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William Oliver

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British physician in 1785, gave a guy suffering from manic episodes a high dose of camphor, which caused him to convulse. Thought he killed him but it became an early shock therapy

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Dioscorides

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Early Greek physician that would hit a person in the temple with a fish that generates electricity to generate a shock to the temple, causing them to have a seizure. When the woke up they would no longer have a headache. First actual electric shock therapy.

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Cerletti & Bini

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Would watch pigs at a slaughter house and they would shock them to calm them down. ETC was originally designed for schizophrenia but later was used for depression as well. ETC is still used from time to time.

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Metrazol

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Very dangerous medicine that gave seizures so bad it would break bones. Only lasted a short time before it was outlawed.

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Insulin Shock Therapy

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Inject a non-diabetic with insulin which puts them in a coma and as the body was struggling to come out of it, the hope was that you would come out of your problem mentally as well. Gave orange juice as soon as they were out of the coma so they wouldn't slip back in.

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Lobotomy

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Now a days are done with reservation after no other methods work. It is very tedious and irreversible.

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Pre-Frontal Lobotomy

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Most common lobotomy. Incision in the forehead to cut nerve fibers in frontal lobe.

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Transorbital Lobotomy

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Freeman and Watts. Very brutal, worst lobotomy of all. The first one was done with an ice pick. Corner of the eye and move something near the orbital bone. Freeman thought he couldn't perform it, so he asked Watts (neurosurgeon), Freeman later took over. Done in the 30s-50s. 1000s were done.

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Freeman & Watts

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Transorbital Lobotomy

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Topectomy

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Open skull and remove certain parts of the frontal cortex.

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Thalamotomy

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open skull and use electric needles in skulls opening.

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Ultrasonic

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Heavy duty sound waves to destroy certain subcortical tissue.

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Lobotomy Side Effects

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All of them are irreversible. Patient may become impulsive because they are rendered free of guilt, don't care about others opinions, don't plan for the future much, lack self continuity, and emotionally subdued. Not done to cure you, but to make your life more bearable.

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Mark & Ervin

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put electrodes in a man's head because he was struggling with rage. After the procedure he was incapable of living outside of the hospital and was in an institution for the rest of his life. (negative lobotomy outcome)

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Psychotherapy

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Any non-intrusive therapy-> psychological treatment. Hypnosis, talking, etc.

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Clinical Psychology

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A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.

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Psychoanalysis

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A Freudian approach to psychotherapy emphasizing the exploration of unconscious conflicts. Less likely to prescribe drugs.

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Continued Sleep Therapy (Narcosis)

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Drug a person and make them sleep ~16 hours a day. Puts you in a better mood and keeps you from making bad decisions. Sometimes used for combat veterans suffering from extreme fatigue.

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Carl Rogers

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Developed "client-centered" therapy (father of humanistic psychology) Saint of Psychology

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William Schultz

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Started Encounter Groups

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Edgar Casey

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Had problems with his eyes, but healed himself with hypnosis. People came to him for help even though he had no medical training. Helped heal ~1800 people.

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Max Werteheimer, Koffka, and Kohler (later Frits Perls)

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Gestalt Therapy

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William Glasser

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Reality Therapy

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Rollo May, Eugene Gendalin, and Joe Volpe

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Existential Therapy

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Clinical Interview

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A conversational style interview, used to look for the participant's point of view. Are they oriented or disoriented? Are they delusional? Hallucinations? Inappropriate emotional effect? Verbal and nonverbal communication disturbances.

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Somatic Delusions

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client believes that their body is changing, which has no basis in reality

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Sexual Delusions

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delusions with a strong relation to erotic feelings and activities.

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Reference Delusions

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Take a chance occurrence and see it aimed at you. I walk into building and walls fall down.

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Delusions of Persecution

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A false belief that some person or agency is trying in some way to harm one. Most common.

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Folie a' Deux

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Believing a delusion of another person

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Cognitive Therapy

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Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting. Using thoughts to control emotions and behaviors

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Erin Beck

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Cognitive Therapy

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George Kelly, Albert Ellis and Erin Beck

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Fixed-Role Play Therapy

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Play Therapy

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Used with kids to get hostility, emotions, etc. out in a positive way. May talk a bout things while they are playing that they wouldn't usually talk about.

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Music Therapy

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The patient listens to soothing music (an easy-to-administer, inexpensive, noninvasive intervention). Schizophrenics have came out of themselves when music is playing.

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Art Therapy

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Expressing self through art. Therapist watches what they draw, how they draw it, etc. House, tree, person test.

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Humanistic Psychology

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Carl Rogers. Emphasized the need for love, self respect, etc. Non-directive, rogerian, client-centered therapy approach. He was an empathetic listener. Didn't make judgments. "Allow your mind to wander and talk about any kind of problem that bothers you." Tries to build self confidence.

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IQ Testing

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Used to check competency. Have for children and adults.

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Projective Test/Device

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Tap deepest levels of fears/needs. Rorschach Ink Blot Test and Hollzman. Psychodynamics and Freudians tend to do this.

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Rorschach Ink Blot Test

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Projective test in which a person explains what they see in an image.

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Hollzman

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Less popular projective test. Used more color than Rorschach.

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Thematic Apperception

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people view ambiguous pictures and then make up stories about them. Projective Test.

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Children's Apperception Test

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3-10 social-emotional components of personality in children. Projective Image of animals

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Make a Picture Story (MAPs)

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Let the patient pick as may pictures as they want and make a story. Adults or kids.

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House, Tree, Person (HTP)

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Therapist looks as sizes, relationships in size, detail, etc. Is a personality test for adults or kids.

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KAHN Test

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Projecting personal needs into cultural structured symbols. Various symbols and say what they mean to you. Put in categories.

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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

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Not projective. 14 areas of the personality, 10 clinical scale. Most used personality form. Original 567, other 338. Special one for teens.

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Neofreudian Therapy

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Spin off of Freud. Kind of went away from sexual part of Freud's theories. Transactual analysis, primal scream therapy, parataxic distortions, egoanalytic (ego) therapy

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Carl Jung

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Neofreudian, emphasis on collective unconsciousness and spiritual crisis.

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Alfred Audler

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Neofreudian, wanted to emphasize the social instead of sexual nature of man. Basic mistakes approach. "Manipulative personal beliefs can lead to personal psychological problems."

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Transactional Analysis

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Eric Berne, a method of understanding behavior in interpersonal dynamics. Sociologist use often. 70s & 80s. Neoanalytic

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Eric Berne

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Transactional Analysis. "Within everyone, there is a parent, adult and a child"

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Primal Scream Therapy

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Janov, If you get stressed or frustrated, you need to scream. Neoanalytic

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Janov

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Primal Scream Therapy

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Parataxic Distortions

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Harry S. Sullivan. Problematic interpersonal relationship when you are a child, what impact do they have on you as an adult misinterpreting reality. Neoanaytic

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Harry S. Sullivan

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Parataxic Distortions

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Egoanalytic (Ego) Therapy

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Erikson & Hartman. Psychodynamic approach that stresses the defense of the ego in personality development.

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Erikson & Hartman

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Egoanalytic (Ego) Therapy

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Self-Psychology

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Heinz Kohut. Modified psychoanalysis dealing with self-esteem. Low self-esteem was developed as a child due to a lack of love. Goal is to restore that feeling and sense of self.

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Heinz Kohut

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Self-Psychology

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Behavior Therapy

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Watson, Thordike, and Padlov. (later expanded by Skinner) Systematic Desensitization, Implosive Therapy, Aversion, Behavior Modification, Logo Therapy, Applied Behavior Analysis, Stimulus Response Approach, Social Learning, Rational Emotive Therapy.

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Watson, Thordike, and Padlov

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Behavior Therapy

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Watson

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Behavior Therapy, process of conditioning

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Systematic Desensitization

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Joe Wolpe. Desensitizing people by exposing them to their fear a little at a time. Used relaxation exercise therapy to release the anxiety caused by the fear, etc.

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Joe Wolpe

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Systematic Desensitization, Stimulus Response (SR) Approach

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Implosive Therapy

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Tom Stampel. Started at University of Milwakee. Confront the fear head on. Fight fear with fear. Fear of water? throw into a pool.

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Tom Stampel

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Implosive Therapy

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Aversion

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Rarely used by itself. Used to reduce undesirable sexual behavior.

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Behavior Modification

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B.F. Skinner. Token economy. The application of learning principles to help people develop more effective or adaptive behaviors.

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B.F. Skinner

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Behavior Modification, Skinner Box, Expanded Watson's ideas in Behavior therapy. Interested in learning process.

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Token economy

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Reinforcement by use of token (especially used in children). Can get tokens as reward and buy things with them. Doesn't work well on psychotic patients.

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Skinner Box

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Developed by B.F. Skinner. Box with mouse gives treat or shock.

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Logo Therapy

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Victor Frankel. Anticipating the anxiety (numbing yourself). Developed while in a Nazi concentration camp.

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Victor Frankel

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Logo Therapy. Behaviorist and existentialist

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Applied Behavior Analysis

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Applying opperant conditioning techniques to a wide variety of problems. Can be used on anyone (any age level)

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Stimulus Response (SR) Approach

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Wolpe and Eysenck. Belief that behavior manifests as a result of the interplay between stimulus and response.

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Wolpe and Eysenck

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Stimulus Response (SR) Approach

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Social Learning

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Albert Bandura. Reteaching people some of the basic skills. Behavior is viewed as a product or both internal cognitive mediating process and external stimulus.

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Albert Bandura

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Social Learning

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Rational Emotive Therapy

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Ellis. It's not the event that causes the issue, its what you believe about the event. Have to mediate between the event and the emotion.

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Ellis

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Rational Emotive Therapy, Fixed-Role Play Therapy

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