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treatment methods aimed at making people feel better and function more effectively

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therapy

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therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem talks with a psychological professional

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psychotherapy

question

what is the goal of psychotherapy?

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make patient better understand themselves or to change behavior

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therapies in which the main goal is helping people to gain insight with respect to their behavior, thoughts, and feelings

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insight therapies

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therapy in which the main goal is to change disordered or inappropriate behavior directly

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action therapy

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therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem is treated with biological or medical methods to relieve symptoms

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biomedical therapy

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what was the first asylum?

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bethlehem hospital in london

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what were early treatments of the mentally ill?

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bloodletting, beatings, ice baths till seizure, induced vomiting

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what did pine's reform do?

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Pinel unchained inmates at La Bicetre Asylum in Paris, France, beginning the movement of the humane treatment of the mentally ill

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what did Freud thing psychological cleansing involved?

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removing all the impurities of the unconscious mind (disturbing thoughts, socially unacceptable desires) focuses on the hidden past

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insight therapy based on the theory of Frued, emphasizing the revealing of unconscious conflicts, urges, and desires that are assumed to cause disordered emotions and behaviors

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psychoanalysis

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why did Freud make his patient's lie on the couch?

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• Frued thought they would be more relaxed not looking at therapist • bc if patient's couldn't see therapists reaction they would be more open

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analysis of the elements within a patient's recorded dream

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dream interpretation

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actual content of one's dream

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manifest content

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symbolic or hidden meaning of dreams

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latent content

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did dream interpretation form a large part of Freud's psychoanalytic method?

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yes

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psychoanalytic technique in which a patient was encouraged to talk about anything that came to mind without fear of negative evaluations

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free association

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occurring when a patient becomes reluctant to talk about a certain topic, by either changing the subject or becoming silent

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resistance

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in psychoanalysis, the tendency for a patient or client to project positive or negative feelings for important people from the past onto the therapist

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transference

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therapy in which the therapist actively gives interpretations of a client's statements and may suggest certain behavior or actions

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directive

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a newer more general term for therapies based on psychoanalysis with an emphasis on transference, shorter treatment times, and more direct therapeutic approach

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psychodynamic therapy

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form of therapy for depression which incorporates multiples approaches and focuses on interpersonal problems

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interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)

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approach to therapy that results from combining elements of several different approaches or techniques

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eclectic

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focus on conscious, subjective experiences of emotion and people's sense of self

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humanists

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humanists focus on the ----- experiences rather than the hidden memories

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immediate

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nondirective insight therapy based on the work of Carl Rogers in which the client does all the talking and the therapist listens, emphasizes sense of self

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person centered therapy

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who came up with person centered therapy?

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Roger

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how peeps see their actual traits and abilities

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real

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how people think they should be

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ideal

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the closer the real and ideal self are the more

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well adjusted person

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in order to have the real and ideal self meet up we need

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unconditional positive regard

question

roger's believed that whom should provide unconditional positive regard?

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therapist

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therapy style in which the therapist remains relatively neutral and does not interpret or take direct actions with regard to the client, instead remaining a calm, nonjudgmental listener while the client talks

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nondirective

question

therapy technique in which therapist restates what the client says rather than interpreting those statements

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reflection

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referring to the warmth respect and accepting atmosphere created by the therapist for the client in person centered therapy

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unconditional positive regard

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the ability of the therapist to understand the feelings of the client

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empathy

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the genuine, open, and honest response of the therapist to the client

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authenticity

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what are the four basic elements of roger's centered therapy?

answer

reflection, unconditional positive regard, empathy, authenticity

question

express empathy, develop discrepancy between client's present behaviors and values, roll with resistance and support the client's self efficacy

answer

motivational interviewing

question

what is the goal of motivational interviewing

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goal: reduce ambivalence about change, and increase motivation to bring that change about

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form of directive insight therapy in which the therapist helps clients to accept all parts of their feelings and subjective experiences, using leading questions and planned experiences such as role-playing

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gestalt therapy

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is gestalt therapy directive or in directive?

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directive, confront clients about statements they have made

question

how does gestalt therapy work?

answer

Lead client's through number of planned experiences: • talking to empty chair (person who they want to talk to is in chair) • take on role of the parent or other person whom they have conflict with, this allows them to see the other person's POV

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gestalt therapy focuses on what?

answer

denied past

question

What is the evaluation on the humanistic perspective? overall directive or non directive? drawbacks?

answer

-help peeps make career choices, deal with workplace problems, and marriage counseling -nondirective: low risk of misinterpretation -little experimental research to support ideas, people must be of intelligent, verbal, and able to express their thoughts feelings and experiences in logical manner

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action therapies based on the principals of classical and operant conditioning and aimed at changing disordered behavior without concern for the original causes of such behavior

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behavioral therapies

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use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase favorable behavior.

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behavior modification / applied behavioral analysis

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behavior technique used to treat phobias, in which a client is asked to make a list of ordered fears and taught to relax while concentrating on those fears

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systematic desensitization

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form of behavioral therapy in which an undesirable behavior is paired with an aversive stimulus to reduce the frequency of the behavior

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aversion therapy

question

behavioral techniques that expose individuals to anxiety or fear related stimuli, under carefully controlled conditions, to promise new learning

answer

exposure therapies

question

create hierarchy of least feared event and up, exposure begins at least feared and work up

answer

graded exposure

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What are the therapies based on operant conditioning?

answer

modeling, reinforcement, extinction

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learning through the observation and imitation of others

answer

modeling, albert bandura

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technique in which a model demonstrates the desired behavior in a step by step, gradual process while the client is encouraged tp imitate the model

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participant modeling

question

the strengthening of a response by following it with a pleasurable consequence or the removal of an unpleasant stimulus

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reinforcement

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the use of objects called token to reinforce behavior in which the tokens cab be accumulated and exchanged for desired items or privileges

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token economy, positive

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a formal, written agreement between the therapist and client in which goals for behavioral change, reinforcements, and penalties are clearly states

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contingency contracting negative

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the removal of a reinforce to reduce the frequency of a behavior

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extinction

question

an extinction process in which a person is removed from the situation that provides reinforcement for undesirable behavior, usually by being placed in a quiet corner or a room away from possible attention and reinforcement opportunities

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time out

question

What are the cognitive therapies?

answer

cognitive behavioral therapy, rational emotive therapy

question

therapy in which the focus is on helping clients recognize distortions in their thinking and replace distorted, unrealistic beliefs with more realistic, helpful thoughts

answer

cognitive therapy

question

what are cognitive distortions that can create negative feelings?

answer

arbitrary interference, selective thinking, overgeneralization, magnification and minimization, personalization

question

distortion of thinking in which a person draws a conclusion that is not based on any evidence

answer

arbitrary interference

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distortion of thinking in which a person focuses on only one aspect of a situation wile ignoring all other relevant aspects

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selective thinking

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distortion of thinking in which a person draws sweeping conclusions based on only one incident or event and applies those conclusions to events that are unrelated to the original

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overgeneralization

question

distortion in thinking in which a person blows a negative event out of proportion to its importance (this is? ) while ignoring relevant positive events (this is?)

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magnification minimization

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distortion of thinking n which a person takes responsibility or blame for events that are unconnected to the person

answer

personalization

question

how do cognitive therapists use the distorted thinking?

answer

gets client to look at their beliefs and test them to see how accurate they really are

question

action therapy in which the goal is to help clients overcome problems by learning to think more rationally and logically

answer

cognitive behavioral therapy

question

what abnormality is cognitive behavioral therapy most used for? why do people criticize it?

answer

depression, stress, anxiety focuses on symptoms not cause of disorder

question

cognitive behavioral therapy in which clients are directly challenged in their irrational beliefs and helped to restructure their thinking into more rational belief statements

answer

rational emotive behavior therapy

question

who came up with cognitive therapy, who came up with rational emotive behavior therapy?

answer

Beck Elis

question

what is the evaluation on cognitive therapy?

answer

o short term therapy o treat symptoms not cause o maladaptive thoughts are seen as the cause of the problem o considerable success in treating many types of disorders

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form of group therapy in which family members meet together with a counselor or therapist to resolve problems that affect the entire family

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family counseling

question

what is the goal of family counseling?

answer

discover the unhealthy ways in which family members interact and communicate with one another and change those to healthier forms of interaction

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group composed of peeps who have similar problems and who meet together without a therapist or counselor for the purpose of discussion, problem solving, and social/emotional support

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self help groups

question

advantages of group therapy?

answer

o lower cost o exposure to ways in which other peeps view and handle the same kinds of problems o opportunity for both therapist and person to see how that person interacts with others o social and emotional support

question

disadvantages of group therapy?

answer

o therapist is no longer only person to whom secrets and fears are revealed, makes some reluctant to speak o client must share the therapist's time during the session o peeps w/ severe psychiatric disorders may not be able to tolerate group therapy

question

According the Hans Eysenick does psychotherapy really work?

answer

peeps receiving psychotherapy did not recover at any higher rate than those who had no psychotherapy and that the passage of time alone could account for all recovery

question

what are the problems with studying the effectiveness of psychotherapy?

answer

-controlled studies don't work -not all therapies take the same amount of time to be effective -experimenter bias--therapist expects treatment to work so he records it does

question

combination of multiple methods

answer

eclectic view of psychotherapy

question

focuses on factors common to successful outcomes from different forms of therapy

answer

common factors approach

question

the relationship between therapist and client that develops as a warm, caring, accepting relationship characterized by empathy, mutual respect, and understanding

answer

therapeutic alliance

question

relieving of pent up emotions

answer

catharsis

question

what are characteristics of effective therapy?

answer

-eclectic view -therapeutic alliance -opportunity for catharsis -learning and practice of new behaviors -positive experiences for client

question

what can make it difficult for effective psychotherapy?

answer

-culture bound values -class bound values -language -nonverbal communication

question

psychotherapy that is offered on the internet

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cybertherapy

question

advantages and disadvantages of cybertherapy?

answer

advantages: • little to no cost • availability • access to support groups online • relative anonymity Danger: • no guarantee that the cyber therapist has any credentials • no face to face • no access to body language or vocal tones

question

therapies that directly affect the biological functioning of the body and brain, 3 types: drug therapy, shock therapy, surgical treatments

answer

biomedical therapies

question

the use of drugs to control or relieve symptoms of psychological disorders

answer

psychopharmacology

question

drugs used to treat psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations and bizarre behavior, work on dopamine

answer

antipsychotic drugs

question

syndrome causing person to make repetitive involuntary jerks and movements of face, lips, legs, and body

answer

tardive dyskinesia

question

what can prolonged use of antipsychotic drugs cause?

answer

tardive dyskinesia and decrease in cognitive functioning

question

how long are antipsychotic drugs taken for?

answer

rest of a person's life

question

drugs used to treat and calm anxiety reactions, typically minor tranquilizers, work on serotonin

answer

anti anxiety

question

when are effects seen with anti anxiety drugs?

answer

half an hour of taking, often abused

question

drugs used to treat depression and anxiety

answer

anti depressant

question

when are effects seen with anti depressant drugs?

answer

3-5 weeks, not subject to abuse, fewer side effects

question

treat bipolar disorder, include lithium and certain anticonvulsant drugs

answer

antimanic drugs

question

what anti manic drug usually makes you feel nauseous?

answer

lithium, why a lot of manic people end up not taking medicine

question

treat seizures and sometimes used to treat mania

answer

anti convulsent

question

form of biomedical therapy used to treat severe depression in which electrodes are place on either one or both sides of a person's head and electric current is assed through the electrodes that is strong enough to cause a seizure or convulsion

answer

electroconvulsive therapy

question

how long does it take for the effects of ETC to show up?

answer

almost immediately

question

what are negative side effects of ETC?

answer

causes both retrograde and anterograde amnesia • retrograde: several months before and few weeks after treatment • anterograde: clears up a few weeks after treatment

question

surgery performed on brain tissue used to relieve or control severe psychological disorders

answer

psychosurgery

question

psychosurgery in which the connections of the prefrontal lobes of the brain to the rear portions are severed

answer

prefrontal lobotomy

question

technique in which an electrode wire is inserted into the anterior cingulate gyrus with the guidance of a MRI machine for the purpose of destroying that area of brain tissue with an electric current

answer

bilateral anterior cingulotomy

question

when is psychosugery used?

answer

when all other options have been exhausted

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