Psych Chapter 12-15-16 Study Guide – Flashcards
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The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include _______________.
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emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition
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Behavior is a product of both the situation and the person. What is an example of a situation that might influence behavior?
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being in a crowd of bystanders when you witness someone fainting
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Anna thinks that Bill is rude to her because she had to seat him in a noisy, crowded area of the restaurant. Anna takes a _________ view of Bill.
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situationist
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____________ holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors.
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dispositionism
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What is modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus?
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groupthink
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Who conducted the Stanford Prison experiment?
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Zimbardo
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What is a social role?
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socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group
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The _________ hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve.
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just-world
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Which type of persuasion involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larged favor or purchase of a larger item?
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foot-in-the-door
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Who was Stanley Milgram?
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social psychology professor at Yale who wanted to test the defense of "I was just following orders" typically used by accused Nazis
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___________ is the strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group.
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group polarization
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What is groupthink?
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Group members modify their opinion to match what they believe is the group consensus.
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What makes it more likely that a child will be bullied?
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Children who are different from others are more likely to be bullied.
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Which strategy would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring?
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seeking outside opinion on group decisions
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Which strategy would effectively reduce racism?
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teaching children to think independently and challenge social norms that promote racism
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What is incorrect about social exchange theory?
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People are dissatisfied if their social exchanges create more costs than benefits unless the relationship is an example of consummate love.
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David attempts to minimize the costs of his relationship with Daniel while maximizing benefits. He enjoys Daniel's company, but he tries to avoid helping him move. This is an example of __________ theory.
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social exchange
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When it comes to relationships, we expect to share thoughts, feelings, and ides in a mutual exchange called ___________.
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reciprocity
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Diane and Bruce share their intimate thoughts and emotions and are physically attracted to each other, but their love does not contain any expectations beyond that. Their love is called __________.
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romantic
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Roger and Joan have passion in their relationship, and they agree they will support each other. But when it comes to sharing their thoughts, they lack intimacy. Their love is called ___________.
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fatuous
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HEather and Mike share the household chores as equally as possible. They take turns with the cooking and driving their son to daycare. Both of them work outside the home, and each of them takes responsibility for the child care one night a week to give the other one a break. Their relationship has _____________.
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reciprocity
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The ________ is demonstrated by the attack on Kitty Genovese.
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bystander effect
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Nicole wants a cookie. Heather has a cookie. Nicole pushes Heather and takes her cookie. Nicole doesn't intend to hurt Heather, Nicole just wants the cookie. This is an example of ________.
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instrumental aggression
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Dale thinks that women shouldn't work outside the home and vows never to hire a woman at his bank. Dale's attitudes and planned course of action are ________.
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sexist
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Billie is a(n) ________ because he believes people over age 65 should have their driver's license suspended, the elderly use up important social resources, and they occupy jobs that should belong to younger, more capable people.
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ageist
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________ refers to prejudice and discrimination against individuals based solely on their same-sex orientation.
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homophobia
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If a person says that actors make effective spokespeople for potato chips because they are above average in attractiveness, which approach is that person using to explain attitude change?
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Yale attitude change
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What is an example of the self-fulfilling prophecy?
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telling someone with dyslexia she cannot learn to read, leading her to become illiterate even though she could learn to read with a bit of extra effort
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People view the Environmental Protection Agency as competent and believe they know correct information regarding what individuals should do to protect the environment, so they possess ________ social influence when it comes to enforcing a group norm of recycling.
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informational
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Suppose you hate reality shows, but you pretend to like them in order to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by your friends, who all love reality television. This is an example of ________ social influence.
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normative
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What the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion?
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getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether
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What is the best example of peripheral route persuasion?
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anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use
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Don knows that drinking too much liquor is a costly habit that is bad for his health, but he continues to drink large amounts of liquor. He also thinks he is a smart person that makes good choices. Don feels some psychological discomfort from this contradiction, which is also called ________.
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cognitive dissonance
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Penny gets an acting job on Friday that she attributes to her good acting. She doesn't get the next acting job; therefore, she blames the casting director for not wanting to hire a woman. This is an example of ________.
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self-serving bias
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What is an example of actor-observer bias?
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Akbar believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence, yet Tim is unable to stop gambling because he is addicted to gambling.
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A panic disorder is a type of ________disorder characterized by panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behavior related to the attacks.
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anxiety
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________ is a subtype of depression in which a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of year.
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seasonal pattern
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What kind of symptoms involves reflecting noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives?
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negative
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________are mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations, such as wearing bland, neutral clothes to avoid drawing attention to oneself.
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safety behaviors
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Dr. Griffiths diagnosed Manuel with major depressive disorder because he ________.
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appears tearful to others and spends weeks at a time feeling sad, empty, and hopeless
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Alexis experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder, but only during midwinter. What kind of depression does Alexis have?
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seasonal pattern
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From an early age, Kwaku got into trouble constantly. He continually violates the rights of others and he often lies, fights, and has problems with the law. Generally, he is impulsive and fails to think ahead. He is frequently deceitful and manipulative in order to get the things he wants, and he never regrets his misdeeds or considers the feelings of those he has harmed. What is a diagnoses accounts for Kwaku's personality?
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antisocial personality disorder
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What exemplifies a symptom of schizotypal personality disorder?
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Stella laughed when her dog died and cried while watching a funny movie.
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Jerry allows others to take over and run his life. He is submissive and clings to those around him. He cannot make decisions without advice and reassurance from others, probably because he lacks self-confidence. He finds it impossible to do things on his own, and he feels uncomfortable and helpless when he is alone. What is a diagnoses accounts for Jerry's personality?
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dependent personality disorder
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What are the common characteristics of all anxiety disorders?
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excessive, persistent fear and anxiety
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What about autism spectrum disorder is incorrect?
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This disorder involves feeling overwhelmed and sad for extended periods of time.
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Why do so many people believe there is a link between autism and the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine?
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A prestigious medical journal published a paper, which was later retracted, that identified a link.
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What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Acrophobia is characterized by intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape or receive help if one experiences symptoms of a panic attack."
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change the word "acrophobia" to the word "agoraphobia"
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Exhibiting a personality that ________ is a common characteristic of all personality disorders.
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differs markedly from the expectations of one's culture
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Etiology is another word for ________.
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causes
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What classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America?
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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________ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and apprehension and by related disturbances in behavior.
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anxiety
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People with ________ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts.
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obsessive-compulsive
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Which psychological disorder is characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior?
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schizophrenia
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Donna exhibits two separate personalities, each well-defined and distinct from one another, so Dr. Paulson diagnosed Donna with ________ disorder.
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dissociative identity
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What is an example of flight of ideas?
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Gilbert talks loudly and quickly, switching topics rapidly.
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Identify the compulsion in the following example. Demarco can't stop thinking about his book collection, which includes hundreds of first editions. He wants it to be in a particular order. He spends hours every day organizing his books alphabetically by author, then by color, then by size.
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organizing the books
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Apollonia was diagnosed with major depressive disorder five years ago. She knows her mother took medicine to combat depression and she worries her daughter will experience depression too. Why?
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Mood disorders have been shown to have a strong genetic and biological basis.
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Veena's thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors are impaired to the point where she is unable to function normally in life. She experiences significant difficulties in many day-to-day activities, such as holding a job, paying bills, grooming, maintaining personal hygiene, and sustaining relationships. Which of the following disorders is Veena living with?
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schizophrenia
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The belief that you ________ is an example of a delusion.
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can perform miracles
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Diondre harbors the belief that spider eggs have been implanted underneath his fingernails. What kind of delusion is this?
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somatic
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What is an example of avolition?
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lack of motivation to bathe yourself
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What exemplifies a symptom of histrionic personality disorder?
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Phoebe feels uncomfortable when she is not the center of attention, and she has alienated friends by demanding excessive amounts of their attention.
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Phyllis cannot be alone. Her moods and behaviors are unstable, as are her relationships with other people. She often displays inappropriate and intense anger. Recently, Phyllis wrote a suicide note and offered to show it to her husband. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for her personality?
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borderline personality disorder
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What is true about neurodevelopmental disorders?
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All neurodevelopmental disorders are diagnosed in early childhood.
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What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The stress model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with stress."
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insert the word "diathesis-" before the first appearance of the word "stress"
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What is true about obsessive-compulsive disorder?
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It involves intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviors.
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Which of the following factors does not strongly predict the development of posttraumatic stress disorder?
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experiencing trauma in isolation
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The ________ perspective suggests that psychological disorders result largely from faulty physical processes, and the ________perspective emphasizes the importance of factors such as stress and thoughts as well as environmental factors in the development of psychological disorders.
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biological; psychological
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Repeated drug use and/or alcohol use after a period of improvement from substance abuse is called ________.
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relapse
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Addiction is often viewed as a(an) ________ disease.
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chronic
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Which treatment modality involves 5-10 people with the same issue or concern meeting together with a trained clinician?
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group therapy
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Humanistic therapy is also called ________ therapy.
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client-centered
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What is the goal of humanistic therapy?
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helping people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves
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ECT stands for ________.
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electroconvulsive therapy
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Who developed client-centered therapy?
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Carl Rogers
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________ were the first institutions created for the specific purpose of housing people with psychological disorders.
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asylums
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Who led the reform efforts for mental health care in the United States?
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Dorothea Dix
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Deinstitutionalization refers to the ________.
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process of closing large asylums
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Elena is attending mandatory therapy sessions. Her doctor just wants her to talk about her childhood. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?
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psychodynamic psychotherapy
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Renzo's therapist helps him learn to overcome his fear of dogs through several stages of relaxation techniques. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?
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behavior therapy
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In order to overcome an eating disorder, Sevilla's therapist works to change her cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors by helping her learn to identify such behaviors. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?
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cognitive-behavioral therapy
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According to research, how does the public view children and teens with mental health disorders?
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Over 1,300 U.S. adults believe children with depression are prone to violence.
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What does research show regarding race and ethnic differences in those who receive mental health services?
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Ethnic minorities tend to utilize mental health services less frequently than White, middle-class Americans.
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Jarl makes several minor mistakes during his conversational French class. Instead of thinking, "everyone makes mistakes sometimes," he thinks, "I am so stupid." What kind of cognitive distortion is this?
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overgeneralization
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Grace is talking with her wife, Myanna. Myanna starts crying, and Grace immediately assumes that Myanna wants a divorce. What kind of cognitive distortion is this?
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jumping to conclusions
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The use of ________ can result in decreased appetite, difficulty sleeping, stomachache, and headache.
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stimulants
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The amount of time spent in therapy depends on the needs of the client and the ________.
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client's personal goals
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What is a benefit of group therapy?
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It can decrease a client's shame and isolation about a problem.
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Breach of confidentiality is a greater risk in ________ therapy.
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group
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Statistics show that ________ of homeless adults living in shelters experience mental illness.
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26%
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Lexi cannot control her impulses to pull out her hair. Her friend Paul suggests that she see a therapist and Lexi agrees. She gets a referral from her primary care physician for a therapist and begins seeing Dr. Clark four times a month. What kind of treatment does this describe?
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voluntary
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Which institutional setting replaced asylums in caring for the mentally ill?
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psychiatric hospitals
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According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, ________ of U.S. adults experienced mental illness in 2012.
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19%
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Ocean Therapy involves group discussion and ________.
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learning how to surf
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What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In aversion therapy, a therapist seeks to treat clients' fears or anxiety by presenting them with the object or situation that causes their problem, with the idea that they will eventually get used to it.
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The word "aversion" should be changed to the word "exposure."
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Which principle underlies the effectiveness of systematic desensitization?
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You can't be nervous and relaxed at the same time.
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What does research suggest about the comparative effectiveness of psychotherapeutic techniques?
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No studies have found one psychotherapeutic approach more effective than another.
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Antipsychotic drugs, such as Haldol, are used to treat all of the following except __________.
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manic episodes
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According to the American Psychological Association (APA), three factors work together to produce successful treatment. Which of the following is not one of the three factors?
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having a psychologist or therapist of the same sex
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What principle underlies cognitive-behavioral therapy?
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thoughts affect behavior
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How is behavior therapy different than psychoanalysis?
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In behavior therapy, a therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors, while psychoanalysis involves digging deeply into one's unconscious.
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Which of the following explains why most psychiatric hospitals emphasize short-term care?
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Due to the very high cost of psychiatric hospitalization, insurance coverage often limits the length of time one can be hospitalized.
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Which mental disorder is least likely to be treated in children 8-15 years old?
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anxiety disorder
