Psych Exam (10-12) – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
Psychologists ____ agree on a definition of intelligence.
answer
do not
question
To regard an abstract concept as a concrete entity is to commit the error known as ____. By doing this, we are viewing intelligence as something a person has, rather than a score obtained on an ____.
answer
reification intelligence test
question
Intelligence is a ____ constructed concept.
answer
socially
question
In any context, intelligence can be defined as ___.
answer
a mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
question
One controversy regarding the nature of intelligence centers on whether intelligence is one of ___ ability or several ____ abilities.
answer
overall (general) specific
question
The statistical procedure used to identify groups of items that appear to measure a common ability is called _____.
answer
factor analysis
question
Charles Spearman, one of the developers of this technique, believed that a factor called g, or ____ runs through the more specific aspects of intelligence.
answer
general intelligence
question
Opposing Spearman, ____ identified seven clusters of ____.
answer
Thurstone primary mental abilities
question
One psychologist believes that general intelligence evolved as a means of helping people solve ____.
answer
novel problems
question
People with ____ score at the low end of intelligence tests but possess extraordinary specific skills.
answer
savant syndrome
question
Howard Gardner proposes that there are ____, each independent of the others. However, critics point out that the world is not so just: General intelligence scores ____ predict performance on various complex tasks and in various jobs.
answer
multiple intelligences do
question
Sternberg's ____ theory distinguishes three types of intelligence: ____ intelligence, ____ intelligence, and ____ intelligence.
answer
triarchic analytical (academic problem solving) practical creative
question
The ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable is called ____. The relationship between intelligence and creativity holds only up to a certain point--an intelligence score of about ____.
answer
creativity 120
question
Standard intelligence tests, which demand single correct answers to questions, measure ____ thinking. Tests that allow multiple possible answers to problems measure ___ thinking.
answer
convergent divergent
question
The know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully differs from ___ intelligence and is referred to as ____ intelligence.
answer
academic social
question
A critical part of social intelligence is ____--the ability to ____, ____, ____ and ____ emotions.
answer
emotional intelligence perceive understand manage use
question
More specifically, the four components of emotional intelligence are as follows: the ability to ____ emotions in faces, the ability to ___ them and how they change and blend, the ability to ____ them correctly in varied situations, and the ability to use them to enable ____ or creative thinking.
answer
recognize predict express adaptive
question
Some scholars believe that the concept of ____ intelligence stretches the idea of multiple intelligences too far.
answer
emotional
question
Earlier studies ____ reveal a clear cut correlation between head size (relative to body size) and intelligence score.
answer
did not
question
Newer studies that measure brain ____ using ____ scans reveal a ____ significant correlation between brain size (adjusted for body size) and intelligence score. The cause of this could be differing ____, nutrition, ____ or some combination of these.
answer
volume MRI more genes environmental stimulation
question
A study of Einstein's brain revealed that it was 15% larger in the lower ___ lobe--known to be an important neural center for processing ___ and ___ information.
answer
parietal mathematical spatial
question
Postmortem analyses reveal that the brains of highly educated people have more ___ than do those of of people with less education. Other evidence suggests that highly intelligent people differ in their neural ___. Higher intelligence scores have also been linked with more ____ in brain areas known to be involved in ___, ___ and ____.
answer
synapses plasticity gray matter memory attention language
question
When people ponder intelligence test questions, for example, an area in the brain's _____ becomes especially active in the ___ brain for verbal questions and ____ for spatial questions. People who are able to more quickly retrieve information from memory tend to score high in ___ ability.
answer
frontal lobe left on both sides of the brain verbal
question
Studies looking at a range of tasks have found that people with high intelligence scores tend to process and retrieve information ____ than people with low intelligence scores.
answer
faster
question
Other studies have found that the brain waves of highly intelligent people register simple stimuli more ___ and with greater ____.
answer
quicly complexity
question
The early Greek philosopher ____ concluded that individuals differed in their natural endowments.
answer
Plato
question
Although Francis Galton's search for a simple intelligence measure failed, he gave us some ___ techniques that we still use, as well as the terms ___ and ____.
answer
statistical nature nurture
question
The French psychologist who devised a test to predict the success of children in school was ___. Predictions were made by comparing children's chronological ages with their ___ ages, which were determined by the test. This test ___ designed to measure inborn intelligence; Binet leaned toward an ___ explanation of intelligence.
answer
Binet mental was not
question
Lewis Terman's revision of Binet's test is referred to as the _____. This test enables one to derive a(n) ___ for an individual.
answer
Stanford-Binet intelligence quotient
question
Today's tests compute ____ by comparing the individual's performance to the average performance of people of ____ age(s). These tests are designed so that a score of ____ is considered average.
answer
an intelligence test score the same 100
question
The misguided movement called ___ proposed measuring human traits and using the results to determine who should be allowed to reproduce.
answer
eugenics
question
When given intelligence tests in the early 1900s, immigrants arriving in the United States often scored ____ average. This is because the tests were based on particular ___ background.
answer
below cultural
question
Tests designed to measure what you already have learned are called ___ tests. Tests designed to predict your ability to learn something new are called ___ tests.
answer
achievement aptitude
question
The most widely used intelligence test is the ____. Consisting of 11 subtests, it provides not only a general intelligence score but also separate scores for ____, ____, ____ and ____.
answer
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale verbal comprehension perceptual organization working memory processing speed
question
One requirement of a good test is the process of defining meaningful scores relative to a pretested comparison group, which is called ____.
answer
standardization
question
When scores on a test are compiled, they generally result in a bell-shaped pattern or ___ distribution.
answer
normal
question
The Stanford-Binet and the Wechsler Scales ____ periodically re-standardized, thereby keeping the average score near ____.
answer
are 100
question
During the 1960s and 1970s, college entrance aptitude scores showed a steady ____. At the same time, intelligence test performance ____. This phenomenon is called the ____.
answer
decline improved Flynn effect
question
Although the actual cause of this effect is unknown, one explanation is that this is due to improved ___. The recent performance gains on the WAIS are greatest among people at the lowest ___ levels.
answer
nutrition economic
question
If a test yields consistent results, it is said to be ___.
answer
reliable
question
When a test is administered more than once to the same people, the psychologist is determining its _____ reliability.
answer
test-retest
question
When a person's scores for the odd and even numbered questions on a test are compared, ____ reliability is being assessed.
answer
split-half
question
The Stanford-Binet, WAIS, and WISC have reliabilities of about ____.
answer
+.9
question
The degree to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to is refereed to as the the test's ____.
answer
validity
question
The degree to which a test measures the behavior it was designed to measure is referred to as the test's ____.
answer
content validity
question
The degree to which a test predicts further performance of a particular behavior, called the test's ____ is referred to as the test's ___.
answer
criterion predictive validity
question
Generally speaking, the predictive validity of general aptitude tests ____ as high as their reliability. The predictive validity of these tests ___ as individuals move up the educational ladder.
answer
is not diminshes
question
Some studies have found that infants who quickly become bored when looking at a picture score ___ on tests of brain speed and intelligence up to 21 years later.
answer
higher
question
Traditional intelligence tests before age ____ predict future aptitudes only modestly.
answer
3
question
During childhood, the stability of intelligence scores ____ with age. After about age ____, intelligence scores stabilize. A long term study of mental ability in Scottish children revealed that this ____ through late adulthood.
answer
increases 7 holds
question
Individuals whose intelligence scores fall below 70 and who have difficulty adapting to life may be labeled ___. This label applies to approximately ____ percent of the population.
answer
mentally retarded 1
question
Mental retardation sometimes has a physical basis, such as ____, a genetic disorder caused by an extra chromosome.
answer
Down syndrome
question
The current view is that children with mild retardation should be integrated, or ____ into regular classrooms.
answer
mainstreamed
question
At the high extreme, Lewis Terman's "gifted children" turned out to be ____ well-____, and unusually successful ____.
answer
healthy adjusted academically
question
The intelligence scores of identical twins reared together are ____ similar than those of fraternal twins. Brain scans also reveal that identical twins have similar volume to their brain's ____, and those areas associated with ___ and ____ intelligence.
answer
more gray matter verbal spatial
question
Because intelligence is influenced by many genes, it is said to be ____.
answer
polygenic
question
The intelligence test scores of fraternal twins are ____ than the intelligence test scores of other siblings. This provides evidence of a(n) ____ effect because fraternal twins, being the same ____, are treated more alike.
answer
more alike environmental age
question
Studies of adopted children and their adoptive and biological families demonstrate that with age, genetic influences on intelligence become ____ apparent. Thus, children's intelligence scores are more like those of their ____ parents than their ____ parents.
answer
more biological adoptive
question
The amount of variation in a trait within a group that is attributed to genetic factors is called its ____. For intelligence, this has been estimated at ___ percent.
answer
heritability 50
question
If we know a trait has perfect heritability, this knowledge ____ enable us to rule out environmental factors in explaining differences between groups.
answer
does not
question
Studies indicate that neglected children ____ show signs of recovery in intelligence and behavior when placed in more nurturing environments. Although normal brain development can be retarded by ____, ____ deprivation and _____, there is no sure environment that will transform a normal baby into a genius.
answer
do malnutrition sensory social isolation
question
High-quality programs for disadvantaged children, such as the government-funded ____ program, increase children's school readiness; that is, they increase their ____, creating better attitudes toward learning.
answer
Head Start emotional intelligence
question
Girls tend to outscore boys on ____ tests and are more ___ fluent. They also have an edge in ____ and ____ objects, in sensation, and in ____ detecting ability.
answer
spelling verbally remembering locating emotion
question
Although girls have an edge in math ____, boys score higher in math _____. Boys tend to outscore girls on tests of _____.
answer
computation problem solving mental rotation
question
Working from an ____ perspective, some theorists speculate that these gender differences in spatial manipulation helped our ancestors survive.
answer
evolutionary
question
There is evidence that spatial abilities are enhanced by high levels of _____ during prenatal development.
answer
male sex hormones
question
According to many, boys' and girls' interests and abilities are shaped in large part by ____ and divergent opportunities. The mental ability scores of males tend to vary ____ than those of females.
answer
social expectations more
question
Group differences in intelligence scores ____ provide an accurate basis for judging individuals. Individual differences within a race are ___ between race differences.
answer
do not greater than
question
Under the skin, the races ___ alike. Race ____ a neatly defined biological category.
answer
are is not
question
Although Asian students on the average score ____ than North American students on math tests, this difference may be due to the fact that ____.
answer
higher Asian students have a longer school year and spend more time studying math
question
On an infant intelligence measure (preference for looking at novel stimuli), Black infants score _____ White infants.
answer
as well as
question
In the sense that they detect differences caused by cultural experiences, intelligence tests probably ____ biased.
answer
are
question
Most psychologists agree that, in terms of predictive validity, the major aptitude tests ____ racially biased.
answer
are not
question
When women and members of ethnic minorities are led to expect that they won't do well on a test, a ____ may result, and their scores may actually be lower.
answer
stereotype threat
question
Chapter 11
answer
Chapter 11
question
Motivation is defined as ____.
answer
a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it toward a goal
question
Four perspectives on motivation are ____ theory (which has been replaced by the ____ perspective), _____ theory, ____ theory, and the ____ of needs proposed by ____.
answer
instinct evolutionary drive-reduction arousal hierarchy Maslow
question
As a result of Darwin's influence, many complex behaviors were classified as rigid, unlearned behavior patterns that are characteristic of a species, called ____. Although early instinct theory ____ explain human motives, the underlying assumption that ____ predispose species-typical behavior remains strong.
answer
instincts did not genes
question
According to another view of motivation, organisms may experience a physiological ____, which creates a state of arousal that ____ the organism to reduce the need.
answer
need drives
question
The aim of drive reduction is to maintain a constant internal state, called ____.
answer
homeostasis
question
Behavior is often not so much pushed by our drives as it is pulled by ____ in the environment.
answer
incentives
question
Rather than reduce a physiological need, some motivated behaviors actually ____ arousal. This demonstrates that human motives ____ always satisfy some biological need.
answer
increase do not
question
Human motivation aims not to eliminate ___ but to seek ____ of arousal.
answer
arousal optimum levels
question
Starting from the idea that ____ needs such as the need for water take precedence over others, Maslow constructed a hierarchy of needs.
answer
lower-level
question
According to Maslow, the ____ needs are the most pressing, whereas the highest-order needs relate to ___ and ___.
answer
physiological self-actualization self-transcendence
question
A criticism of Maslow's theory is that the sequence ____ and not ____ experienced.
answer
arbitrary universally
question
Surveys of life satisfaction reveal that ____ satisfaction is strongly predictive of subjective well-being in poorer nations, whereas ____ satisfaction matters more in wealthy nations and ____ in individualist nations.
answer
financial home-life self-esteem
question
Ancel Keys observed that men became preoccupied with thoughts of food when they underwent ____.
answer
semistarvation
question
Cannon and Washburn's experiment using a balloon indicated that there is an association between hunger and ____.
answer
stomach contractions
question
When rats had their stomach removed, hunger ____ continue.
answer
did
question
Increases in the hormone ____ diminish blood ____, partly by converting it to stored fat, which causes hunger to ____.
answer
insulin glucose increase
question
The brain area that plays a role in hunger and other bodily maintenance functions is the ____. Animals will begin eating when the ____ is electrically stimulated. When this region is destroyed, animals ____.
answer
hypothalamus lateral hypothalamus decreases ventromedial hypothalamus overeat
question
The hypothalamus also secretes the hunger triggering hormone ____.
answer
orexin
question
The hunger arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach is ____.
answer
ghrelin
question
When a potion of an obese person's stomach is surgically sealed off, the remaining stomach produces ____ of this hormone.
answer
less
question
Chemical secreted by bloated fat cells: ____.
answer
leptin
question
Digestive tract hormone that signals fullness: ____.
answer
PYY
question
Hormone secreted by the stomach that signals fullness:_____.
answer
obestatin
question
The weight level at which an individual's body is programmed to stay is referred to as the body's ____. A person whose weight goes beyond this level will tend to feel ____ hungry than usual and expend ____ energy.
answer
set point less more
question
The rate of energy expenditure in maintaining basic functions when the body is at rest is the _____ rate. When food intake is reduced, they body compensates by ____ this rate.
answer
basal metabolic lowering
question
The concept of a precise body set point that drives hunger ____ by all researchers. Some researchers believe that set point can be altered by _____. In support of this idea is evidence that when people and other animals are given unlimited access to tasty foods, they tend to ____ and ____. For these reasons, some researchers prefer to use the term ____ as an alternative to the idea that there is a fixed set point.
answer
is not accepted slow sustained changes in body weight overeat gain weight settling point
question
Research with amnesia patients indicates that part of knowing when to eat is our ____ of our last meal.
answer
memory
question
Carbohydrates boost levels of the neurotransmitter ____, which ___ the body.
answer
serotonin calms
question
Taste preferences for sweet and salty are ____. Other influences on taste include ___ and ____.
answer
genetic conditioning culture
question
We have a natural dislike of many foods that are ____; this ____ was probably adaptive for our ancestors, and protected them from toxic substances.
answer
unfamiliar neophobia
question
Because of ____ facilitation, people tend to eat ____ when they are with other people. The phenomenon of ____ is the tendency of mindlessly eat more when portions are larger.
answer
social more unit bias
question
The disorder in which a person becomes significantly underweight and yet feels fat is known as ____.
answer
anorexia nervosa
question
A more common disorder is ____, which is characterized by repeated ______ episodes and by feelings of depression or anxiety. When bouts of excessive eating followed by remorse are not accompanied by excessive exercise or fasting, the ____ disorder may be diagnosed.
answer
bulimia nervosa binge-purge binge-eating disorder
question
The families of bulimia patients have a high incidence of childhood _____ and ____ self evaluation. The families of anorexia patients tend to be ____, ____ and ____.
answer
obesity negative competitive high-achieving protective
question
Genetic factors ____ influence susceptibility to eating disorders.
answer
may
question
Vulnerability to eating disorders ____ with greater body dissatisfaction.
answer
increases
question
Women students in ___ rate their actual shape as closer to the cultural ideal. In ____ cultures, however, the rise in eating disorders has coincided with an increasing number of women having a poor ____.
answer
India Western body image
question
Stice and Shaw found that when young women were shown pictures of unnaturally thin models, they felt more ____, ____ and ____ with their own bodies.
answer
ashamed depressed dissatisfied
question
Being slightly overweight ____ serious health risks. In the US over ____ percent of adults are obese. Significant obesity increases the risk of ____.
answer
does not pose 34 diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, gallstones, arthritis, and certain types of cancer
question
In developing societies where people face ____, obesity is considered a sign of ____ and ____.
answer
famine affluence social status
question
The risk of obesity are greater for people who carry their weight at their ___. It also has been linked in women to their risk of late-life ___ disease and brain tissue loss.
answer
abdomens (stomachs) Alzheimer's
question
Obese people are often stereotyped as ___, ____, and ____.
answer
slow lazy sloppy
question
One study found that obese women earned ____ than a control group of nonobese women and were less likely to be ____.
answer
less married
question
In one experiment, job applicants were rated as less worthy of hiring when they were made to appear ____.
answer
overweight
question
The energy equivalent of a pound of fat is approximately ____ calories.
answer
3500
question
The immediate determinant of body fat is the size and number of ____ one has. This number is, in turn, determined by several factors, including _____.
answer
fat cells genetic predisposition, early childhood eating patterns, adult overeating
question
The size of fat cells ____ be decreased by dieting; the number of fat cells ____ be decreased by dieting.
answer
can cannot
question
Fat tissue has a ____ metabolic rate than lean tissue. The result is that fat tissue requires ____ food energy to be maintained.
answer
lower less
question
The body weight "thermostat" of obese people ___ set to maintain a higher-than-average weight. When weight drops below this setting, ____ increases and ____ decreases.
answer
is hunger metabolism
question
Studies of adoptees and twins ____ provide evidence of a genetic influence on obesity. A particular variant of the gene called ___ has been shown to nearly double a person's risk of becoming obese.
answer
do FTO
question
People are ____ likely to become obese when a friend becomes obese, thus demonstrating ____ influence as a factor in obesity. Obesity is ____ common among those who watch more daily TV and ___ common among people living in communities where walking is common.
answer
more social more less
question
Most obese persons who lose weight ____ it back.
answer
gain
question
The 2 researchers who identified a four-stage sexual response cycle are ____ and ____. In order, the stages of the cycle are the ____ phase, the ____ phase, _____ and the ____ phase.
answer
Masters Johnson excitement plateau orgasm resolution
question
During resolution males experience a ____ during which they are incapable of another orgasm.
answer
refractory period
question
Problems that consistently impair sexual functioning are called _____. Examples of such problems include ____, ____ and ____.
answer
sexual disorders premature ejaculation erectile dysfunction orgasmic dysfunction
question
In most mammals, females are sexually receptive only during ovulation, when the hormones, the ____ (such as ____), have peaked.
answer
estrogens estradiol
question
The importance of the hormone ____ to male sexual arousal is confirmed by that fact that sexual interest declines in animals if their ____ are removed. In women, low levels of the hormone ___ may cause a waning sexual interest.
answer
testosterone testes testosterone
question
Normal hormonal fluctuations in humans have ____ effect on sexual motivation. In later life, frequency of intercourse ____ as sex hormone levels ____.
answer
little decrease decline
question
Research has shown that erotic stimuli ____ nearly as arousing for women as for men.
answer
are
question
Brain scans reveal more activity in the ____ among ____ who are viewing erotica.
answer
amygdala men
question
With repeated exposure, the emotional response to an erotic stimulus often ____.
answer
habituates
question
Most women and men ____ sexual fantasies. Compared with women's fantasies, men's sexual fantasies are more ____. Sexual fantasies ____ indicate sexual problems or dissatisfaction.
answer
have frequent, physical, and less romantic do not
question
Sexual expression varies widely from one ____ to another and with the passage of ____. Rates of teen intercourse are roughly similar in ____ and ____ but much lower in ___ and ____ countries and among North Americans of ____ descent.
answer
culture time Western Europe Latin America Asian Arab Asian
question
Because teenage sex is often ____ there is increased risk of pregnancy and ____. Compared with European teens, American teens have ____ rates of intercourse, ____ rates of contraceptive use, and thus ____ rates of teen pregnancy and abortion.
answer
unprotected sexually transmitted infections (STIs) lower lower higher
question
Unprotected sex has led to an increase in adolescent rates of ____. Teenage girls because of their not yet fully mature biological development and lower levels of protective ____, may be especially vulnerable to STIs.
answer
sexually transmitted infection (STI) antibodies
question
A person's sexual attraction toward members of a particular gender is referred to as ____.
answer
sexual orientation
question
Historically, ____ of the world's cultures have been predominantly heterosexual. Most homosexuals begin thinking of themselves as gay or lesbian around ____.
answer
all the late teens or early twenties
question
Studies in Europe and the US indicate that approximately ____ percent of men and ____ percent of women are exclusively homosexual. This finding suggests that popular estimates of the rate of homosexuality are ____.
answer
3 or 4 1 or 2 high
question
Some homosexuals struggle with their sexual orientation and are at increased risk of ____ attempts.
answer
suicide
question
A person's sexual orientation ___ appear to be voluntarily chosen. Several research studies reveal that sexual orientation among ____ tends to be less strongly felt and potentially more changeable than among the other gender. This phenomenon has been called the gender difference in ____.
answer
does not women erotic plasticity
question
Childhood events and family relationships ____ important factors in determining a person's sexual orientation. Also, homosexuality ____ involve a fear of the other gender that leads people to direct their sexual desires toward members of their own gender.
answer
are not does not
question
Sex hormone levels ____ predict sexual orientation.
answer
do not
question
As children, most homosexuals ____ sexually victimized.
answer
were not
question
Homosexual and bisexual people appear more often in certain populations including ___, ____ and ____.
answer
poets fiction writers artists musicians
question
Men who have older brothers are somewhat ____ likely to be gay. This phenomenon which has been called the ____, may represent a defensive maternal ____ response to substances produced by ____ fetuses.
answer
more fraternal birth-order effect immune male
question
One theory that proposes that people develop a homosexual orientation if they are segregated with ____ gender at the time their sex drive matures. The fact that early homosexual behavior ____ make people homosexual ____ this theory.
answer
their own does not conflicts with
question
Same-sex attraction ___ occur among animals.
answer
does
question
Researcher Simon LeVay discovered a cluster of cells in the ____ that is larger in ___ men than in all others. Gay and lesbians differ from their straight counterparts in their preference for sex related ____. Other studies have found that the brain's ____ is larger in lesbian women and heterosexual men.
answer
hypothalamus heterosexual odors right hemisphere
question
Studies of twins suggest that genes probably ____ play a role in homosexuality. Research has confirmed that homosexual men have more homosexual relatives on their ____ side than on their ___ side.
answer
do mother's father's
question
In animals and some rare human cases, sexual orientation has been altered by abnormal ____ conditions during prenatal development. In humans, prenatal exposure to hormone levels typical of ___, particularly between ____ and ____ months after conception may predispose an attraction to males.
answer
hormone females 2 5
question
Gays and lesbians may have certain physical traits that fall midway between straight males and females, including ____ patterns, greater odds of being ____ handed and anatomical traits of the ____ within the hearing system.
answer
fingerprint left cochlea
question
A number of scientists today believe that biological factors may predispose a ____ that influences sexuality, and thus explains why sexual orientation is ____ to change. Most psychiatrists now believe that ____ plays the larger role in predisposing sexual orientation. Those who believe that sexual orientation is determined by ____ express more accepting attitudes toward homosexual persons.
answer
temperament difficult biology biology
question
The study of sexual behavior and what motivates it ____ be free of values.
answer
cannot
question
Researchers' values ____ be openly stated.
answer
should
question
The philosopher ____ referred to humans as the ___ animal. From an evolutionary standpoint, social bonds in humans boosted our ancestors' ____ rates. As adults, those who formed ____ were more likely to ____ and co-nurture their offspring to maturity.
answer
Aristotle social survival attachments reproduce
question
When asked what makes life meaningful, most people mention _____.
answer
close, satisfying relationships with family, friends, or romantic partners
question
Feeling accepted and loved by others boosts our ____.
answer
self-esteem
question
Much of our ____ behavior aims to increase our belongings. For most people, familiarity leads to ____.
answer
social liking
question
After years of placing individual refugee and immigrant families in ____ communities, US policies today encourage _____.
answer
isolated chain migration
question
____ people use social exclusion, or ____, to control social behavior.
answer
Throughout the world ostracism
question
Researchers have found that people who are rejected are more likely to engage in ___ behaviors, to underperform on ____ and to act in disparaging or ___ ways.
answer
self-defeating aptitude tests agressive
question
According to Freud, the healthy life is filled with ___ and ____.
answer
work love
question
Most people ____ a predictable career path, which is one reason that many colleges and universities focus less on ____ and more on ____.
answer
does not have training job skills enlarging capacities for understanding, thinking and communicating in any work environment
question
People who are unemployed ____ lower well being. People who view their work as a ____ report the greatest satisfaction.
answer
report calling
question
Psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi formulated the concept of ____, which is defined as a focused state of ____ and diminished awareness of ____ and time. People who experience this state also experience increased feelings of ___, ____ and ____.
answer
flow consciousness self self-esteem, competence, well being
question
In industrialized nations, the nature of work has changed from ____ to _____ to ____.
answer
farming manufacturing knowledge work
question
The field of ____ psychology applies psychology's principles to the workplace. The subfield of ____ focuses on employee recruitment, training, appraisal, and development. Another subfield, _____ examines how work environments and ____ styles influence worker motivation, satisfaction and productivity. A third subfield ____ psychology focuses on the design of appliances machines and work environments.
answer
industrial-organizational personnel psychology organizational psychology management human factors
question
Researchers note that the first step to a stronger organization is to institute a ____ selection system, which matches strengths to work.
answer
strengths-based
question
Satisfied and successful people devote less time to ____ than to _____.
answer
correcting deficiencies accentuating strengths
question
Interviewers tend to ____ in their ability to predict job performance from unstructured interviews. These impressions tend to be highly ____.
answer
feel confident error prone
question
The best predictor of long term job performance for most jobs is ____. Interviewers tend to ____ estimate their interviewing skills and intuition--a phenomenon labeled the ____.
answer
general mental ability over interviewer illusion a. Interviews disclose the interviewee's good intentions, which are less revealing than their typical behaviors b. Interviewers tend to follow the successful careers of people they hired and lose track of those they did not hire c. Interviewers mistakenly presume that how interviewees present themselves reflects only their enduring traits d. Interviewers preconceptions and moods influence their perceptions of job applicants
question
A more disciplined method of collecting information from job applicants is the ____, which asks the same questions of all applicants. This method enhances the ____ accuracy and ____ of the interview process.
answer
structured interview predictive reliability
question
Performance appraisal has several purposes, including helping organizations decide ____, how to appropriately ____, and how to better harness employees' ____. Performance appraisal methods include ____, ____ scales, and ____ scales.
answer
who to retain reward and pay workers strengths checklists graphic ratings behavior rating
question
Some organizations practice ____ feedback, in which employess not only rate themselves but are also rated by their supervisors and other colleagues.
answer
360 degree
question
Performance appraisal is subject to bias. When the overall evaluation of an employee biases ratings of work-related behaviors a ____ has occurred. The tendency to be too easy or too harsh results in ___ and ____ errors respectively. When raters focus on easily remembered recent behavior, they are committing the ___ error.
answer
halo error leniency severity recency
question
Psychologists refer to the desire for significant accomplishments for mastering skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard as ____.
answer
achievement motivation
question
Research has shown that ___ is a better predictor of school performance than ____ have been. Extremely successful individuals differ from equally talented peers in their ____, their passionate dedication to a long-term goal.
answer
self-discipline intelligence scores grit
question
Positive moods at work contribute to worker ____, ____ and _____. Researchers have also found a positive correlation between measures of organizational success and employee ____ or the extent of workers' involvement, satisfaction, and enthusiasm.
answer
creativity persistence helpfulness engagement
question
The best managers help people to ____, match tasks to ____, care how their people feel about their work, and ____ positive behaviors.
answer
identity and measure their talents talent reinforcement
question
Higher work achievement is motivated by a leader who sets ____ goals.
answer
specific challenging
question
Managers who are directive, set clear standards, organize work, and focus attention on specific goals are said to employ ____. More democratic managers who aim to build teamwork and mediate conflicts in the work force employ ____.
answer
task leadership social leadership
question
Effective leaders tend to exude a self-confident ___ that is a mix of a ____ of some goal, an ability to ____ the goal clearly, and enough optimism to ____ others to follow. Leadership that inspires others to transcend their own self interests for the sake of the group is called ____ leadership.
answer
charisma vision communicate inspire transformational
question
The most effective style of leadership ____ with the situation and/or the person.
answer
varies
question
Effective managers ____ exhibit a high degree of both task and social leadership. The ____ effect occurs when people respond more positively to managerial decisions on which they have voiced an opinion.
answer
often voice
question
Chapter 12
answer
Chapter 12
question
Emotions have 3 components: ____, ___ and ____.
answer
physiological arousal expressive behaviors conscious experience
question
According to the James-Lange theory, emotional states ____ physiological responses.
answer
follow
question
Cannon proposed that emotional stimuli in the environment are routed simultaneously to the ____, which results in awareness of the emotion, and to the ____ nervous system, which causes the body's reaction. Because another scientist concurrently proposed similar ideas, this theory has come to be known as the _____ theory.
answer
cortex sympathetic Cannon-Bard
question
The two-factor theory of emotion proposes that emotion has 2 components: ____ arousal and a ____ label. This theory was proposed by ____ and _____.
answer
physiological cognitive Stanley Schachter Jerome Singer
question
Describe the major physiological changes that each of the following undergoes during emotional arousal.
answer
heart: heart rate increases muscles: muscles become tense liver: liver pours out extra sugar into the blood stream breathing: breathing rate increases digestion: digestion slows pupils: pupils dilate blood: blood tends to clot more rapidly skin: skin perspires
question
The responses of arousal are activated by the ____ nervous system. In response to its signal, the ____ glands release the stress hormones ____ and ____, which increase heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, and blood sugar.
answer
sympathetic adrenal epinephrine (adrenaline) norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
question
When the need for arousal has passed, the body is calmed through activation of the ____ nervous system.
answer
parasympathetic
question
The various emotions are associated with ____ forms of physiological arousal. In particular, the emotions of ____, ____, and ____ are difficult to distinguish physiologically.
answer
similar fear anger sexual arousal
question
The emotions ____ and ____ are sometimes accompanied by differing ____ temperatures and ____ secretions.
answer
fear rage finger hormone
question
The emotions ____ and ____ stimulate different facial muscles.
answer
fear joy
question
The brain circuits underlying different emotions ____ different. For example, seeing a fearful face elicits greater activity in the ____ than seeing a(n) ____ face. People who have generally negative personalities, and those who are prone to ____, show more _____ lobe activity.
answer
are amygdala angry depression right frontal
question
When people experience positive moods, brain scans reveal more activity in the ____.
answer
left frontal lobe
question
Individuals with more active ____ lobes tend to be more cheerful than those in whom this pattern of brain activity is reversed. A cluster of neurons called the ____ becomes activated when people experience natural or drug-induced pleasure.
answer
left frontal nucleus accumbens
question
The technical name for the "lie detector" is the ____.
answer
polygraph
question
How well the lie detector works depends on whether a person exhibits ____ while lying.
answer
anxiety
question
Those who criticize lie detectors feel that the tests are particularly likely to err in the case of the ____ because different ____ all register as _____.
answer
innocent emotions arousal
question
By and large, experts ____ that lie detector tests are highly accurate.
answer
do not agree
question
A test that assesses a suspect's knowledge of details of a crime that only the guilty person should know is the ____.
answer
guilty knowledge test
question
The spillover effect refers to occasions when our ____ response to one event carries over into our response to another event.
answer
arousal
question
Schacther and Singer found that physically aroused college men told that an injection would cause arousal ____ become emotional in response to an accomplice's aroused behavior. Physically aroused volunteers not expecting arousal ____ become emotional in response to an accomplice's behavior.
answer
did not did
question
Arousal ____ emotion; cognition ___ emotion.
answer
fuels channels
question
Robert Zajonc believes that the feeling of emotion ____ precede our cognitive labeling of that emotion.
answer
can
question
A pathway from the ____ via the ____ to the ___ enables us to experience emotion before ____. For more complex emotions, sensory input is routed through the ____ for interpretation.
answer
eye or ear thalamus amygdala cognition cortex
question
The researcher who disagrees with Zajonc and argues that most emotions require cognitive processing is ____. According to this view, emotions arise when we ____ an event as beneficial or harmful to our well being.
answer
Richard Lazarus appraise
question
Complex emotions are affected by our ___, ____, and ____.
answer
interpretations expectations memories
question
Most people are especially good at interpreting nonverbal ____. We read fear and ____ mostly from the ____, and happiness from the ____. Although we are good at detecting emotions, we find it difficult to detect ____ expressions.
answer
threats anger eyes mouth deceiving
question
Introverts are ____ at reading others' emotions, whereas extraverts are themselves ____ to read.
answer
better easier
question
The absence of nonverbal cues to emotion is one reason that communications sent as ____ are easy to misread.
answer
e-mail
question
Women are generally ____ than men at detecting nonverbal signs of emotion and in spotting ____. Women posses greater emotional ____ than men, as revealed by the tendency of men to describe their emotions in ____ terms. This gender difference may contribute to women's greater emotional ____.
answer
better lies literacy simpler responsiveness
question
Although women are ___ likely than men to describe, themselves as empathic, physiological measures reveal a much ____ gender difference. Women are ____ likely than men to express empathy.
answer
more smaller more
question
Gestures have ___ meanings in different cultures.
answer
different
question
Studies of adults indicate that in different cultures facial expressions have ____ meanings. Even our emotional ______ cross world cultures. Studies of children indicate that the meaning of their facial expressions ____ across cultures. The emotional facial expressions of blind children ____ the same as those of sighted children.
answer
the same display rules does not vary are
question
According to ____, human emotional expressions evolved because they helped our ancestors communicate before language developed. It has been adaptive for us to ____ faces in particular ____.
answer
Darwin interpret contexts
question
In cultures that encourage ____, emotional expressions are often intense and prolonged. Cultures such as that of Japan ____. This points to the importance of realizing that emotions are not only biological and psychological but also _____.
answer
individuality hide their emotions social-cultural
question
Darwin believed that when an emotion is accompanied by an outward facial expression, the emotion is ____.
answer
intensified
question
In one study, students who were induced to smile ____ cartoons more amusing.
answer
found
question
The _____ effect occurs when expressions amplify our emotions by activating muscles associated with specific states.
answer
facial feedback
question
Studies have found that imitating another person's facial expressions ____ to greater empathy with that person's feelings.
answer
leads
question
Similarly, moving our body as we would when experiencing a particular emotion causes us to feel that emotion. This is the ____ effect.
answer
behavior feedback
question
Izard believes that there are ____ basic emotions, most of which ____ present in infancy. Although others claim that emotions such as pride and love should be added to the list, Izard contends that they are ____ of the basic emotions.
answer
10 are combinations
question
Throughout the world, people place emotions along 2 dimensions: ____, which refers to whether a feeling is ____ or ____ and high versus low ____.
answer
valence pleasant (positive valence) unpleasant (negative valence) arousal
question
Fear can by and large be seen as a(n) ____ response.
answer
adaptive
question
Most human fears are acquired through _____.
answer
learning (conditioning)
question
In addition, some fears are acquired by ____ parents and friends.
answer
observing
question
A key to fear learning lies in the ____, a neural center in the ____ system. Following damage in this area, humans who have been conditioned to fear a loud noise will ____ the conditioning but show no ____ effect of it.
answer
amygdala limbic remember emotional
question
People who have suffered damage to the ____ will show the _____ but _____ be able to remember why.
answer
hippocampus emotional reaction will not
question
Patients who have lost use of the ____ are unusually trusting of scary-looking people.
answer
amygdala
question
Fears that fall outside the average range are called ____. Fearfulness is shaped by both our ____ and our ____.
answer
phobias experience genes
question
Most people become angry when another person's act seems ____, ____ and _____.
answer
willful unjustified avoidable
question
The belief that expressing pent-up emotion is adaptive is most commonly found in cultures that emphasize ____. This is the ____ hypothesis. In cultures that emphasize ____, such as those of ____ or ____, expressions of anger are less common.
answer
individuality catharsis interdependance Tahiti Japan
question
Psychologists have found that when anger has been provoked, retaliation may have a calming effect under certain circumstances. List the circumstances.
answer
a. Retaliation must be directed against the person who provoked the anger b. Retaliation must be justifiable c. The target of the retaliation must not be someone who is intimidating
question
List two suggestions offered by experts for handling anger.
answer
a. Wait to calm down b. Deal with anger in a way that involves neither chronic anger nor sulking
question
Researchers have found that students who mentally rehearsed the times they ____ someone who had hurt them had lower bodily arousal than when they thought of times when they did not.
answer
forgave
question
Happy people tend to perceive the world as ____ and live ____ and more energized and satisfied lives.
answer
safer healthier
question
Happy people are also ____ willing to help others. This is called the ____, ____ phenomenon.
answer
more feel-good do-good
question
An individual's self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life is called his or her ____.
answer
subjective well-being
question
Positive emotions ____ in the early to middle part of most days. The gloom of stressful events usually ____ the next day.
answer
rise is gone by
question
After experiencing tragedy or dramatically positive events, people generally ____ their previous degree of happiness.
answer
regain
question
Most people tend to ____ the duration of emotions and ____ their capacity to adapt.
answer
overestimate underestimate
question
Researchers have found that levels of happiness ____ mirror differences in standards of living.
answer
do not
question
During the last four decades, buying power in the US has almost tripled; personal happiness has ____.
answer
remained almost unchanged
question
Research has demonstrated that people generally experience a higher quality of life and greater well-being when they strive for ________ than when they strive for ____.
answer
intimacy, my personal growth, and contribution to the community; wealth
question
The idea that happiness is relative to one's recent experience is stated by the _____ phenomenon.
answer
adaptation-level
question
The principle that one feels worse off than others is known as ____. This helps to explain why the middle and upper income people who compare themselves with the relatively poor are ____ satisfied with life.
answer
relative deprivation slightly more
question
List 6 factors that have been shown to be positively correlated with feelings of happiness.
answer
high self-esteem satisfying marriage or close friendships meaningful religious faith optimistic, outgoing personality good sleeping habits and regular exercise having work and leisure that engage our skills
question
List 5 factors that are evidently unrelated to happiness.
answer
age gender education parenthood physical attractiveness
question
Research studies of identical and fraternal twins have led to the estimate that ____ percent of the variation in people's happiness ratings is heritable.
answer
50
question
The field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge relevant to health and disease is _____. The subfield of psychology that contributes to behavioral medicine is called ____ psychology.
answer
behavioral medicine health
question
Stress is not merely a ____ or a _____. Rather, it is the _____ by which we perceive and respond to environmental threats and challenges.
answer
stimulus response process
question
This definition highlights the fact that stress arises less from the events than from how we ____ them and that stressors can have ____ effects, depending on how they are perceived.
answer
appraise both positive and negative
question
In the 1920s, physiologist Walter ____ began studying the effect of stress on the body. He discovered that the hormones ____ and ____ are released into the bloodstream in response to stress. THis and other bodily changes due to stress are mediated by the ____ nervous system, thus preparing the body for ____.
answer
Cannon epinephrine (adrenaline) norephinephrine (noradrenaline) sympathetic fight or flight
question
Physiologists have discovered that in response to stress the cerebral cortex, via the ____ and the ____ gland, triggers the outer part of the ____ to release ____ stress hormones such as ____.
answer
hypothalamus pituitary adrenal glands glucocorticoid cortisol
question
Another common response to stress among women has been called "_____," which refers to the increased tendency to _______.
answer
tend and befriend seek and give support
question
In studying animals' reactions to stressors, Hans Selye referred to the bodily response to stress as the ______.
answer
general adaption syndrome
question
During the first phase of the GAS--the ____ reaction--the person is in a state of shock due to the sudden arousal of the ____ nervous system.
answer
alarm sympathetic
question
This is followed by the stage of ____, in which the body's resources are mobilized to cope with the stressor.
answer
resistance
question
If stress continues, the person enters the stage of ____. During this stage, a person is ____ vulnerable to disease.
answer
exhaustion more
question
One study found that women who suffered enduring caregivers stress had especially short ____, which are pieces of ____ at the ends of ____ that are important in allowing cells to ____.
answer
telomeres DNA chromosomes divide
question
In the wake of catastrophic events, such as floods, hurricanes, and fires, there often is an increase in the rates of _____.
answer
psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety
question
Research studies have found that people who have recently been widowed, fired or divorced are ____ vulnerable to illness than other people.
answer
more
question
For most people, the most significant sources of stress are _____. The stresses that accompany poverty and unemployment, for example, often compounded by _____, may account for the higher rates of ____ among residents of impoverished areas.
answer
daily hassles racism hypertension
question
The leading cause of death in North America is ____. List several risk factors for developing this condition.
answer
coronary heart disease smoking, obesity, high-fat diet, physical inactivity, elevated cholesterol level
question
Friedman and Rosenman discovered that tax accountants experience an increase in blood ____ level and blood- ____ speed during tax season. This showed there was a link between coronary warning indicators and ____.
answer
cholesterol clotting stress
question
The Type A characteristic that is most strongly linked with coronary heart disease is _____, especially ______.
answer
negative emotions the anger associated with an aggressively reactive temperament
question
When a _____ person is angered, bloodflow is diverted away from the internal organs, including the liver, which is responsible for removing ____ and fat from the blood. Thus, such people have elevated levels of these substances in the blood.
answer
Type A cholesterol
question
Another toxic emotion is ____; researchers have found that _____ are more than twice as likely to develop heart disease as ____.
answer
pessimism pessimists optimists
question
Depression _____ one's risk of having a heart attack or developing other heart problems.
answer
increases
question
In _____ illnesses, physical symptoms are produced by psychological causes.
answer
psychophysiological
question
Examples of such illness are certain types of ____ and some _____. Such illnesses appear to be linked to _____.
answer
hypertension headaches stress
question
The term _____ was once used to describe such illness. However, this term implied that symptoms were ____.
answer
psychosomatic unreal
question
The new field of ____ investigates how psychological, neural, and endocrine systems together affect the immune system and health.
answer
psychoneuroimmunology
question
The body's system of fighting disease is the ____ system. This system includes 2 types of white blood cells, called _____: the____, which fight bacterial infections, and the _____, which form in the ____ and attack viruses, cancer cells and foreign substances.
answer
immune lymphocytes B lymphocytes T lymphocytes thymus
question
Two other immune agents are the ____, which pursues and ingests foreign substances, and ____ cells, which pursue diseased cells.
answer
macrophage natural killer (NK)
question
Responding too strongly, the immune system may attack the body's tissues and cause ____ or an ____ reaction. Or it may ____. allowing a dormant herpes virus to erupt or ____ cells to multiply.
answer
arthritis allergic under react cancer
question
____ are the immunologically stronger gender. This makes them less susceptible to ____, but more susceptible to ____ diseases such as ____ and ____.
answer
Women infections self attacking lupus multiple sclerosis
question
Stress can suppress the lymphocyte cells, resulting in a(n) _____ in disease resistance. Stress diverts energy from the ____ to the ____ and ____, mobilizing the body for action and making us more vulnerable to disease.
answer
decrease immune system brain muscles
question
Worldwide, the fourth leading cause of death is ____, caused by the ____ which is spread primarily through the exchange of ____ and ___.
answer
AIDS human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) blood semen
question
Stressful life circumstances ____been shown to accelerate the progression of this chronic disease.
answer
have
question
Educational initiatives, support groups, and other efforts to control stress ____ been shown to have positive consequences on HIV-positive individuals.
answer
have
question
Stress and ____ emotions ____ been linked to cancer's rate of progression.
answer
negative have
question
When rodents were inoculated with ___ cells or given ____, tumors developed sooner in those that were also exposed to ____ stress.
answer
tumor carcinogens uncontrollable
question
Stress ____ create cancer cells.
answer
does not
question
People learn to ____ with stress by finding ____, ____ or ____ ways to alleviate it.
answer
cope emotional cognitive behavioral
question
When we cope directly with a stressor, we are using ____ coping.
answer
problem-focues
question
When we attempt to alleviate stress by avoiding it and attending to emotional needs, we are using ____ coping.
answer
emotion-focused
question
People tend to use ____ coping when they feel a sense of ____ over a situation.
answer
problem-focused control emotion-focused change
question
Negative situations are especially stressful when they are appraised as _____.
answer
uncontrollable
question
With higher economic status comes lower risks of infant _____, a low ____, smoking, and ____.
answer
mortality birth weight violence
question
In animals and humans, sudden lack of control is followed by a drop in immune responses, a(n) ____ in blood pressure, and a rise in the levels of _____.
answer
increase stress hormones
question
People who have an ___outlook on life are less likely than others to suffer ill health.
answer
optimistic
question
Researchers have found that life events may be less stressful for people who have a good sense of ____.
answer
humor
question
One study found that laughter caused improved ____ and increased ____.
answer
tone bloodflow
question
Another buffer against the effects of stress is ____ support.
answer
social
question
Longitudinal research reveals that a ____ at age 50 predicts healthy aging better than ____ at the same age.
answer
good marriage low cholesterol
question
James Pennebaker has found that emotional ____ can adversely affect our physical health.
answer
suppression
question
Health can also be improved by ____ about personal traumas in a diary.
answer
writing
question
Another way to reduce stress is to talk about it. In another study by Pennebaker, Holocaust survivors who were the most ___ had the most improved health.
answer
self-disclosing
question
Sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness is known as ____ exercise.
answer
aerobic
question
Experiments ____ been able to demonstrate conclusively that such exercise reduces anxiety, depression, and stress.
answer
have
question
Exercise increases the body's production of mood-boosting neurotransmitters such as ____, ____, and the ____. It also predicts better ____ functioning and reduced risk of ____ and Alzheimer's disease.
answer
norepinephrine serotonin endorphins cognitive dementia
question
By one estimate, moderate exercise adds ____ years to life expectancy.
answer
two
question
A system for recording a physiological response and providing information concerning it is called ____. The instruments used in this system ____ the individual with a means of monitoring physiological responeses.
answer
biofeedback provide
question
Simple relaxation procedures have been shown to help alleviate ____, ____, ____ and _____. Lowered blood pressure, hear rate, and oxygen consumption have been found to be characteristic of people who regularly practice _____. The ____ response is a state of calm resulting from sitting quietly, with closed eyes while breathing deeply.
answer
headaches hypertension anxiety insomnia meditation relaxation
question
Brain scans of experienced meditators reveal decreased activity in the ____ lobe and increased activity in the ____ lobe.
answer
parietal frontal
question
Acupuncture, massage therapy, homeopathy, and similar treatments comprise the growing health care market called _______. In China, ____ therapies have flourished for centuries, as have acupuncture and acupressure therapies that claim to correct imbalances in the flow of energy called ____.
answer
complementary and alternative medicine herbal Qi or Chi
question
Critics of alternative medicine point out that such treatments seem especially effective with ____ diseases such as arthritis and ____ as well as with diseases that disappear naturally--a phenomenon called ____. Critics also argue that the seeming effectiveness of alternative medicine is due to a ____ effect.
answer
cyclical allergies spontaneous remission placebo
question
Until fairly recently in history, the healing traditions of ____ and ____ have worked ____.
answer
religion medicine together
question
Several recent studies demonstrate that religious involvement ____ health and longevity.
answer
predicts
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New