question

According to Dr. Grabe, the different models of learning do not have to be understood as competing and may all be useful in understanding specific situations. Despite his parents negative reaction, young Johnny has taken to using profanity at inappropriate times. "This has been going on ever since he has started day care," mom explains. This "learning" is most likely an example of: a. classical conditioning b. modeling c. operant conditioning d. higher order thinking

answer

b. modeling

question

Functional fixedness is the: a. inability to discover the relations among the parts of the problem b. inability to carry out a sequence of transformation in order to reach a specific goal c. tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use d. sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect attempts based primarily on trial and error

answer

c. tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use

question

When you listen to a lecture, the information is held in the _____ memory until you write it in your notes a. trace b. sensory c. short-term d. long-term

answer

c. short-term

question

Dr. Grabe explained that intelligence is supposed to be a measure of aptitude, but it is actually based on a measure of achievement. This is considered acceptable because IQ tests use items that reflect: a. the topics learned in school b. topics considered general information or performance items that are novel and do not require much background knowledge c. abstract concepts that no one has learned before d. math problems

answer

b. topics considered general information or performance items that are novel and do not require much background knowledge

question

Many human traits, including intelligence, show a normal distribution. This means that a. most cases are near the middle of the distribution b. most cases are near the edges of distribution c. cases are equally frequent across the entire distribution d. few cases are near the middle of the distribution

answer

a. most cases are near the middle of the distribution

question

In the laboratory you completed items from the Remote Associates Test requiring you to identify a word that is an associate of three other words. This task is intended to evaluate which of the following characteristics? a. intelligence b. problem solving skill c. creativity d. critical thinking

answer

d. critical thinking

question

Experts are concerned that video games may have far more harmful effects than violence seen on TV because: a. they require a higher level of attention b. players are reinforced for competing a violent task c. players identify with the characters they control d. all of the above

answer

d. all of the above

question

While intelligence tests are supposed to measure aptitude, the tests actually measure what has already been learned. (i.e. achievement) Which is the most accurate concerning these two concepts? a. aptitude and achievement measure the same thing b. aptitude is an estimate of potential; achievement is an estimate of what has been accomplished c. aptitude is an estimate of the impacts of genetics; achievement is an estimate of the impact of the environment

answer

b. aptitude is an estimate of potential; achievement is an estimate of what has been accomplished

question

Dr. Grabe has presented a study that has resulted in what is describes as the "forgetting curve". This curve displays the rate of forgetting of unrehearsed material over an extended period of time (three weeks). one part of this study involved that comparison of a recall test at different intervals after initial learning on a long term retention. There is no rehearsal or study other than taking one recall test. The results demonstrated that if one wants to have the most information available at the total retention interval, it would be the best practice to recall: a. almost immediately; 1 day b. almost halfway through; 9 days c. near the end of the time period; 18 days

answer

a. almost immediately; 1 day

question

Brock was describing the inside of his doctor's office to one of his friends. In his description he mentions that there were two diplomas on the wall, even though this doctor does not have any diplomas displayed on the wall. Brock's error in recall illustrates: a. the role of semantic networks in long-term memory b. the need of context cues in short-term memory c. the need for a good central executive system in short-term memory d. the role of schemas in long-term memory

answer

d. the role of schemas in long-term memory ?????

question

The problem of people talking on cell phones while driving is difficult to address because people are conceived that they are not impaired by this activity. They have been exposed to information about this issue but cannot accept it as an actual problem because they cannot sense that the situation actually reduces their capabilities. A demonstration related to this issue was used in a class. This demonstration involved which of the following scenarios: a. the results of the partial report technique- individuals are asked to report what they see from three rows of letters viewed for 1/4 of a second b. the invisible gorilla demonstration- the man in the gorilla suit walking through the middle of several individuals passing a basketball back and forth c. the bobo doll- children watch videos of an adult striking a blow up doll with a wooden mallet

answer

b. the invisible gorilla demonstration- the man in the gorilla suit walking through the middle of several individuals passing a basketball back and forth

question

If you are given a list of vocabulary words to study briefly before being tested on your memory of the words, as you read the list you should: a. count how many letters are in each word b. concentrate on the first letter of each word c. think of a word that rhymes with each word d. use each word in a sentence

answer

b. concentrate on the first letter of each word

question

Bandura's research on bobo dolls where teacher behaves violently towards the doll and students repeat that behavior is an example of a. modeling b. interference c. learned helplessness d. shaping

answer

a. modeling

question

Experts estimate the the heritability of intelligence is 50%. This suggests that a. 50% of a persons intelligence is due to genetic inheritance b. 50% of variability intelligence is due to variations in genetic interference c. 50% of a persons intelligence is due to environmental factors d. 50% of the difference average intelligence between different ethnic groups is due to genetic inheritance

answer

b. 50% of variability intelligence is due to variations in genetic interference

question

Twin studies are used to estimate the heritability of traits potentially influenced by multiple genes. Typically, the approach involves a comparison of correlations. As evidence for heritability a strong correlation associated with which of the following groups would be most persuasive? a. fraternal twins reared together b. fraternal twins reared apart c. identical twins reared together d. identical twins reared apart

answer

d. identical twins reared apart ????

question

When tested on the Brent-Simon scale, Ada found to have a mental age of eight. This means a. that she is intellectually impaired b. that her performance was good as that of an average eight year old c. that her score of eight is the standard deviation units above the average score d. that her IQ is 80

answer

b. that her performance was good as that of an average eight year old

question

research by Loftus on eyewitness testimony indicates that what people recall of an incident or crime scene a. is so vivid that it is subject to very little minor error b. can be influenced by the types of questioned asked c. can be significantly improved by the use of hypnosis d. is distorted by information and is completely inaccurate

answer

b. can be influenced by the types of questioned asked

question

Sandra Scarr presents a position on the heritability of intelligence that manages to argue for and against the heritability of intelligence at the same time. She does this by using the concept of a threshold environmental differences make very little difference. which of the following variables would fit with this notion of threshold? a. living with a drug dependent mother as an infant resulting in infrequent mother-child interactions b. having a father more than six feet tall c. attending a school in a larger vs. smaller North Dakota community d. growing up as an only child vs. growing up with two sisters

answer

c. attending a school in a larger vs. smaller North Dakota community

question

Modern intelligence tests differ from the approach taken by Binet by a. generalizing the IQ score contrasting the score of an individual with the scores of others the same age b. focusing on difference in knowledge of topics taught in nearly every elementary and secondary school c. relying on administration by a computer

answer

a. generalizing the IQ score contrasting the score of an individual with the scores of others the same age

question

Universal Studios wants to train a cat to pull a rope as part of an animal act. The probability that the cat will just pull a rope is very low. What technique would be the best choice to use to help the cat learn to emit the desired response? a. shaping b. stimulus generalization c. extinction d. stimulus discrimination

answer

a. shaping ????

question

Which of the following is an example of metacognition a. having the feeling that something bad will happen today b. having the feeling that you have had a similar previous experience (e.i. visiting a new place and feeling you have been there before) c. high level of thinking behavior (problem solving, critical thinking) d. self assessment of thinking behavior - has the cognitive behavior gone well or poorly)

answer

b. having the feeling that you have had a similar previous experience (e.i. visiting a new place and feeling you have been there before) ????

question

The average nightly traffic through the turn styles of the UND library is 134 students. However, during the week of finals the library traffic averages 478 visitors. This is probably an example of a. spontaneous recovery b. extinction c. a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement d. a variable interval schedule of reinforcement

answer

d. a variable interval schedule of reinforcement

question

Observing the similarities between a new problem to be solved and one you've successfully solved in the past is called a. changing the representation of the problem b. searching for analogies c. forming subgoals d. the additive strategy

answer

b. searching for analogies

question

The basic principals of gradual acquisition, extinction, stimulus generalization, and discrimination apply a. to both classical and instrumental conditioning b. only to classical conditioning c. only to instrumental conditioning d. to learning by animals, but not to learning by people

answer

a. to both classical and instrumental conditioning

question

The three basic processes in memory are a. encoding, storage, retrieval b. acoustic, semantic, and eidetic c. recall, recognition, and relearning d. sensation, perception, and cognition

answer

a. encoding, storage, retrieval

question

According to the serial-position effect, subjects tend to show better recall for items ____ of a list than for items ____. a. at the beginning and end; in the middle b. in the middle; at the beginning and end c. at the end; at the beginning d. in the middle; at the beginning

answer

a. at the beginning and end; in the middle

question

The fundamental conclusion of the experiment using the Sperling Partial Report Technique is that: a. short term memory ability varies greatly from person to person b. the capacity of sensory memory is immense, but the duration is very short c. short term memory duration is about 15 seconds when one cannot rehearse d. the information in the long term memory is linked in complex webs

answer

b. the capacity of sensory memory is immense, but the duration is very short

question

When new responses are more easily established with _____ reinforcement, responses maintained with _____ reinforcement are more resistant to extinction a. continuous; intermittent b. intermittent; continuous c. primary; secondary d. secondary; primary

answer

a. continuous; intermittent ?????

question

Which of the memory stores the least amount of information? a. sensory store b. short-term memory c. long-term memory d. declarative memory

answer

b. short-term memory

question

If you have finally succeeded in getting your dog to stop begging for food from the table while the family is eating dinner by making sure no one in the family ever gives the dog table food, it is the most accurate to say that you have _____ the dog's begging response. a. shaped b. punished c. extinguished d. reinforced

answer

c. extinguished

question

Ebbinghaus' original forgetting curves,which graphed his retention over time, suggested that most forgetting occurs a. very gradually over long periods of time b. only after several days have passed. c. as a result of interference with other information d. very rapidly after learning something

answer

d. very rapidly after learning something

question

Mrs Black has been working hard to get young Mikey to control his tendency to blurt out statements during discussions rather than waiting to be called on. She is careful to respond to him only when he raises his hand. This approach begins to show results. however, after Christmas break it seems his behavior is as inappropriate as ever. This reversal is most likely the result of fixed interval schedule of reinforcement a. a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. shaping d. spontaneous recovery

answer

d. spontaneous recovery

question

Typically, those who are less skilled in performing a given behavior (keyboarding, golfing, reading) have to think more about the basic skilled involved in these behaviors (i.e. where the keys are located on the keyboard). Their performance suffers as consequence. More able performers do not need to "think" about these behaviors. This difference is described as a. automaticity b. metacognition c. rehearsal d. anxiety

answer

b. metacognition

question

Reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a desired behavior is called a. acquisition b. extinction c. shaping d. none of the above

answer

c. shaping

question

Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a. an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models b. stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus c. voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences d. and event following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response

answer

b. stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus ????

question

The capacity of short term memory can be described in terms of the number of chunks people can retain and the amount of information a chunk holds. The amount of information a chunk holds probably accounts for the greatest capacity differences among individuals and situations. The capacity of a chunk is most strongly influenced by a. genetic/biological differences b. experience/learning c. metacognition

answer

c. metacognition

question

As you were answering this question, you are taking in information from this test and recalling information you have stored as the result of study. These information sources are controlled as you consider which answer is correct. This memory store in which all information sources are presently active is the a. long term memory b. short term memory c. sensory memory

answer

a. long term memory

question

Individuals have a difficult time with the Stroop test, where color words (i.e. blue) is written in another color (i.e. red). Why is it hard to say the color of the word and what disorder does it relate to? a. Feature matching; ODD b. feature matching; ADHD c. Interference task; ODD d. Interference task; ADHD

answer

d. Interference task; ADHD

question

Classical conditioning could easily account for how a young child might learn to a. become potty trained b. feed himself c. pick up toys d. fear the dentist

answer

d. fear the dentist ????

question

Rather than physically hurting young children (spanking) new parents are encouraged to put their children in "time out" in response to an inappropriate behavior. This consequence would most accurately be described as: a. a negative reinforcement - the children responds to the negative experience b. a type 1 punishment - this reduces frequency in behavior in reaction to the addition of an unpleasant experience c. a type 2 punishment - the child reduces frequency of a behavior in reaction to losing access to something they enjoyed

answer

c. a type 2 punishment - the child reduces frequency of a behavior in reaction to losing access to something they enjoyed

question

Sensory memory a. is the same as working memory b. is a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 hours c. preserves information in its original sensory for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second d. is an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time

answer

c. preserves information in its original sensory for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second

question

Mary takes a course in which she is tested every two weeks. Her studying falls off right after a test,followed by a gradual increase to a rapid rate of studying as the next test approaches. Her studying conforms to the typical pattern of responding maintained on a. fixed-ratio schedules b. variable-ratio schedules c. fixed-interval schedules d. variable interval schedules

answer

c. fixed-interval schedules

question

Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and modeling are all associated with what was described as the behavior learning perspective. Dr. Grabe proposed that these different processes often work together, but one of these processes probably accounts for the speed with which people learn new skills (implying that the other processes would result in slower learning if the process operated alone). The process that is most uniquely accounts for speed of learning in daily life is: a. operant conditioning b. classical conditioning c. modeling

answer

a. operant conditioning

question

After the first exam, you spent time in the lab completing an exam wrapper. The idea was to increase your awareness of issues you might focus on in improving your preparation for this exam. Efforts to influence our personal awareness of the strengths and weaknesses in our cognitive functioning might be described as efforts to improve: a. metacognition b. attentional blindness c. reconstructive memory d. spreading activation

answer

b. attentional blindness

question

Which of the following individuals would be the most likely to think that IQ tests have validity? A person who believes Iq tests are designed to a. predict future job performance b. predict creativity c. predict school performance d. predict social intelligence

answer

c. predict school performance

question

When I start my car, i hear a loud noise that continues until I buckle my seat belt. This approach is an example of: a. positive punishment b. negative punishment c. positive reinforcement d. negative reinforcement

answer

d. negative reinforcement

question

In an employee of a company that conducts telephone surveys receives $1.00 for every three completed surveys he conducts, he is being paid on a _____ schedule a. fixed ratio b. fixed interval c. variable ratio d. variable interval

answer

b. fixed interval

question

Assuming you have eaten sour pickles before, imagine eating a large, juicy, sour pickle. If just thinking about the pickle causes your mouth to water, your salivation would be a. a conditioned stimulus b. a conditioned response c. an unconditioned response d. an unconditioned stimulus

answer

c. an unconditioned response ????

question

In Brandura's classic study on the power of modeling, the children who were most likely to play aggressively with the Bobo doll were the children who saw a film of a model behaving a. in a nonaggressive manner and receiving positive consequences b. in a nonaggressive manner and receiving negative consequences c. in an aggressive manner and receiving positive consequences d. in an aggressive manner and receiving negative consequences

answer

c. in an aggressive manner and receiving positive consequences

question

The "tip-of-the-tounge" phenomenon refers to a. saying something before you've had a chance to think about it b. dreamlike material that you recall during alpha-wave pre-sleep c. a mnemonic device to help you store information in a long-term memory d. feeling like you know something but are unable to recall it

answer

d. feeling like you know something but are unable to recall it

question

prenatal period

answer

- conception of birth to 9 months pregnant (entire pregnancy) germinal>embryonic>fetal

question

zygote-

answer

one celled organism formed by union of sperm and egg

question

germinal stage-

answer

prenatal development from conception> 2 weeks

question

embryonic stage

answer

- second stage of prenatal development from 2 weeks > end of second month

question

fetal stage

answer

- third stage from end of 2 months > birth

question

motor development

answer

- progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities

question

fast mapping

answer

- children map a word onto an underlying concept after only one exposure ("truck" "nose")

question

overextension

answer

- when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a wider set of objects or actions that it meant to (ball-orange, moon)

question

telegraphic speech

answer

- content words; articles, prepositions, and other less critical words are permitted ("give doll")

question

overregularizations

answer

- grammatical rules are incorrectly generalized to irregular cases when they don't apply ("I hitted ball")

question

Trust vs. mistrust

answer

First years of life - is my world predictable and supportive?

question

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

answer

2-3- can I do things myself or must I always rely on others?

question

Initative vs. guilt

answer

4-6 am I good or am I bad?

question

Industry vs. inferiority

answer

6-puberty - am I competent or am I worthless

question

identity vs. confusion

answer

adolescence - who am I and where am I going?

question

Intimacy vs. isolation

answer

Early adulthood - shall I share my life with another or live alone?

question

Generatively vs. self-absorption

answer

Middle adulthood- will I produce something of real value?

question

Integrity vs. despair

answer

Late adulthood- have I lived a full life?

question

Cognitive development

answer

transitions in youngsters patterns of thinking, including reasoning, remembering, and problem solving

question

6. Piaget's stage theory

answer

-Sensory motor period - coordination of sensory input and motor responses; development of object permanence -Preoperational period - Development of symbolic thought marked by inirreversibility, concentration, and egocentrism -Concrete optional period - Mental operations applied to concrete events; mastery of conservation, hierarchical information -Formal operational period - Mental operations, applied to abstract ideas; logical, systematic thinking

question

Kohlberg's stage theory

answer

a. Punishment orientation- Right and wrong is determined by what is punished b. Naive reward orientation - Right and wrong is determined by what is rewarded c. Good boy/girl orientation- Right and wrong is determined by close others' approval or disapproval d. Authority orientation - Right and wrong is determined by societies rules and lows which should be obeyed e. Social contract orientation - Right and wrong is determined by societies rules which are viewed as fallible rather than absolute f. Individual principles and conscience orientation - Right and wrong is determined by abstract ethical principles that emphasize equity and justice

question

Object permanence

answer

when a child recognizes objects that continue to exist even when they are no longer visible

question

Functional fixedness

answer

- the tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use

question

mental set

answer

- when people persist in using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past

question

trial and error

answer

- possible solutions sequentially and discarding those that are in error until one works

question

heuristic

answer

- a guiding principle or "rule of thumb" used in solving problems or making decisions

question

incubation effect

answer

-when new solutions surface for a previously unsolved problem after a period of not consciously thinking about the problem

question

theory of bounded rationality

answer

- people tend to use simple strategies in decision making that focuses on only a few facets of available options and often result in irrational decisions that are less than optimal

question

availability heuristic

answer

basing estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind

question

representativeness heuristic

answer

- basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event

question

conjunction fallacy-

answer

when people estimate that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone

question

gambler's fallacy

answer

the belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn't occurred recently

question

mental age

answer

the mental ability typical of a child of the actual age

question

intelligence quotient (IQ)

answer

- mental age/ actual age X100

question

heritability ratio

answer

- estimate of the proportion of trait variability in a population that is determined by variations in genetic inheritance

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