Psych Ch 6 SG – Flashcards
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Brazilian adolescent boys who feel invulnerable, and, therefore, engage in risky behavior such as riding the roofs of high-speed trains are exhibiting
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personal fable
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What is the term for the onset of menstruation?
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menarche
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The state of self-absorption in which the world is viewed as focused on oneself is referred to as
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adolescent egocentrism
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Adolescents who are gay or lesbian find it difficult to date because of all of the following EXCEPT
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they do not fully accept or understand their own sexuality or sexual preference
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According to researchers, what is the percentage of high school seniors and eighth grade students, respectively, who have used marijuana in the past year?
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50% ; 20%
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Erikson believed that because of the pressures related to the identity-versus-identity-confusion stage, many adolescents
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pursue a "psychological moratorium," during which they take time off from responsibilities to explore alternative roles and possibilities
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Anthropologist John Ogbu compares the involuntary immigration of Africans as slaves to America and the motivation to succeed educationally in subsequent generations of African Americans to
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the involuntary immigration of Koreans to Japan during World War II and the motivation for learning and success in subsequent generations
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Which of the following should NOT be done if you suspect an adolescent (or anyone) is contemplating suicide?
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respect the person's privacy and keep your talk a secret
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According to James Marcia, the status of adolescents who prematurely commit to an identity without adequately exploring alternatives is called
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identity foreclosure
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Randal is a 17-year-old whose parents have left him mostly on his own for several years. They leave for days on end to drink and gamble, leaving no food or assistance for him in the home. When they do come around, they often beat Randal and criticize him because the house is unkempt. Randal is usually on the streets vandalizing cars and getting involved in arson. Randal would be categorized as a(n)
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undersocialized delinquent
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Adolescents who engage in risky behaviors such as not using condoms when engaging in sexual activity and driving recklessly when drunk are exhibiting
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personal fable
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Which of the following adolescent groups tends to feel a greater sense of respect and obligation toward their families?
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filipino
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According to James Marcia, the status of adolescents who may have explored various identity alternatives to some degree, but have not yet committed themselves, is called
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moratorium
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If an adolescent has awareness of his/her self-concept, he/she would be considering all of the following EXCEPT
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considering only traits he/she fully likes in himself/herself.
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Though early maturation is largely a plus for boys, there are downsides. All of the following are downsides to early maturation in a boy EXCEPT
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the boy is likely to demonstrate early maturity in his nonverbal cognitive development
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When a student notices conspicuous examples of drunkenness around campus, which causes him/her to assume that everybody is drinking heavily, and therefore, begins to engage in binge drinking, it is known as
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false consensus effect
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A divide between parents and adolescents in attitudes, values, aspirations, and world views is known as
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generation gap
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Which of the following adolescents is the LEAST likely to start smoking
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african american male
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Which of the following models suggests that U.S. society is made up of diverse, coequal cultural groups that should preserve their cultural features?
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pluralistic society model
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Psychologist James Marcia proposed ____ categories of adolescent identity
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four
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Social norms oppose premarital sex for women in all of these areas EXCEPT
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Sub-Saharan Africa
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According to James Marcia, the status of adolescents who consider various identity alternatives, but never commit to one or never even consider identity options in any conscious way is called
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identity diffusion
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Which of the following adolescents is the most likely to develop a degree of autonomy at an early stage of adolescence?
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american
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According to Marcia, which of the following four categories of identity development leads to the most psychological health, achievement motivation, and moral reasoning ability in adolescents?
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identity achievement
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Which of the following terms relates to the knowledge that people have about their own thinking processes, and their ability to monitor their cognition?
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metacognition
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All of the following are true of today's adolescents as compared to adolescents in the 19th century EXCEPT
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adolescents are exhibiting advanced levels of intellectual and emotional growth much earlier.
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Recent studies indicate that, due to social movements within the African American community, African American adolescents
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differ little with regard to self-esteem when compared with Caucasian American adolescents
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What is the most obvious sign of puberty in girls?
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onset of menarche
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Which of the following is NOT a primary factor in determining an adolescent male's self-esteem
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weight
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Male sex hormones are called __________, while female sex hormones are called
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androgens; estrogens
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Because of the adolescent's development of _________, the balance of power in the relationship between parents and adolescent becomes more _______ toward the end of adolescence.
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autonomy; egalitarian
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Which of the following models represents U.S. minority groups, which draw from their own cultural identities while integrating themselves into the dominant culture?
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bicultural identity model
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Anthropologist John Ogbu argues that members of certain minority groups may have low academic achievement because
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these groups perceive that school success is relatively unimportant with regard to their success in the workplace because of discrimination.
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According to current norms, if sexual intercourse occurs within the context of a long-term, committed, or loving relationship, it is called
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permissiveness with affection
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Girls begin their growth spurt around age ____, while boys begin their growth spurt around age ____.
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10: 12
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While dating is a part of a pattern of courtship that can potentially lead to marriage, it can also do all of the following EXCEPT
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establish sexual or gender identity/preference
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Which of the following does not contribute to the rising number of adolescent suicides
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low cognitive development
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Poverty plays a large role in determining whether a student completes high school. Students from lower-income households are_____ less likely to complete high school than are middle- and higher-income students.
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three times
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Which of the following is a type of thinking that is evident in both early childhood and adolescence?
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egocentrism
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What ability is most severely limited due to the biologically immature prefrontal cortex during adolescence?
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the ability to control impulses
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Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to the timing of the onset of puberty?
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The reactions to early and late maturation paint a complex picture.
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Which of the following plays a major role in how girls experience early maturation
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prevailing community standards regarding sex
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What percentage of college students report having had an alcoholic drink in the past 30 days?
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75%
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For men binge drinking is defined as
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5 or more drinks in one sitting
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A pattern of change that occurs over several generations is called a
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secular trend
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Which of the following sexually transmitted infections have the distinction of having been recognized for the longest time and were recorded by ancient historians.
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gonorrhea and syphilis
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A teenager whose romantic relationship has ended believes that nobody has ever hurt the way he does or can understand his pain. He has developed ________
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personal fables
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Asian cultures tend to view achievement as the consequence of
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effort
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Melody's father has noticed that since she turned 13, Melody has become argumentative. She seems to enjoy poking holes in other people's ideas. At the same time, she is sometimes indecisive as she considers multiple sides of an issue. This is an example of
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Melody's increasing ability to reason abstractly.
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Among four different measures of academic achievement for 15-year-olds, students in the United States scored best in reading; they did less well in mathematics, science, and problem solving. Among 29 nations, where did the United States rank in reading scores?
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15th
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According to Piaget, adolescents in the formal operational stage of development use a different form of reasoning than children in the concrete operational stage. This reasoning uses abstract logic and is called ___________
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propositional thought
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Which of the following statements about adolescent self-esteem is accurate?
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An adolescent may have high self-esteem in terms of academic performance and low self-esteem in terms of relationships, or the reverse.
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Building on Erikson's theory, James Marcia suggests that identity can be seen in terms of two characteristics that are either present or absent. What are these characteristics called?
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crisis and commitment
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With regard to self-concept and its development, which of the following self-descriptive statements is most likely to come from a teenager at the end of adolescence?
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"Sometimes I just want to enjoy art or nature for what it is, even though science isn't my strongest area."
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In the last 10 years, the number of teenagers giving birth has
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dropped by nearly 33%.
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According to Erikson, the period during which adolescents seek to determine what is unique and distinctive about themselves is called the ________ stage
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identity-versus-identity-confusion
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At age 19, Bridget has not yet declared a college major and is considering dropping out or transferring to a different school. She has many friends and is interested in a wide variety of topics and ideas, but feels anxious and conflicted. Bridget is most likely in which of James Marcia's categories of adolescent identity?
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moratorium
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Of the various sexually transmitted infections (STIs), the most deadly is _______, and the most common is _______
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AIDS; HPV
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What proportion of adolescents are considered overweight?
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1 in 20
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The balance of power in the relationship between parents and the adolescent tends to become more _______ toward the end of adolescence
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balanced and egalitarian
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At Springfield Middle School, some students are considered "nerds" and others are considered "jocks." Each of these is an example of a
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crowds
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Adolescents' general intelligence - as measured by traditional IQ tests - tends to
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remain stable, with dramatic improvements in specific abilities
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According to Piaget, the stage at which people develop the ability to think abstractly is called the ________ stage.
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formal operational
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While Piaget proposed that formal operational thought is not fully settled in until around 15 years of age, evidence suggests that some people never fully employ formal operational thinking. Studies show that only _____ of college students and adults achieve formal operational thinking.
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40-60%
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Adolescents and their peers provide each other with opportunities to engage in _______, a process of comparing and evaluating opinions, abilities, and physical changes in ways that parents and other adults cannot provide
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social comparison
