Psych: Chapter 7 Learning – Flashcards
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What is the NS?
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Neural Stimulus
ex. Tone, light, touch
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What is the US?
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Unconditioned Stimulus
Ex. The food
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What is the UR?
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Unconditioned Response
ex. Blink to air puff
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What is the CS?
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Conditional stimulus (learned)
ex. Tone after the procedure
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What is the CR?
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Conditioned Response
ex. Blink to tone
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Unconditioned stimulus produces an:
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Unconditioned response
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Pavlov Looked at:
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1. Acquisition
2. Extinction
3. Spontaneous recovery
4. Generalization
5. Discrimination
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classical conditioning
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classical conditioning is biologically adaptive because it helps humans and other animals prepare for good or bad events
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The speed with which people learn associations between the color red and sexuality suggests that classical conditioning is influenced by
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biological predispositions.
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The desire to engage in an activity for the sake of its own enjoyment involves
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intrinsic motivation
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Which of the following are thought to become active both when people watch an action being performed and when they perform that action themselves?
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Mirror Neurons
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Money is to food as ________ is to ________.
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secondary reinforcer; primary reinforcer
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Classical conditioning involves a learned association between
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Two Stimuli
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Withdrawing a desirable stimulus following an operant response is
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negative reinforcement
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When Julie saw her brother being praised for cleaning his bedroom, she increasingly engaged in cleaning her own bedroom. This best illustrates the impact of
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Vicarious reinforcement
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A child learns to stop fighting with his brother after the fight leads to suspension of the child's TV-viewing privileges. In this case, the suspension of TV-viewing privileges is a
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negative punishment
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A conditioned reinforcer gains its reinforcing power through its link with a
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primary reinforcer
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In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, a CR was
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salivation to the sound of a tone
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When the Zantays eat dinner, the family dog begs for food. Sometimes, but not often, the children give in to the dog's begging and pass their pet a tasty morsel. You would be most justified in predicting that
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the dog is going to be quite persistent in its begging in the future
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A positive reinforcer is anything that when ________ a response, strengthens the response.
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Introduced after
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The tendency to discontinue behaviors that we observe others being punished for performing best illustrates the influence of
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vicarious punishment
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Although 5-year-old Katelyn is not really thirsty, she frequently begins whining for a glass of water about 10 minutes after being put to bed. Her parents would be best advised to
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simply ignore her complaining.
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An event that decreases the behavior that precedes it is a
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Punishment
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Inferring another's mental states is an ability known as
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Theory of mind
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John B. Watson emphasized that
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learning should be explained without any reference to mental processes
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When one monkey sees a second monkey touch four pictures in a certain order to gain a banana, the first monkey learns to imitate that sequence. This best illustrates
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Observational Learning
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In classical conditioning, discrimination refers to the learned ability to distinguish between a ________ and other irrelevant stimuli
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Conditioned stimulus
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Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss them a herring. This best illustrates
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operant conditioning.
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Acquisition - Classical Conditioning
Neural stimulus - conditioned (learned) response
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The initial stage in classical conditioning,
when one links a neural stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus (natural) so that the neural stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response (learned)
-In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response
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Learning
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The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors
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Associative Learning
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Learning that certain events occur together
The events may be 2 stimuli (as in classical conditioning)
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A response and its consequence (in operant conditioning)
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Stimulus
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Any event or situation that evokes a response
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Cognitive Learning
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The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events,
by watching others,
or
through language
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Operant Conditioning
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a. Response
b. Consequence
c. Behavior strengthened
Example: Being polite, Getting a treat, Behavior Strengthened
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The first step of classical conditioning: When a Neural Stimulus becomes a Conditioned stimulus :
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Acquisition
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When a unconditioned stimulus no longer follows the conditioned stimulus, and the Conditioned response becomes weakened:
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Extinction
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Classical Conditioning
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a type of learning in which one learns to link 2 or more stimuli and anticipate events
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Behaviorism
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The view that psychology:
1. Should be an objective science that
2. Studies behavior without mental processes
Most research psychologists today agree with 1 but not 2
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Neural Stimulus (NS)
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In classical conditioning
A stimulus that elicits NO RESPONSE before conditioning
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Unconditioned response (UR)
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In classical conditioning
An unlearned, NATURALLY OCCURING response
such as: salivation to an unconditioned stimulus (such as food in the mouth)
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Unconditioned Stimulus: (US)
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In classical conditioning
A stimulus that is naturally and automatically - triggers a response (UR)
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Conditioned Response CR
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In classical conditioning
A LEARNED response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned response)
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Conditioned Stimulus CS
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In classical conditioning
An originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus,
comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR)
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Generalization
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The tendency, once a response has been conditioned,
for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
Ex. Fear of black shoes for the prisoner who was tortured, first thing he saw before was the black shoes
ex. Like people you don't know if they look someone you do know and like
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Discrimination
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In classical conditioning
The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
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Which of the following behaviors is typically reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule?
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inserting coins into a slot machine
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If the sound of an electric can opener causes a child to salivate because it has previously been associated with the presentation of food, the child's salivation to the sound of the can opener is a
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Conditioned response
(learned)
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Because Saleem was spanked on several occasions for biting electric cords, he no longer does so. Saleem's behavior change best illustrates the value of
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operant conditioning
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Receiving money as a reward and having a monetary fine suspended are both ________ reinforcers.
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Primary
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Mr. Zandee has stopped smoking because he wants to model healthy behavior patterns for his children. Mr. Zandee is apparently aware of the importance of ________ in his children's development.
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Observational Learning
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An event that one of Pavlov's dogs could see or hear but did not associate with food was called a
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neutral stimulus
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The stage of classical conditioning when a neutral stimulus first begins triggering a conditioned response is called
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Acquisition
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One form of cognitive learning is called
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Observational learning
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B. F. Skinner recommended that we control behavior with ________ rather than with ________.
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reinforcement; punishment
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If a shock is always preceded by a tone, and then sometimes also is preceded by a light that accompanies the tone, a rat will react
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with fear to the tone but not to the light
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After getting a slight burn from the spark of a flickering campfire, Julie became afraid of getting close to lighted gas stoves. This best illustrates the adaptive value of
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Generalization
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Because Saleem was spanked on several occasions for biting electric cords, he no longer does so. Saleem's behavior change best illustrates the value of
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Operant Conditioning
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Caroline loves to read and enjoys looking up the meanings of words she does not know. In school, her teacher promises a gold star to students each time they learn a new word. The teacher's behavior is most likely to undermine
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Intrinsic Reward
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When a CS is not paired with a US, the subsequent fading of a CR is called
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Extinction
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The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was
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B. F. Skinner
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Mr. Schlenker has improved worker productivity at his furniture manufacturing plant by occasionally sending notes of appreciation to his hard-working employees. Mr. Schlenker has improved productivity by means of
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Operant Conditioning
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A CS for sexual arousal is ecologically relevant if it is similar to stimuli associated with sexual activity in an organism's
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Natural Observation
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Research on the role of cognitive processes in learning indicates that the strength of a conditioned response depends primarily on the ________ of the CS-US association.
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Predictability
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John B. Watson emphasized that
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learning should be explained without any reference to mental processes
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Learning associations between one's own personal actions and resulting events is most relevant to the process of
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Operant Learning
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Pavlov is to classical conditioning as ________ is to ________.
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Bandura; observational learning
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The researcher most closely associated with the study of classical conditioning is
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Ivan Pavlov
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Associative learning is best illustrated by
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Classical and operant Conditioning
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Respondent behavior is aNo ________ response, whereas operant behavior is aNo ________ response.
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automatic; voluntary
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Luana edits manuscripts for a publisher and is paid $25 for every three pages she edits. Luana is reinforced on a ________ schedule.
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fixed-ratio
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Every time he drinks, Boris has a painful hangover the morning after. But he continues to drink because just a couple of drinks begin to reduce his anxiety. Boris' continued drinking illustrates the power of
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Immediate reinforcement
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Golf instruction that reinforces short putts before attempting to reinforce long putts best illustrates the process of
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Shaping
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Learning that certain events occur together is called
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Associative Learning
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In Pavlov's experiments, the taste of food triggered salivation in a dog. The food in the dog's mouth was the
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Unconditioned Stimulus
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A small-town radio disc jockey frequently announces how much money is currently in a jackpot. Every day several randomly selected residents are called and asked to identify the amount, and thereby win it. Those who keep track of the jackpot amount are most likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.
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Variable Interval
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The process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is called
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Shaping
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Which of the following is an unconditioned response?
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jerking your hand off a very hot stove
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When one monkey sees a second monkey touch four pictures in a certain order to gain a banana, the first monkey learns to imitate that sequence. This best illustrates
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observational learning
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In explaining prosocial behavior, B. F. Skinner would most likely have emphasized
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the beneficial consequences of prosocial behavior.
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An experimenter plans to condition a dog to salivate to a light by pairing the light with food. The dog will learn to salivate to the light most quickly if the experimenter presents the light
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1/2 a second before the food
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Fixed-Ratio Schedule
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In operant conditioning
S reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a SPECIFIED number of responses
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Variable Ratio Schedule
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In operant conditioning
A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
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Fixed-Interval Schedule
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In operant conditioning
A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
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Variable-Interval Schedule
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In operant conditioning
A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
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Operant Conditioning
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A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
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Law of Effect
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Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
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Operant Chamber
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In operant conditioning research, a chamber, also known as a "skinner box" containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking
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Reinforcement
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In operant Conditioning
Any event that STRENGTHENS the behavior it follows
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Shaping
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An operant conditioning
In which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
ex. Little kid play T-ball before Baseball
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Positive Reinforcement
Add a desirable stimulus
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Increasing behaviors by presenting a positive reinforcers
-A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented AFTER a response, strengthens the response
ex. Pet a dog that comes when you call it
ex. Pay a person for painting your house
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Negative Reinforcement
**NOT PUNISHMENT
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Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli
-A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed AFTER a response strengthens the response
ex. Means you will probably end up doing it again
ex. Take pain killers to relieve the pain, fasten seatbelt to end beeping noise
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Primary Reinforcer
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A natural reinforcing stimulus,
ex. such as one that satisfies a biological need
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Conditioned Reinforcer (learned)
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A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association WITH A PRIMARY reinforcer; also known as the secondary reinforcer
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Reinforcement Schedule
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A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be enforced
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Continuous reinforcement
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Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
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Partial (intermittent) reinforcement
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Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
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Cognitive Map
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A mental representation of the layout of one's environment
For example: After exploring a maze, rat's act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it
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Latent Learning
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Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an INCENTIVE to demonstrate it
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Intrinsic Motivation
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A desire to perform a behavior effectively for it's own sake
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Extrinsic Motivation
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A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
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Observational learning
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Learning by observing others
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Modeling
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The process of observing and imitating a specfic behavior
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Mirror Neurons
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Frontal lobe neurons
That some scientists believe fire when perorming certain actions or when observing another do so
-The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable information and empathy
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Prosocial behavior
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Positive, constructive, helpful behavior
The opposite of antisocial behavior
