

male empathizers systemizers

question

In contrast to Piaget's findings to perform mental ____, to think ____, and to take another's ___ begin to show up early and continue to develop ____.

answer

operations symbolically perspective gradually

question

Russian psychologist ____ noted that by age ___ children stop thinking aloud and instead rely on ____. Talking to themselves helps children control their ___ and ___ and master new skills.

answer

Lev Vygotsky 7 inner speech behavior emotions

question

Piaget believed that children acquire the mental abilities needed to comprehend mathematical transformations and conservation by about ___ years of age. At this time, they enter the ____ stage.

answer

6 or 7 concrete operational

question

In Piaget's final stage, the ____ stage, reasoning expands from the purely conccrete to encompass ___ thinking. Piaget believed most children begin to enter this stage by age ___.

answer

formal operational abstract 12

question

Complementing Piaget's emphasis on interaction with the ____ environment is Vygotsky's emphasis on interaction with the ____ environment. When parents mentor children and give them new words, they provide, according to Vygotsky, a ____ upon which the child can build higher-level thinking.

answer

physical social scaffold

question

Soon after ____ emerges and children become mobile, a new fear called, called ____ emerges. The fear emerges at about age ___.

answer

object permanence stranger anxiety 8 months

question

The development of a strong emotional bond between infant and parent is called ____.

answer

attachment

question

The Harlow's studies of monkeys have shown that mother-infant attachment does not depend on the mother providing nourishment as much as it does on her providing the comfort of ____. Another key to attachment is ____.

answer

body contact familiarity

question

Human attachment involves one person providing another with a ____ when distressed and a ____ from which to explore.

answer

safe haven secure base

question

In some animals, attachment will occur only during a restricted time called a ____. Konrad Lorenz discovered that young birds would follow almost any object if it were the first moving thing they observed. This phenomenon is called ____.

answer

critical period imprinting

question

Human infants ____ have a precise critical period for becoming attached. However because of ____ they attach to what they know.

answer

do not mere exposure

question

Placed in a research setting called the ____, children show one of two patterns of ____ attachment or ____ attachment.

answer

strange situation secure insecure

question

A father's love and acceptance for his children are ____ to a mother's love in predicting their children's health and well-being.

answer

comparable to

question

Separation anxiety peaks in infants around ___ months, then ____. This is true of children ____.

answer

13 gradually declines throughout the world

question

According to Erikson, securely attached infants approach life with a sense of ____.

answer

basic trust

question

Most researchers now believe that early attachments ____ form the basis of adult attachments. Attachment style is also associated with ____: Securely attached people exhibit greater drive to achieve.

answer

do motivation

question

The Harlows found that when monkeys reared in social isolation were placed with other monkeys, they reacted with either fear or ___.

answer

aggression

question

Most abused children ___ later become abusive parents.

answer

do not

question

Although most children who grow up under adversity are ___ and become normal adults, early abuse and excessive exposure to ____ may alter the development of the brain chemical ____.

answer

resilient stress hormones serotonin

question

When placed in a more positive and stable environment, most infants ____ from disruptions in attachment.

answer

recover

question

Experts agree that child care ____ per se constitute a risk factor in children's development. High-quality child care consists of warm, supportive interactions with adults in an environment that is ___, ___, and ___. More important than time spent in day care in influencing a child's development are ____.

answer

does not safe healthy stimulating the mother's sensitivity, the child's temperament, and the family's economic and educational level

question

The primary social achievement of childhood is the development of a ____ which occurs in most children by age ____.

answer

self concept 12

question

A child's self image generally becomes stable between the ages of ____ and ____, when children begin to describe themselves in terms of gender, group memberships, and psychological ____.

answer

8 10 traits

question

Parents who impose rules and expect obedience are exhibiting a(n) ____ style of parenting.

answer

authoritarian

question

Parents who make few demands of their children and tend to submit to their children's desires are identified as ____ parents.

answer

permissive

question

Setting and enforcing standards after discussion with their children is the approach taken by ____ parents.

answer

authoritative

question

Studies have shown that children with highest self-esteem, self-reliance, and social competence usually have ___ parents.

answer

authoritative

question

Adolescence is defined as the transition period between ____ and ____.

answer

childhood adulthood

question

The "storm and stress" view of adolescence is credited to ___, one of the first American psychologists to describe adolescence.

answer

G Stanley Hall

question

Adolescence begins with the time of developing sexual maturity known as ____. A 2 year period of rapid physical development begins in girls about the age of ____ and in boys about the age of ____. This growth spurt is marked by the development of the reproductive organs and external genitalia, or ____ characteristics, as well as by the development of traits such as pubic hair and enlarged breasts in females and facial hair in males. These non reproductive traits are known as ____ characteristics.

answer

puberty 11 13 primary sex secondary sex

question

The first menstrual period is called ____. In boys, the first ejaculation is called ____.

answer

menarche spermarche

question

The ____ of pubertal changes is more predictable than their ____.

answer

sequence timing

question

Boys who mature ____ tend to be more popular, self-assured, and independent; they also are at increased risk for ____. For girls, ____ maturation can be stressful, especially when their bodies are out of sync with their ____. This reminds us that ___ and ___ interact.

answer

early alcohol use, delinquency, and premature sexual activity early emotional maturity heredity environment

question

The adolescent brain undergoes a selective ___ of unused neurons and connections. Also, teens' occasional impulsiveness and risky behaviors ma be due, in part, to the fact that development in the brain's ___ lags behind that of the ____.

answer

pruning frontal lobe limbic system

question

Adolescents' developing cognitive ability enables them to think about what is ____ possible and ____ that with imperfect reality.

answer

ideally compare

question

During the early teen years, reasoning is often ____, as adolescents often feel their experiences are unique.

answer

self-focused

question

Piaget's final stage of cognitive development is the stage of ____. Adolescent in this stage are capable of thinking logically about ____ as well as concrete propositions. This enables them to detect ____ in others' reasoning and to spot hypocrisy.

answer

formal operations abstract inconsistencies

question

The theorist who proposed that moral thought progresses through stages is ____. These stages are divided into 3 basic levels: ____, ____, and ____.

answer

Lawrence Kohlberg preconventional conventional postconventional

question

In the pre conventional stages of morality, characteristic of children, the emphasis is on obeying rules in order to avoid ____ or gain ____.

answer

punishment rewards

question

Conventional morality usually emerges by early ____. The emphasis is on gaining social ____ or upholding the social ____.

answer

adolescence approval order

question

Individuals who base moral judgements on their own perceptions of basic ethical principles are said by Kohlberg to employ ____ morality.

answer

postconventional

question

The idea that moral feelings precede moral reasoning is expressed in the ___ explanation of morality. Research studies using ____ support the idea that moral judgment involves more than merely thinking; it is also gut-level feeling.

answer

social intuitionist moral paradoxes

question

Morality involves doing the right thing, and what we do depends on ___ influences. Today's ____ focus on moral issues and doing the right thing. They teach children ____ for others' feelings.

answer

social character education programs empathy

question

Children who learn to delay ____ become more socially responsible, often engaging in responsible action through ____ learning. They also become more___ successful and more productive.

answer

gratification service academically

question

Moral ideas grow ___ when acted on.

answer

stronger

question

Group Age:

answer

Infancy Toddlerhood Preschooler Elementary School Adolescence Young Adulthood Middle Adulthood Late Adulthood

question

Psychosocial Stage:

answer

Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Initiative vs. guilt Competence vs. inferiority Identity vs. role confusion Intimacy vs. isolation Generativity vs. stagnation Integrity vs. despair

question

To refine their sense of identity, adolescents in individualistic cultures experiment with different _____ in different situations. The result may be role ____, which is resolved by forming a self definition or _____.

answer

selves confusion identity

question

Some adolescents forge their identity early, simply by ___ their parents' values and expectations. Other may assume an identity ___ that of their parents.

answer

adopting opposing

question

During the early to mid teen years, self esteem generally _____. During the late teens and twenties, self esteem generally ____ and identity becomes more ____.

answer

falls rises personalized

question

Erikson saw the formation of identity as a prerequisite for the development of ____ in young adulthood.

answer

intimacy

question

Adolescence is typically a time of increasing influence from one's ____ and decreasing influence from ____.

answer

peers parents

question

Most adolescents report that they ____ get along with their parents. They see their parents as having the most influence in shaping their ____, for example.

answer

do religious faith

question

When rejected adolescents withdraw, they are vulnerable to ____, low ____, and ____.

answer

loneliness self-esteem depression

question

As a result of increased ____ and weakened _____ bonds, sexual maturity is beginning ___ than in the past.

answer

body fat parent-child earlier

question

Because the time from 18 to the mid twenties is increasingly a not-yet-settled phase of life, some psychologists refer to this period as a time of ____.

answer

emerging adulthood

question

During adulthood, age ____ a very good predictor of people's traits.

answer

is not

question

The mid-twenties are the peak years for ____, ____, ____, and ____. Because they mature earlier, ____ also peak earlier.

answer

muscular strength reaction time sensory keenness cardiac output women

question

During early and middle adulthood, physical vigor has less to do with ____ than with a person's ____ and ____ habits.

answer

age health exercise

question

The cessation of the menstrual cycle, known as ____, occurs within a few years of ____. This biological change results from lowered levels of the hormone ____. A woman's experience during this time depends largely on her ____ and ____.

answer

menopause 50 estrogen expectations attitude

question

Although men experience no equivalent to menopause, they do experience a more gradual decline in ____ count, level of the hormone ____, and speed of erection and ejaculation during later life.

answer

sperm testosterone

question

Worldwide, life expectancy at birth increased from 49 years in 1950 to ____ years and beyond in 2004 in some developed countries. Women outlive men by nearly ____ years worldwide and by ___ years in Canada, the United States, and Australia. With age, the tips of our chromosomes, called ____, shorten.

answer

80 4 5 to 6 telomeres

question

According to one evolutionary theory, our bodies age and wear out because once we've completed our ____ and nurturing task, there are no ___ pressures against genes that cause degeneration in later life.

answer

gene-reproducing natural selection

question

The human spirit also affects life expectancy. The death rate increases when people reach their birthdays, a finding referred to as the ____ phenomenon.

answer

death-defferal

question

With age, the eye's pupil ____ and its lens becomes ____ transparent. As a result, the amount of light that reaches the retina is ____.

answer

shrinks less reduced

question

Although older adults are ___ susceptible to life-threatening ailments, they suffer from short-term ailments such as flu ____ often than younger adults.

answer

more less

question

Aging ____ neural processing and causes a gradual loss of ____.

answer

slows brain cells

question

Physical exercise stimulates ____ development and ____ connections, thanks perhaps to increased ___ and nutrient flow.

answer

brain cell neural oxygen

question

The mental erosion that results from progressive damage to the brain is called ____.

answer

dementia

question

The irreversible disorder that causes progressive brain deterioration is ____ disease. This disease has been linked to a deterioration of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter ____.

answer

Alzheimer's acetlycholine

question

Studies of developmental changes in learning and memory show that during adulthood there is a decline in the ability to ____ new information but not in the ability to ____ such information. One factor that influences memory in the elderly is the ____ of material.

answer

recall recognize meaningfulness

question

Adults' ___ memory remains strong when events help trigger recall.

answer

prospective

question

Cognitive abilities among 70 year olds are ____ varied than among 20 year olds.

answer

more

question

A research study in which people of various ages are compared with one another is called a ___ study. THis kind of study found evidence of intellectual ____ during adulthood.

answer

cross-sectional decline

question

A research study in which the same people are retested over a period of years is called a ____ study. This kind of study found evidence of intellectual ___ during adulthood.

answer

longitudinal stability

question

The accumulation of stored information that comes with education and experience is called ____ intelligence, which tends to ___ with age.

answer

crystallized increase

question

The ability to reason abstractly is referred to as ___ intelligence, which tends to ____ with age.

answer

fluid decrease

question

Contrary to popular opinion, job and marital dissatisfaction do not surge during the forties thus suggesting that a midlife ____ need not occur.

answer

transition (crisis)

question

The term used to refer to the culturally preferred timing for leaving home, getting a job, marrying, and so on is the ____. Today the timing of such life events is becoming ____ predictable. More important than age are ____ and chance encounters.

answer

social clock less life events

question

According to Erikson, the 2 basic tasks of adulthood are achieving ____ and ____. According to Freud, the healthy adult is one who can ___ and ___.

answer

intimacy generativity love work

question

Human societies have nearly always included a relatively ___ bond. Marriage bonds are usually lasting when couples marry after age ___ and are ____.

answer

monogamous 20 well educated

question

Marriages today are ____ as likely to end in divorce as they were in the 1960's. Couples who live together before marrying have a ____ divorce rate than those who do not.

answer

twice higher

question

Marriage is a predictor of ___, ____, ____, and ____. Lesbian couples report ___ well-being than those who are alone.

answer

happiness sexual satisfaction health income greater

question

As children begin to absorb time and energy, satisfaction with the marriage itself ____. This is particularly true among ___ women, who shoulder most of the burden.

answer

decreases employed

question

For most couples, the children's leaving home produces a(n) ____ in marital satisfaction.

answer

increase

question

During the first 2 years of college or university, most students ____ predict their later careers. Most ____ shift from their original major.

answer

cannot do

question

From early adulthood to midlife, people typically experience a strengthening sense of ____, ____, and ____.

answer

identity confidence self-esteem

question

According to studies older people ____ report as much happiness and satisfaction with life as younger people do. In addition their feelings ____ mellow.

answer

do do

question

As we age, the brain area called the ____ shows ____ activity in response to negative events.

answer

amygdala decreased

question

More and more people flourish into later life, thanks to ____ influences.

answer

biopsychosocial

question

Grief over a loved one's death is especially severe when it comes _____.

answer

suddenly and before its expected time on the social clock

question

Reactions to a loved one's death ____ vary according to cultural norms. Those who express the strongest grief immediately ____ purge their grief more quickly.

answer

do do not

question

Terminally ill and bereaved people ____ go though predictable stages.

answer

do not

question

According to Erikson, the final task of adulthood is to achieve a sense of ____.

answer

integrity

question

Stage theories that have been considered include the theory of cognitive development proposed by ____, the theory of moral development proposed by _____, and the theory of psychosocial development proposed by____.

answer

Piaget Kohlberg Erikson

question

Although research casts doubt on the idea that life proceeds through age-linked ____, there are spurts of ___ growth during childhood and puberty that correspond roughly to the stages proposed by ____.

answer

stages brain Piaget

question

The first two years of life ____ provide a good basis for predicting a person's eventual traits.

answer

do not

question

Research on the consistency of personality shows that some traits, such as those related to ____, are more stable than others, such as social attitudes.

answer

temperament

question

zygote

answer

the fertilized egg, that is, the cluster of cells formed during conception by the union of sperm and egg

question

embryo

answer

the developing prenatal organism from about 2 weeks through 2 months after conception; formed from the inner cells of the zygote

question

fetus

answer

the developing prenatal human from 9 weeks after conception to birth

question

teratogens

answer

(literally, poisons) are any chemicals and viruses that cross the mother's placenta and can harm the developing embryo or fetus

question

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

answer

refers to the physical and cognitive abnormalities that heavy drinking by a pregnant woman may cause in the developing child

question

habituation

answer

decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus that is repeatedly present a simple form of learning used to study infant cognition

question

maturation

answer

the biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience or other environmental factors

question

cognition

answer

refers to all the mental processes associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

question

schema

answer

In Piaget's theory of cognitive development they are mental concepts or frameworks that organize and interpret information

question

sensorimotor stage

answer

lasts from birth to nearly age 2. During this stage infants gain knowledge of the world through thier senses and their motor activities

question

object permanence

answer

develops during the sensorimotor stage, is the awareness that things do not cease to exist when not perceived

question

pre operational stage

answer

lasts from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age. During this stage, language development is rapid, but the child is unable to understand the mental operations of concrete logic

question

conservation

answer

the principle that properties such as number, volume, and mass remain constant despite changes in the forms of objects; it is acquired during the concrete operational stage

question

egocentrism

answer

refers to the difficulty that pre operational children have in considering another's viewpoint. "Self-centered"

question

theory of mind

answer

our ideas about our own and others' thoughts feelings and perceptions and the behaviors these might predict

question

basic trust

answer

a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy a concept that infants form if their need needs are met by responsive caregiving

question

self concept

answer

our understanding and evaluation of who we are

question

primary sex characteristics

answer

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that enable reproduction

question

secondary sex characteristics

answer

nonreproductive sexual characteristics (female breasts, male voice quality, and body hair)

question

identity

answer

one's sense of self, primary task of adolescence

question

social identity

answer

refers to person's self-concept as defined by the groups to which he or she belongs

question

longitudinal study

answer

the same people are tested and retested over a period of years

question

crystallized intelligence

answer

refers to those aspects of intellectual ability such as vocabulary and general knowledge, that reflect accumulated learning, tends to increase with age

question

fluid intelligence

answer

refers to a person's ability to reason speedily and abstractly, tends to decline with age

question

The perceptual disorder in which a person has lost the ability to recognize familiar faces is ____.

answer

prosopagnosia

question

The process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals is ____. The process by which sensations are organized and interpreted is ____.

answer

sensation perception

question

Sensory analysis, which starts at the entry level and works up, is called ____. Perceptual analysis, which works from our experience and expectations is called ____.

answer

bottom up processing top down processing

question

The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them is ____.

answer

psychophysics

question

The ____ refers to the minimum stimulation necessary for a stimulus to be detected ___ percent of the time.

answer

absolute threshold 50

question

According to ___ theory, a person's experience, expectations, motivation and fatigue all influence he detection of a stimulus.

answer

signal detection

question

Some entrepreneurs claim that exposure to "below threshold or ____ stimuli can be persuasive, but their claims are probably unwarranted.

answer

subliminal

question

Some weak stimuli may trigger in our sensory receptors to a response that is processed by the brain, even though the response doesn't cross the threshold into ____ awareness.

answer

conscious

question

Under certain conditions, an invisible image or word can ___ a person's response to a later question. This illustrates that much of our information processing occurs ____.

answer

prime automatically

question

The minimum difference required to distinguish two stimuli 50% of the time is called the ____. Another term for this value is the ____.

answer

difference threshold just noticeable difference (jnd)

question

The principle that the difference threshold is not a constant amount, but a constant proportion, is known as ____. The proportion depends on the ____.

answer

Weber's law stimulus

question

After constant exposure to an unchanging stimulus, the receptor cells of our senses begin to fire less vigorously; this phenomenon is called ____.

answer

sensory adaption

question

This phenomenon illustrates that sensation is designed to focus on ____ changes in the environment.

answer

informative

question

Stimulus energy is ____ into ___ messages by our eyes.

answer

transduced neural

question

The visible spectrum of light is a small portion of the larger spectrum of ___ radiation.

answer

electromagnetic

question

The distance from one light wave peak to the next is called ____. This value determines the wave's color or ____.

answer

wavelength hue

question

The amount of energy in light waves or ____ determined by a wave's ____, or height, influences the ____ of a light.

answer

intensity amplitude brightness

question

Light enters the eye through the ____, then passes through a small opening calle dthe ___; the size of this opening is controlled by the colored ____.

answer

cornea pupil iris

question

By changing its curvature, the ____ can focus the image of an object onto the ___ the light sensitive inner surface of the eye.

answer

lens retina

question

The process by which the lens changes shape to focus images is called ___.

answer

accommadation

question

The retina's receptor cells are the ___ and ____.

answer

rods cones

question

The neural signals produced in the rods and cones activate the neighboring ____ cells, which then activate a network of ____ cells. The axoms of ganglion cells converge to form the ____ which carries the visual information to the ____.

answer

bipolar ganglion optic nerve brain

question

Where this nerve leaves the eye, there are no receptors thus the area is called the ____.

answer

blind spot

question

Most cones are clustered around the retina's point of central focus, called the ____, whereas the rods are concentrated in more ____ regions of the retina. Many cones have their own ____ cells to communicate with the visual cortex.

answer

fovea peripheral bipolar

question

It is the ____ of the eye that permit the perception of color, whereas ____ enable black and white vision.

answer

cones rods

question

Unlike cones, in dim light the rods are ____. Adapting to a darkened room will take the retina approximately ____ minutes.

answer

sensitive 20

question

Visual information percolates through progressively more ____ levels. In the brain it is routed by the ___ to higher level brain areas. Hubel and Wiesel discovered that certain neurons in the ____ of the brain respond only to specific features of what is viewed. They called these neurons ____.

answer

abstract thalamus visual cortex feature detectors

question

Feature detectors pass their information to higher level cells in the brain, which respond to specific visual scenes. Research has shown that in monkey brains such cells specialize in responding to a specific ____, _____, ____, or ____. In many corticol areas, teams of cells (____) respond to complex patterns.

answer

gaze head angle posture body movement supercell clusters

question

The brain acheives its remarkable speed in visual perception by processing several subdivisions of a stimulus ____. This procedure called ____ may explain why people who have suffered a stroke may lose just one aspect of vision.

answer

simultaneously parallel processing

question

Other brain-damaged people may demonstrate ____ by responding to a stimulus that is not consciously perceived.

answer

blindsight

question

An object appears to be red in color because it ____ the long wavelengths of red and because of our mental ____ of the color.

answer

reflects (rejects) construction

question

One out of every 50 people is color deficient; this is usually a male because the defect is genetically _____.

answer

sex-linked

question

According to the ___ theory, the eyes have 3 types of color receptors: one reacts most strongly to ____, one to ____, and one to _____.

answer

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic red green blue

question

After staring at a green square for a while, you will see the color red, its ___ color as an ___.

answer

opponent afterimage

question

Hering's theory of color vision is called the ____ theory. According to this theory, after visual information leaves the receptors it is analyzed in terms of pairs of opposing colors: ____ versus ____, ____ versus ____, and ____ versus ____.

answer

opponent-process red green yellow blue black white

question

The stimulus for hearing, or ___ is sound waves created by the compression and expansion of ____.

answer

audition air molecules

question

The amplitude of a sound wave determines the ____ we perceive.

answer

loudness

question

The frequency of a sound wave determines the ____ we perceive.

answer

pitch

question

Sound energy is measured in units called ____. The absolute threshold for hearing is arbitrarily defined as ____ such units.

answer

decibels zero

question

The ear is divided into 3 main parts: the ___ ear, the ____ ear, and the ___ ear.

answer

outer middle inner

question

The outer ear channels sound waves toward the ____, a tight membrane that then vibrates.

answer

eardrums

question

The middle ear transmits the vibrations through a piston made of three small bones: the ____, ____ and ____.

answer

hammer anvil stirrup

question

In the inner ear, a coiled bony fluid filled tube called the ____ contains receptor cells for hearing. The incoming vibrations cause the ____ to vibrate the fluid that fills the tube, which causes ripples in the ____ bending the ____ that line its surface. This movement triggers impulses in the adjacent nerve fibers that converge to form the auditory nerve, which carries the neural messages (via the ___) to the ___ lobe's auditory cortex.

answer

cochlea oval window basilar membrane hair cells thalamus temporal

question

The brain interprets loudness from the ____ of hair cells a sound activates.

answer

number

question

One theory of pitch perception proposes that different pitches activate different places on the cochlea's basilar membrane; this is the ___ theory. This theory has difficulty accounting for how we hear ____-pitched sounds, which do not have such localized effects.

answer

place low

question

A second theory proposes that the frequency of neural impulses, sent to to the brain at the same frequency as sound waves, allows the perception of different pitches. This is the ___ theory. This theory fails to account for the perception of ___ pitched sounds because individual neurons cannot fire faster than ____ times per second.

answer

frequency high 1000

question

For the higher pitches, cells may alternate their firing to match the sound's frequency, according to the ____ principle.

answer

volley

question

We locate a sound by sensing differences in the ____ and ____ with which it reaches our ears.

answer

speed (timing) intensity

question

A sound that comes from directly ahead will be ___ to locate than a sound that comes off to one side.

answer

harder

question

Problems in the mechanical conduction of sound waves through the outer or middle ear may cause ____.

answer

conduction hearing loss

question

Damage to the cochlea's hair cell receptors or their associated auditory nerves can cause ____ hearing loss. It may be caused by disease, but more often it results from the biological changes linked with ___ and prolonged exposure to ear splitting noise or music.

answer

sensorineural aging

question

An electronic device that restores hearing among nerve-deafened people is a ____.

answer

cochlear implant

question

Advocates of ____ object to the use of these implants on ___ before they have learned to ____. The basis for their argument is that deafness is not a ____.

answer

deaf culture children speak disability

question

Sign language ____ a complete language, ____ its own grammar, syntax, and semantics. People who lose one channel of sensation (such as hearing) ____ compensate with a slight enhancement in their other sensory abilities.

answer

is with seem to

question

Deaf children raised in a household where sign language is used express higher ____ and feel more _____.

answer

self-esteem accepted

question

The sense of touch is a mixture of at least four senses: ___, ___, ____, and ____. Other skin sensations, such as tickle, itch, hot, and wetness, are ____ of the basic ones.

answer

pressure warmth cold pain variations

question

The ____ influence on touch is illustrated by the fact that a self produced tickle produces less activation in the ____ than someone else's tickle. This influence is also seen in the ____ illusion.

answer

top-down somatosensory cortex rubber hand

question

The system for sensing the position and movement of body parts is called ____. The receptors for this sense are located in the ____, _____, ____, and _____.

answer

kinesthesis tendons joints bones ears

question

The sense that monitors the position and movement of the head (and thus the body) is the _____. The receptors for this sense are located in the ____ and _____ of the inner ear.

answer

vestibular sense semicircular canals vestibular sacs

question

People born without the ability to feel pain may be unaware of experiencing severe ____. More numerous are those who live with ____ pain in the form of persistent headaches and backaches, for example.

answer

injury chronic

question

Pain is a property of our ___ as well as our ____ and ____, and our surrounding ____.

answer

physiology experiences attention culture

question

The pain system ____triggered by one specific type of physical energy. The body has specialized ____ receptors that detect hurtful stimuli.

answer

is not nociceptors

question

Melzack and Wall have proposed a theory of pain called the ____ theory, which proposes that there is a neurological ____ in the ____ that blocks pain signals or lets them through. It may be opened by activation of ___ nerve fibers and closed by activation of ____ fibers or by information from the ____.

answer

gate-control gate spinal cord small large brain

question

Pain producing brain activity may be triggered with our without ____.

answer

sensory input

question

A sensation of pain in an amputated leg is referred to as a ____ sensation. Another example is ____, experienced by people who have a ringing-in-the-ears sensation.

answer

phantom limb tinnitus

question

The basic taste sensations are ____, ___, ____, ____, and a meaty taste called ____.

answer

sweet sour salty bitter umami

question

Taste, which is a ____ sense, is enabled by the 200 or more ____ on the top and sides of the tongue. Each contain a ____ that catches food chemicals.

answer

chemical taste buds pore

question

Taste receptors reproduce themselves every ____. As we age, the number of taste buds ____ and our taste sensitivity ____. Taste is also affected by ____ and by ____ use.

answer

week or two decreases decreases smoking alcohol

question

When the sense of smell is blocked, as when we have a cold, foods do not taste the same; this illustrates the principle of ____. The ____ effect occurs when we ____ a speaker saying one syllable while ____ another.

answer

sensory interaction McGurk see hearing

question

In a few more individuals, the senses become joined a phenomenon called ____.

answer

synaesthesia

question

Like taste, smell, or ____, is a ____ sense. There ____ a distinct receptor for each detectable odor.

answer

olfaction chemical is not

question

Odors are able to evoke memories and feelings because there is a direct link between the brain area that gets information from the nose and the ancient ____ centers associated with memory and emotion.

answer

limbic

question

According to the ____ school of psychology, we tend to organize a cluster of sensations into a ____, or form.

answer

Gestalt whole

question

When we view a scene, we see the central object, or ____, as distinct from surrounding stimuli, or the ____.

answer

figure ground

question

Proximity, similarity, closure, continuity, and connectedness are examples of Gestalt rules of ____.

answer

grouping

question

The principle that we organize stimuli into smooth, continuous patterns is called _____. The principle that we fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object is ____. The grouping of items that look alike is the principle of ____. The tendency to perceive uniform or attached items as a single unit is the principle of ____.

answer

continuity closure proximity similarity connectedness

question

The ability to see objects in three dimensions despite their two dimensional representations on our retinas is called ____. It enables us to estimate ____.

answer

depth perception distance

question

Gibson and Walk developed the ____ to test depth perception in infants. They found that each species, by the time it is ____, has the perceptual abilities it needs.

answer

visual cliff mobile

question

Any cue that requires both eyes: ____.

answer

binocular

question

The greater the differences between the images received by the 2 eyes the nearer the object: ____. 3-D movies stimulate this cue by photographing each scene with 2 cameras.

answer

retinal disparity

question

Any cue that requires either eye alone: ____.

answer

monocular

question

If two objects are presumed to be the same size, the one that casts a smaller retinal image is perceived as farther away: ____.

answer

relative size

question

An object partially covered by another is seen as farther away: ____.

answer

interposition

question

Objects lower in the visual field are seen as nearer: ____.

answer

relative height

question

As we move, objects at different distances appear to move at different rates: ___.

answer

relative motion

question

Parallel lines appear to converge in the distance: ___.

answer

linear perspective

question

The dimmer of 2 objects seems farther away: ____.

answer

light and shadow

question

Our brain normally computes motion based partly on the assumption that shrinking objects are ____ and enlarging objects are ____. Sometimes we are fooled because larger objects seem to move ____ than smaller objects.

answer

retreating approaching more slowly

question

The brain interprets as a rapid series of slightly varying images as ____. This phenomenon is called _____.

answer

movement stroboscopic movement

question

The illusion of movement that results when 2 adjacent stationary spots of light blink on and off in quick succession is called the ____.

answer

phi phenomenon

question

Our tendency to see objects as unchanging while the stimuli from them change in size, shape, and lightness is called ____.

answer

perceptual contancy

question

Due to shape and size constancy, familiar objects ___ appear to change shape or size despite changes in our ____ images of them.

answer

do not retinal

question

Several illusions, including the ___ and ___ illusions, are explained by the interplay between perceived ___ and perceived ____. When distance cues are removed these illusions are ____.

answer

Moon Ponzo size distance diminished

question

The brain computes an object's brightness ____ surrounding objects.

answer

relative to

question

The amount of light an object reflects relative to its surroundings is called ____.

answer

relative luminance

question

The experience of color depends on the surrounding ____ in which an object is seen. In an unvarying context, a familiar object will be perceived as having consistent color, even as the light changes. This phenomenon is called _____.

answer

context color constancy

question

We see color as a result of our brains' computations of the light ____ by any object relative to its ____.

answer

reflected surrounding objects

question

The idea that knowledge comes from inborn ways of organizing sensory experiences was proposed by the philosopher ____.

answer

Kant

question

On the other side were philosophers who maintained that we learn to perceive the world by experiencing it. One philosopher of this school was ____.

answer

Locke

question

Studies of cases in which vision has been restored to a person who was blind from birth show that, upon seeing tactilely familiar objects for the first time, the person ____ recognizes them

answer

cannot

question

Studies of sensory restriction demonstrate that visual experiences during ___ are crucial for perceptual development. Such experiences suggest that there is a ____ for normal sensory and perceptual development.

answer

infancy critical period

question

Humans given glasses that shift or invert the visual field ___ adapt to the distorted perception. This is called ____.

answer

will perceptual adaption

question

Animals such as chicks ____ to distorting lenses.

answer

do not adapt

question

A mental predisposition that influences perception is called a _____.

answer

perceptual set

question

How a stimulus is perceived depends on our perceptual ____ and the ____ in which it is experienced.

answer

context

question

The context of a stimulus creates a ____ expectation that influences our perception as we match our ____ signal against it.

answer

top-down bottom-up

question

Our perception is also influenced by ____ about gender and the ___ context of our experiences.

answer

stereotypes emotional

question

To best understand perception, we need multiple levels of analysis because perception is a ____ phenomenon.

answer

biopsychosocial

question

Psychologists who study the importance of considering perceptual principles in the design of machines, appliances, and work settings are called ____ psychologists.

answer

human factors

question

Victims of the "curse of knowledge" technology developers who assume that others share their ____ may create designs that are unclear to others.

answer

expertise

question

Another example of failure to consider the human factor in design is the "____" technology that provides embarrassing headsets that amplify sound for people with hearing loss.

answer

assistive listening

question

Perception outside the range of normal sensation is called ____.

answer

extrasensory perception

question

Psychologists who study ESP are called ____.

answer

parapsychologists

question

The form of ESP in which people claim to be capable of reading others' minds is called ____. A person who "senses" that a friend is in danger might claim to have the ESP ability of ____. An ability to "see" into the future is called ___. A person who claims to be able to levitate and move objects is claiming the power of ____.

answer

telepathy clairvoyance precognition psychokinesis

question

Analyses of psychic visions and premonitions reveal ____ accuracy. Nevertheless some people continue to believe in their accuracy because vague predictions often are later ___ to match events that have already occurred. In addition, people are most likely to recall or ____ dreams that seem to have come true.

answer

chance-level interpreted (retrofitted) reconstruct

question

Critics point out that a major difficulty for parapsychology is that ESP phenomena are not consistently _____.

answer

reproducible

question

Researchers who tried to reduce external distractions between a "sender" and a "receiver" in an ESP experiment reported performance levels that ____ chance levels. Follow up studies ____.

answer

beat failed to replicate the results

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