PSYCH Chapter 15:Psychological Therapies – Flashcards

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therapy
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Treatment aimed at making people feel better and function more effectively.
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Psychotherapy
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Person talks to a psychological professional (psychologists) about problems
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insight therapy
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Help person understand thoughts and actions
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action therapy
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Focused on changing behavior
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biomedical therapy
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Aimed at reducing or eliminating symptoms
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early treatment of the mentally ill (Pinel and Dix)
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1500'S • Mentally ill confined to asylums • Treatments harsh, often damaging PHILIPPE PINEL: • Psychiatrist • Demanded humane treatment of the mentally ill DOROTHEA DIX: • U.S. advocate who continued Pinel's movement
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behavior therapies
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Action therapies based on the principles of classic and operant conditioning and aimed at changing disordered behavior without concern for the original causes of such behavior. ACTION BASED: • Focused on behavioral not causes BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION (APPLIED BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS): • Use of learning techniques to decrease undesirable behavior UNDESIRABLE BEHAVIORS AND INCREASE DESIRABLE BEHAVIORS.
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systematic desensitization (3 steps)
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Therapy based on classical conditioning. - Step 1: Relaxation training - Step 2: Fear hierarchy - Step 3: Progressive exposure
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exposure and response prevention
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Therapy based on classical conditioning. - Exposure to feared/avoided stimulus - Prevent escape or avoidance response
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reinforcement
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Strengthening of a response • Therapy based on operant conditioning
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token economy
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Reinforcers earned and exchanged for desired items or privileges. • Therapy based on operant conditioning
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contingency contract
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Formal agreement on behavior change, reinforcements and penalties • Therapy based on operant conditioning
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extinction
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Removal of a reinforcer to reduce the frequency of a behavior Examples: - TIME OUT: Removal from the situation that reinforces undesirable behavior - LOST PRIVELAGES: Take away car keys. • Therapy based on operant conditioning
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effectiveness of behavior therapies
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• Effective treatment of specific problems • Control symptoms quickly and effectively • Not effective with serious psychological disorders overall, but can improve specific symptoms
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cognitive therapies
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• Focus on distorted thinking and unrealistic beliefs that lead to maladaptive behavior. • Help clients test truth of their beliefs, assumptions and attributions concerning their own behavior and the behavior of others.
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cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) (Goals)
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Learning to think more rationally and logically GOALS OF CBT: 1. Relieve symptoms and solve problems 2. Develop strategies for solving future problems 3. Help change irrational, distorted thinking
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cognitive distortions
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DISTORTIONS OF THINKING: 1. ARBITRARY INFERENCE: - Jumping to conclusions without evidence - Example: Called to cancel lunch meeting...they must be mad at me. 2. SELECTIVE THINKING: - Focusing on only one aspect of the situation. - Example; Person doesn't get into first chance of grad school. Ignore competitiveness and only think of own flaws 3. OVER-GENERALIZATION: - Making sweeping conclusions based on one incident - Example; Person doesn't get into first chance of grad school. " I will never be successful in this profession" 4. MAGNIFICATION AND MINIMIZATION: - Negative events blown out of proportion; positive events ignored - Example: Minimizing importance of high grades after low grade 5. PERSONALIZATION: - Assuming too much personal responsibility - Example: Blaming self for loss of a client.
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success of CBT
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• Inexpensive and short-term • Effective for a range of disorders • Criticized for focusing on symptoms and not causes • Potential bias in therapist's opinions
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Does psychotherapy work?
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EFFECTIVENESS BASED ON CLIENT-REPORT: 1. 75% to 90% of those treated improve. 2. Longer a person stays in therapy, the better the treatment. 3. Certain therapies better for certain problems. 4. No one method effective for all problems.
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Characteristics of effective therapy (6)
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1. Matching the therapy to the client and the problem 2. Therapeutic alliance 3. Protected setting 4. Opportunity for catharsis 5. Learning and practice of new behaviors 6. Positive experiences
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barriers to effective therapy
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• CULTURE-BOUND VALUES: Important that therapist has knowledge of person's values and knowledge. • CLASS-BOUND VALUES: Experiences growing up that therapist cant relate to. • LANGUAGE • NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: Eye contact
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cybertherapy
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Psychotherapy via the internet. Advantages: Cost efficient, easier access, anonymity Disadvantages: Uncertain credentials of the therapist, lack of vocal/body cues for assessing emotions
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