Psych Chapter 12 Flashcards
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According to your textbook, the _____ theory explains prejudice and discrimination between the Nazi soldiers and Jewish people during WWII.
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realistic conflict
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One way to reduce prejudice is to promote personal involvement with people from other groups that is cooperative and occurs when all groups are equal in terms of power or status. This is known as:
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equal status contact.
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Carl knows that his boss, Judy, has a stereotyped opinion of him because of his race. The effect on Carl of this knowledge is:
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stereotype vulnerability
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The "learner" in Milgram's study
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was an actor following a carefully prepared script.
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The door-in-the-face technique involves:
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asking for a large commitment and then, after being refused, asking for a smaller commitment.
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Stanley Milgram set out to learn:
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how far people would go in obeying the command of an authority figure.
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Jackie is assigned to a group project. It is in her best subject, and she finds the material easy. Jackie will probably experience:
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social facilitation
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________ is the tendency to take our cues for appropriate behavior from others when we are in an ambiguous situation.
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Informational social influence
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Invulnerability, where members of a group feel they can do no wrong, is a characteristic of:
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groupthink.
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Researchers examining Milgram's work have:
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not found any one trait or group of traits that will predict obedience in situations such as in Milgram's study
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Julie is a psychologist involved in figuring out how to get people to purchase a certain brand of computer. Julie is involved in:
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consumer psychology
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_______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together.
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Companionate
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According to Sternberg's theory, when intimacy and passion are combined, the result is _____, which is often the basis for a more lasting relationship.
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romantic love
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In one study, college students liked another student simply because they were told that the other student liked them. This is an example of which rule of attraction?
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reciprocity
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Tyonna hates to exercise. However, when she does go to the gym and others are there exercising around her, she becomes completely motivated. Tyonna's change in behavior could be due to the effect of ______.
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social facilitation
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Oscar wants to feel accepted by his classmates, so when they all decide to skip school to have a party, he conforms by joining in. Oscar's need to conform is the result of ________.
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normative social influence
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Jonah's friends all love listening to rap music. Even if he didn't care too much for rap music before, Jonah now believes that rap music is cool. Jonah's attitude toward rap music is most likely formed through ______.
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his interaction with others
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The fundamental attribution error is less likely:
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in collectivist cultures.
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Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. Harry's belief is based on:
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implicit personality theory.
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If a jury member voted "guilty" because the defendant had "shifty eyes" and not because of any of the evidence presented, he or she is demonstrating:
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peripheral-route processing.
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If an environmental group is trying to persuade the public to join its cause, it needs to focus on the:
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source, message, and target audience.
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The area of the brain that controls aggressive responses is the:
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amygdala.
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Zimbardo's prison experiment lasted only five days because:
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of the extreme effect it was having on the participants.
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Jim is studying in his room and hears someone yell for help. He is at the first helping decision point, which is:
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noticing.
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Most people associate the term cult with:
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a fringe group.
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Branch of psychology concerned with how a person's behavior, thoughts, and feelings are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others.
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Social Psychology
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how we are influenced by others
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Social Influence
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how we think about others
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Social Cognition
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how we interact with others
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Social Interaction
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Changing one's own behavior to more closely match the actions of others
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Conformity
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increases as group size increases up to 4
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Group size
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even one dissenter significantly reduces conformity
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Group is unanimous (lack of dissension)
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when behavior is not private, but publicly known
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Group observes one's behavior
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collectivist cultures tend to show more conformity than individualistic cultures
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Culture
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Other research has shown feelings of ______, _______, _____ and all increase conformity
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incompetence, insecurity, low-self-esteem
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Occurs when people change their behavior as a result of another person or group asking or directing them to change.
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Compliance
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occurs when one changes his/her behavior at the command of an authority
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Obedience
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a tendency to respond positively or negatively toward a certain person, object, idea, or situation
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Attitude
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1. the affective (emotional) component 2. the behavioral component 3. the cognitive component
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Three components of an attitude
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watching the actions and reactions of others to ideas, people, objects, and situations
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Vicarious conditioning
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the process by which one person tries to change the belief, opinion, position, or course of action of another person through argument, pleading, or explanation
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Persuasion
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•people will either elaborate on the persuasive message or fail to elaborate on it •the future actions of those who do elaborate are more predictable than those who do not
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Elaboration Likelihood Model
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sense of discomfort or distress that occurs when a person's behavior does not correspond to that person's attitudes
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Cognitive dissonance
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Tendency to attribute someone else's behavior to their personal disposition and underestimate the effect of the situation
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Fundamental attribution error
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forming of the first knowledge a person has about another person
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Impression formation
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the assignment of a person one has just met to a category based on characteristics the new person has in common with other people with whom one has had experience in the past
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Social categorization
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a set of characteristics that people believe is shared by all members of a particular social category
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stereotype
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negative attitude held by a person about the members of a particular social group
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Prejudice
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treating people differently because of prejudice toward the social group to which they belong
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Discrimination
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views prejudice as an attitude acquired through direct instruction, modeling, and other social influences
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Social cognitive theory
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conflict between groups increases prejudice and discrimination
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Realistic conflict theory
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contact between groups in which the groups have equal status, with neither group having power over the other
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Equal status contact
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the formation of a person's identity within a particular social group is explained by social categorization, social identity, and social comparison
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Social identity theory
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behavior intended to hurt or destroy another person
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Aggression
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socially desirable behavior that benefits others
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Prosocial behavior
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prosocial behavior that is done with no expectation of reward and may involve the risk of harm to oneself
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Altruism
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the effect that the presence of other people has on the decision to help or not help
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Bystander effect
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a person fails to take responsibility for action or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility
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Diffusion of responsibility
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We form attitudes by
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Direct contact, direct instruction, interacting with others, vicarious conditioning
