Psych Chapter 12 Questions – Flashcards
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In Asch's study, conformity decreased when
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At least one confederate agreed with the participant
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Which of the following would not be effective in minimizing groupthink?
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Caroline wants her team to openly vote by a show of hands either for or against her business plan
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One of the keys to deindividuation is
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Anonymity
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Connor needs just $20 more to go out with his friends. He asks his mother for $50 but she tells him he can have $30 instead. In the end, Connor ended up with $10 more than he originally planned. What technique did Connor use?
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Door-in-the-face technique
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Follow-up research to Stanley Milgram's original study has found that _____ of "teachers" will deliver shocks up to the point of being lethal
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Over 60 percent
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Studies have found that attitudes are primarily the result of
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Learned behavior
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Which of the following represents the affective component of an attitude?
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"I love going to the clubs- it makes me so happy!"
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Erin hates snakes, even though she has never been bitten or been close to one. She developed her feelings by seeing how scared her mother was when she came across them in the garden, or even when watching a movie or television show where there was a snake. Erin's attitude toward snakes was most likely acquired though
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Vicarious Conditioning
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As an attorney, you always recommend to your clients that they dress up in professional clothes for their day in court. What aspect of persuasion are you focusing on?
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The source
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One of your friends tells you, "I didn't like the environmental-awareness presentation today. First of all it was too long, not to mention the person that gave it was drinking out of a polystyrene cup and drove away in a huge SUV." What kind of processing might your friend be using?
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Peripheral-route processing
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In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid wither $1 or $20 to lie to a woman in the waiting room about how interesting their task really was. The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones who
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Paid only $1
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If you were to describe impression formation in just one word, what would it be?
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Prediction
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According to the phenomenon known as social categorization, what is most influential in helping us form an attitude about someone or something?
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Those things that happen first, also known as the primacy effect
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Kohanna thinks that everyone who smiles must always be happy and those people who are quiet must be naturally shy. Such assumptions are the bases for
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Implicit personality theory
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Caleb always shows up late for work. His friends attribute this to Caleb's laziness. This is an example of ____ cause.
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Dispositional
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How might someone who unknowingly is committing the fundamental attribution error explain Stanley Milgram's obedience study?
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Subjects in that study must have been the kind of people that like to hurt others
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Prejudice is about ______ while discrimination is about ______.
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Attitudes; behavior
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Jewell and Amie became friends while taking an evening class at the local community college. Jewell was later horrified to find out that Amie was actually a teacher at the college. Subsequently, Jewell stopped talking to Amie, thus ending their friendship. What theory of prejudice and discrimination might this be an example of?
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In-group/out-group theory
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In teacher Jane Elliot's classic study, the most startling finding was that the
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Test scores dropped for each group during their respective turn as the out-group
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Which of the following would be the most effective way to decrease prejudice?
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Create an environment of equal status, where groups must rely upon each other to solve a common problem
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The more you see someone, the more likely you are to like that person. Such a phenomenon is often due to
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Mere exposure
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What does the research say about the concept of opposites attract?
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Studies do not support this idea but instead offer the explanation of complementary
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In grade school, 12-year-old Chase does not know 12-year-old Corrine well, but starts to like her when he hears from her friends that she has a crush on him. This is an example of
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Reciprocity of liking
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According to Robert Sternberg's three components of love, which component addresses the physical aspects?
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Passion
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According to Sternberg, when all three components are present, a couple possesses ____ love.
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Consummate
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When people are unable to reach a goal, frustration may result, which can ultimately turn into
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Aggression
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Increased levels of aggression in those who drink alcohol may be due to a decrease in what neurotransmitter?
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Serotonin
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Studies of the brain have found that the ______ is influential in the presence of ______ behavior.
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Temporoparietal junction; altrustic
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Which of the following scenarios probably will not result in the bystander effect?
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You come across someone lying on a walking path while you are walking alone at your local nature center
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Once a situation has been defined as an emergency, the next step in the decision-making process is
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Taking responsibility
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Saul admits that he conforms so as to be liked by others. This is known as
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Normative social influence
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According to the text, in which of the following has groupthink been known to occur?
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The sinking of the Titanic
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Many businesses now require their employees to work in teams, believing that a group of four to five employees will accomplish more than four to five individuals working alone. This is an example of what concept?
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Social facilitation
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Maria was approached be her neighbor asking her to adopt two to three kittens that were abandoned by their mother. While Maria refused to take in three kittens, she did agree to adopt just one. What compliance technique did her neighbor use on Maria?
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Door-in-the-face
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Which of the following people would probably not be a prime candidate for membership into a cult?
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Lawrence, who has only a high school diploma but tends to be independent and happy with his life
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Follow-up studies to Stanley Milgram's research have suggested that a teacher's willingness to deliver potentially lethal shocks may be more of a product of _____ than of obedience.
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Social identity
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The public service messages that encourage parents to sit down with their children and talk frankly about drugs are promoting which method of attitude formation?
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Direct instruction
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Researchers have found that a _____ degree of fear in a message makes it more effective, particularly when it is combined with ______.
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Moderate; information about how to prevent the fearful consequences
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Sandy was a juror in the trial for a man accused of stealing guns from a sporting goods store. The defendant was not very well spoke and came from a very poor background, but Sandy listened carefully to the evidence presented and made her decision based on that. Sandy was using ______ processing.
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Central-route
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If LaShonda was experiencing a sense of cognitive dissonance between her attitude and behavior, which of the following would help her reduce that uncomfortable sensation?
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Changing her behavior
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Gerald goes to a job interview dressed in patched blue jeans, a torn T-shirt, and sandals. His hair is uncombed and he hasn't shaved in a few days. Obviously, Gerald knows nothing about
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Impression formation
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If behavior is assumed to be caused by external characteristics, this is known as
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A situational cause
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Thomas likes to "hang with the guys." These people with whom Thomas identifies most strongly with are called a(n)
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In-group
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The "Robber's Cave" experiment showed the value of _____ in combating prejudice.
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Equal status contact
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Vivian and Steve met at work. At first they were just friends, but over time, they found themselves falling in love - or as Vivian tells her friends, "Steve just grew on me!" According to research in interpersonal attraction, the most likely explanation for their attraction is
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Mere exposure
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According to Sternberg, a couple whose love is based off of intimacy and passion but who are not yet committed to a long-term relationship are in the form of love called ______ love.
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Romantic
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The concept that aggression results from a social role is based on what psychological theory?
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Learning
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To which two processes do most social psychologists attribute the failure of those around LaShonda Calloway to help her?
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Bystander effect and diffusion of responsibility
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Cara knows that she can help people simply by dialing 9-1-1 on her cell phone if an emergency arises. Which step in the decision process for helping would Cara be at?
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Planning a course of action
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Which of the following would the field of social neuroscience be most likely to study?
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What parts of the brain influence social behavior
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When asked what types of things they look for in a mate, men typically say that ______ is important to them, whereas women typically say that ______ is important to them
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Physical attractiveness; earning prospects
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When put into a real life "attraction situation," ______________ inspires men's and women's attraction equally.
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Physical attractiveness
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_____________ makes attraction between two people more likely.
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Similarity
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Knowing that another person likes you and that they think you are special in some way ______________.
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Increases the likelihood that you will feel attracted to them too
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Understanding what attracts people to each other and what makes for a more satisfying relationship ______________.
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Can have a powerful impact on people's overall physical and emotional well being
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Stereotypes are _______________.
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Generalizations based on superficial characteristics
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Stereotypes can be useful, in that they _______________.
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help us categorize and make sense of our complex social world
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A ____________ is an attitude toward people from another group, while __________ associate traits with a person or a group.
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Prejudice; stereotypes
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According to recent studies, Asian women who were reminded of their positive Asian stereotype of being good at math before they took a math test _____________.
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Did better on the math test than did women who were not reminded of this positive stereotype beforehand
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Which of the following is an example of a stereotype that is not also considered a prejudice?
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The elderly are wise
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The "jigsaw classroom":
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Is a technique that gives each individual only part of the information needed to solve a problem, so they must work with others to find the solution.
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Alcohol has an impact on aggressive behavior by:
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Releasing inhibitions
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According to your textbook, the _____ theory explains prejudice and discrimination between the Nazi soldiers and Jewish people during WWII.
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Realistic conflict
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According to Sternberg's theory, when intimacy and passion are combined, the result is _____, which is often the basis for a more lasting relationship.
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Romantic love
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Lashonda is a gifted pianist and is looking for a boyfriend who loves music. Lashonda is focusing on which factor of interpersonal attraction?
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Similarity
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In Sternberg's model, intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present in:
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Consummate love
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In the Latane and Darley smoke-filled room study, participants were most likely to report the smoke when:
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They were the only ones in the room
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Ryan sees a woman collapse in the mall. He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably a doctor or nurse in the crowd who who can provide better assistance. This is an example of:
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Diffusion of responsibility
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Most people associate the term cult with:
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A fringe group
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Taylor is a member of the United States Marines. When told by his command to shoot, he shoots. Taylor is demonstrating _______.
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Obedience
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Theresa found out after being denied a job opportunity that she had no chance of ever getting the job. It was leaked through an anonymous source that the company had planned to hire a man from the start, and that they would only interview women to make the company look fair and equal. Theresa's experience is a good example of ________.
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Discrimination
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You're in the process of buying a home. You see one that you like and are told that the asking price is $350,000. You decline. The seller of the home then comes back to you with a lower, more reasonable offer of $300,000, to which you agree. The strategy used by the seller is called ______.
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The door-in-the-face technique
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Americans tend to assume that personality:
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Is relatively fixed and unchanging
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Karen is late for work, and her co-worker, Jeff, assumes it is because she is careless and lazy. Jeff is assuming a:
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Dispositional cause
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If an environmental group is trying to persuade the public to join its cause, it needs to focus on the:
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Source, message, and target audience
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When parents tell their children that smoking cigarettes is dangerous and unhealthy, and the children develop negative attitudes toward smoking, this is an example of:
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Direct instruction
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Julie is a psychologist involved in figuring out how to get people to purchase a certain brand of computer. Julie is involved in:
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Consumer psychology
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Stanley Milgram set out to learn:
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How far would go in obeying the command of an authority figure
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Social loafing can be explained by the fact that:
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It is easier for a lazy person to hide laziness when working in a group of people.
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Studies have found that in civil suits, if individual members of the jury favor stiff penalties, the deliberation process will result in even higher penalties. This illustrates:
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Group polarization
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The door-in-the-face technique involves:
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asking for a large commitment and then, after being refused, asking for a smaller commitment.
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In Asch's line experiment, participants:
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conformed to the group answer slightly more than one third of the time.
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________ is the tendency to take our cues for appropriate behavior from others when we are in an ambiguous situation.
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Informational social influence
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Sherif's 1936 study of conformity involved:
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Asking participants to report the movement of a single point of light in a darkened room.
