question

Activation of stereotypes

answer

all of these

question

With respect to disability and sexual assault, statistics show that

answer

A) disabled women are more likely than other women to be sexually assaulted.

question

With respect to their own self-evaluations, a difficulty faced by women of color in North America is that

answer

C) they are surrounded by a culture in which the predominant images of feminine beauty presented in the media are white.

question

Researchers studying the stereotypes about women and men find that

answer

A) the male stereotype is the more rigidly defined of the two.

question

Which of the following best describes the difference between hostile and benevolent sexism?

answer

B) Benevolent sexism is sometimes seen as desirable; hostile sexism usually is not.

question

Researchers trying to measure the strength of sex stereotypes may sometimes ____________ the degree to which women and men are perceived as different, because questions are worded in a way that suggests that every adjective on the list can be classified as more typical of either women or men; thus subtly encouraging respondents to provide stereotypic answers.

answer

C) overestimate

question

Research by Landrine (1985), which compared the stereotypes of black and white American middle- and lower-class women, showed that

answer

A) the stereotypes did not differ significantly by race or social class.

question

Because Ymeika is a woman, Kevin thinks that she will not be good at sports. Kevin's thinking is an example of

answer

B) sex stereotyping.

question

Gender refers to

answer

C) the cultural aspects of masculinity and femininity.

question

Poor women are viewed

answer

C) more positively than poor men.

question

Which of the following traits is NOT associated with femininity?

answer

B) realistic

question

It has been hypothesized that lower-income men may be more authoritarian because

answer

A) all of these.

question

Diversity mindfulness includes

answer

D) all of these

question

Because Josh is a man, Savannah thinks that he will not be good at child-care. Savannah's thinking is an example of

answer

B) sex stereotyping.

question

When an occupation undergoes a transition from being dominated by men to being dominated by women, the

answer

A) occupation loses status.

question

Which of the following is the best example of the double standard of aging?

answer

D) John's gray hair and wrinkles are often described as making him look distinguished and Betty's gray hair and wrinkles as making her appear tired and worn.

question

Which of the following is an example of benevolent sexism toward men?

answer

C) Tammy believes women need romantic partnerships with men in order to be fulfilled.

question

In trying to determine whether the stereotypes people hold of gender are accurate, researchers have

answer

D) all of these.

question

Sexism against men

answer

D) can be very harmful.

question

Which of the following would NOT be an example of machismo?

answer

D) Father believes male children should be encouraged to challenge their fathers so they become strong.

question

Which statement best reflects modern sexism or neosexism?

answer

A) "Affirmative action has made it so that it is much easier for women to get jobs and get promoted than it is for men."

question

The Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) differs from earlier tests of masculinity & femininity in that

answer

D) it treats femininity and masculinity as two separate, independent dimensions.

question

Researchers now suggest that thinking of men and women as opposites

answer

C) polarizes people's perceptions of men and women.

question

A major aspect of the stereotypes surrounding individuals who are homosexual is that

answer

B) they do not fit the accepted feminine or masculine stereotypes for their own gender.

question

Benevolent sexism

answer

A) can be characterized by protective paternalism, idealization of women, and desire for intimate relations.

question

Jeremy is an 18-year-old. He has a firm sense of himself as a man and has adopted many of the traditional gendered customs of the South (e.g., holding doors open for women, standing when a woman excuses herself from the table). During the last year, he has developed an exclusive sexual relationship with Scott. He hopes that someday they can move in together. Jeremy's adoption of socially defined behaviors as appropriate based on his sex refers to his

answer

A) gender identity.

question

According to Rosabeth Moss Kanter's research on women in organizations,

answer

C) women managers in extremely powerful positions are interfering and coercive.

question

Cumulative continuity

answer

C) is the process through which an individual, beginning in childhood, selects and creates environments that fit her or his preferred forms of behavior.

question

According to the interactive model of gender-role behavior, the degree to which an individual's behavior conforms to gender stereotypes in a particular situation depends on

answer

D) both situational cues and individual beliefs about the self.

question

According to the cognitive developmental approach,

answer

C) as soon as children become aware that there are two sexes, they understand that gender categories are permanent.

question

As explanation for the development and maintenance of gender roles, social structural approaches, in contrast with identification theories, emphasize

answer

A) differences in structural form between men and women.

question

Pleck's concept of gender-role strain was an attempt to understand the social construction of masculinity. This approach suggested that

answer

A) the very behavior expected of males can be dysfunctional and cause them problems.

question

Anthony enjoys watching sports competitions and is very competitive when he plays racquetball with friends and in tournaments. Biosocial theory would explain this interest and behaviors as being the result of

answer

C) both social expectations and testosterone levels.

question

During the latter part of the 19th century, physicians theorized that the womb

answer

A) exercised a dominating influence over a woman's personality.

question

Freud rejected clitoral orgasms because

answer

D) mature, female sexuality should focus on vaginal sexuality.

question

Social learning theory suggests that both gender identity and gender role are developed

answer

B) by observing and imitating adult and peer models.

question

Nancy Chodorow's theory states that gender identities are

answer

B) dependent on child-rearing practices.

question

According to Sigmund Freud, the Electra complex

answer

C) involves a general sense of jealousy evolving from penis envy

question

In Freudian theory, a girl will withdraw her affection from her mother because the

answer

D) daughter blames the mother for her lack of a penis.

question

Pleck's gender-role strain paradigm is best demonstrated by which of the following?

answer

D) all of these

question

According to social dominance theory,

answer

B) men tend to adopt hierarchy-enhancing values.

question

In Freudian theory, which of the following is NOT a result of the Electra complex?

answer

A) girls develop a stronger superego than boys

question

Some theorists, such as Nancy Chodorow, have argued that family and parenting arrangements make it more difficult for boys than for girls to form a proper gender identity. According to these theorists, this difficulty stems from

answer

B) the fact that boys, like girls, initially identify with the mother.

question

A requirement for a good and useful theory is that it

answer

B) be subject to verification.

question

In Freud's psychosexual stages—oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital—the development of boys and girls diverges during the

answer

C) phallic stage.

question

Dorothy Dinnerstein's and Nancy Chodorow's gynocentric writings argue that societies' devaluation of women results from women's

answer

A) enormous power over children.

question

Hare-Mustin and Marecek's concept of an alpha bias describes the tendency to

answer

A) exaggerate gender differences.

question

During the latter part of the 19th century, it was believed that educating women in the same way as men would

answer

A) ruin women's physical and reproductive health.

question

Which is most representative of research on power and status?

answer

D) Ronetta acts more assertive with her children than with her boss.

question

Social role theory suggests that women and men do different kinds of work because of

answer

B) cultural expectations.

question

The most controlled way to test tenets of a theory is

answer

C) with an experiment using the experimental method

question

The discussion of science, androcentrism, and misogyny in the textbook suggests that

answer

A) the entire enterprise of scientific research has tended to reflect a masculine-centered approach.

question

Terman's longitudinal study that followed gifted preschool and elementary school students through adulthood found

answer

B) high IQ was a better predictor of achievement for men than women.

question

Generalizing findings about the impact on men of being fired by studying only men who sought therapy demonstrates that

answer

B) bias in selecting participants can influence results.

question

The bodily changes women undergo when they become more active physically, and Mead's cross-cultural data reporting that women showed individualistic, ruthless, aggressive traits in one culture and contrary traits in another, provide support for explanations of gender that emphasize

answer

C) interactions between heredity and environment.

question

With respect to the issue of bias in research on sex and gender, the chapter on researching sex and gender concludes that

answer

C) cultural stereotypes about masculinity and femininity influence the research at many levels and stages.

question

The significant increase in psychological research articles dealing with gender and the adoption of guidelines for nonsexist research supports the claim that

answer

D) getting more women into science changes science.

question

The Stanford Longitudinal Study, which followed children from birth through preschool, has shown that

answer

D) none of these

question

Which of the following is the best example of a discourse analysis?

answer

C) Dr. Smith analyzes Mary's diaries and transcripts from their interviews to understand Mary's life choices.

question

North American feminist psychologists

answer

C) place more emphasis on social rather than biological determinants of human behavior.

question

One interesting finding from the Stanford Longitudinal Study is that

answer

C) for many variables, birth order accounts for as much variability as does sex

question

Research that uses only male illustrations as cues or stimuli, or conformity topics not equally familiar to men and women, represents the problem of gender bias

answer

D) in defining and measuring variables.

question

Animal research is useful for understanding sex and gender because

answer

A) it is easier to control genetics and environment of animals in a lab situation than it is to control such factors for humans.

question

Which area has the greatest percentage of female students?

answer

D) psychology

question

Sharon decides to switch from studying girl gang members to studying teenage drug use because the area is well-respected and there are lots of agencies willing to fund her research. This is an example of

answer

C) how topic choice is shaped by social forces.

question

Margaret Mead's early cross-cultural research on gender was important because it showed that

answer

D) cultures can differ dramatically in their notions of femininity and masculinity.

question

Researchers who want to be sensitive to cultural diversity must keep in mind that

answer

A) members of different cultural or ethnic groups may not interpret research questions in the same ways.

question

Which of the following is the best example of an implicit method for measuring attitudes?

answer

D) Researchers measure the time and consistency in which participants match adjectives with me versus not me.

question

Trying to interpret mean differences between gender groups without paying attention to the distribution of the scores can be misleading because

answer

C) a gender difference in score means does not necessarily imply that the typical woman differs from the typical man on these scores.

question

In "Why Gender Differences Exist," the text notes that research typically leads to the conclusion that

answer

A) neither biological nor environmental factors are the sole cause of an observed male-female difference.

question

The finding that pregnant women are NOT more emotionally unstable than a comparison group

answer

B) demonstrates how bias in selecting participants can influence results.

question

Benbow and Stanley's conclusion that the superior math performance by boys among mathematically talented children was due to a biologically-based difference in ability between the sexes is used in the text as an example of

answer

D) the reliance on biological explanations to fill gaps in understanding.

question

Researchers in the Stanford Longitudinal Study found that

answer

A) similar socialization practices often have different outcomes for boys and girls.

question

Which of the following is the best example of naturalistic observation?

answer

D) Dr. Smith spends hours watching Mary interact with her family and records what he sees.

question

Which of the following is the best example of the narrative approach?

answer

B) Dr. Smith conducts in-depth interviews with Mary and then asks Mary to review his notes and react to his interpretations and provide him with her own interpretations.

question

Eagly and Carli's (1981) finding that greater female than male influenceability is more likely to be found by male than by female researchers led them to examine the ways that bias in research may be related to the researcher's gender. They concluded that

answer

D) both male and female researchers introduce bias in ways that make the portrayal of their own gender more favorable.

question

Which situation demonstrates the relationship between perceived competence and dominance in mixed-sex groups?

answer

A) Helga takes the leadership of a group deciding on the color scheme for the new women's dormitory.

question

Research on men's and women's responses to infants shows that

answer

C) gender differences in reactions to infants are more likely to show up when people know they are being observed and evaluated.

question

Eisenberg and Lennon's (1983) meta-analysis of gender differences in empathy found

answer

D) no differences between men and women in physiological reactions.

question

Men who work in occupations that require nurturance or sensitivity

answer

A) show the ability to decode nonverbal expressions of emotion.

question

A reason that casual observers sometimes perceive gender differences in behavior as larger than indicated by research is that

answer

C) people tend to notice and remember behavior that confirms their stereotypes.

question

Eisenberg and Lennon (1983), who reviewed the research on gender differences in empathy, concluded that

answer

B) the gender difference in empathy was most evident in studies where it was most obvious to the participants that empathy was being measured.

question

In the Bourne, Healy, and Beer (2003) study of gender differences in response to hypothetical attack scenarios,

answer

C) men gave harsher responses if a peace treaty had been violated.

question

Researchers trying to control for the effect of status when studying gender differences have found that

answer

A) it is difficult to find a really high-status job that is considered female-appropriate.

question

One qualification to the general finding of greater male than female aggression is that

answer

C) when boys and girls are similarly rewarded for aggressive behaviors, girls are as aggressive as boys are.

question

According to research by Eagly and Steffen (1986), who examined the relationship between gender differences in aggression and normative expectations for male and female aggression,

answer

A) the greatest male-female differences in aggression occurred in studies using behaviors where expectations and norms for males and females were most different.

question

Lockheed and Hall's (1976) study of the effect of status and role expectations on the emergence of leaders in mixed-sex groups showed that

answer

D) all of these

question

Which of the following statistics accurately describes rates of gendered violence in the United States?

answer

A) Females are the majority of the fatal and non-fatal victims of violence in families.

question

Those who adhere to the essentialism perspective believe

answer

D) differences between women and men are built in or set by biology or early learning.

question

Butler and Geis's (1990) study of reactions to female and male leaders showed that

answer

B) when making equivalent contributions to group discussions, male leaders received more smiles and fewer frowns than female leaders.

question

When we read researchers' conclusions about large categories of behavior such as aggression or nurturance, one source of caution in our interpretation of their conclusions should be that

answer

C) the conclusions are based on the measurement of only isolated, easily measurable variables.

question

Research on women and aggression suggests that

answer

D) all of these

question

Patricia Bradley's (1981) investigation of how gender stereotypes can influence observations of behaviors found

answer

A) women who used tag questions and disqualifiers were rated as less intelligent than men who used the same behaviors.

question

American studies of dominance in racially mixed groups have found that

answer

A) black women are more likely than white women to assume leadership positions in all-female groups.

question

Compared to overt aggression, relational aggression

answer

B) is used more by girls than overt aggression.

question

Although there is evidence that women have the potential to be very aggressive, they are often observed to be less aggressive than men. Research suggests that this is because

answer

A) women have learned to feel more guilty and anxious about aggression.

question

Research tendencies to study easily defined and precisely measured behaviors

answer

D) all of these

question

One source of observer bias in assessing gender differences in behavior is that

answer

A) if men and women are seen to differ in the frequency with which they engage in extreme levels of a particular behavior, such as aggression, this observation contributes strongly to gender stereotypes.

question

Which statement BEST reflects a social constructionist view of gender?

answer

B) Lee thinks boys and girls shouldn't play together because playing with baby dolls may lead the boys to act more feminine.

question

Hyde's (1984) meta-analysis of gender differences in aggression

answer

D) found robust, consistent differences in physical aggression.

question

Which of the following is the best example of transsexualism?

answer

A) Gary has always viewed himself as a woman and has scheduled sex-reassignment surgery for August.

question

When an infant's sex is ambiguous at birth,

answer

A) doctors decide which sex to assign the child by assessing the physical characteristics present at birth and projecting how well the child will be able to function as a male or female.

question

Which of the following is true of the sex hormones?

answer

D) Both sexes produce androgens and estrogens.

question

Studies attempting to link behavioral sex differences in humans with the prenatal hormonal environment

answer

B) produce correlational findings that reveal little about how hormonal effects may occur.

question

Which of the following is NOT a hormone?

answer

D) vas deferens

question

Which example best describes what we know about the relationship between hormones and behavior?

answer

D) Francine's prenatal exposure to estrogens and her socialization both shape her preference for dolls.

question

Girls with CAH must take lifetime cortisone therapy to compensate for the continuing malfunction of their adrenal glands. This makes it difficult to interpret findings of more masculine behavior in these girls because

answer

B) cortisone can cause mood elevation and hyperactivity, perhaps causing the differences in behavior between the CAH girls and other girls.

question

If there is any effect of prenatal and early postnatal hormones on the brain and behavioral sex differences in humans, researchers have focused on _______ as the most likely hormonal candidate.

answer

B) testosterone

question

Evidence now suggests that persons with an extra sex chromosome are

answer

D) none of these

question

A male-to-female transsexual differs from a female-to-male transsexual in all but one of the following ways. Select the exception:

answer

D) The former's gender identity is readily amenable to change, while the latter's is not.

question

Circulating testosterone and aggression have shown

answer

A) a positive relationship in a study of male prisoners.

question

In general, conclusions concerning the prenatal androgenization of genetic females and their subsequent masculinization

answer

C) can be only tentative because of the confounding of prenatal androgenization with other variables.

question

If testosterone is injected into a newborn female rat

answer

B) the rat fails to show female sexual receptivity in adulthood

question

When an infant is born with ambiguous genitalia, what is the standard procedure in the United States?

answer

C) The external genitalia are the primary determinant of gender assignment.

question

Transgenders differ from transsexuals in that they

answer

C) have no intention of having surgery to change their bodies to match the other sex.

question

The link between circulating androgens and aggression is, for the most part,

answer

A) still somewhat tenuous, and is probably not a one-way cause-and-effect relationship.

question

Men producing high levels of testosterone are more likely to engage in all of the following behaviors EXCEPT

answer

A) marry more.

question

Which of the following is true regarding the use of anabolic steroids?

answer

B) It is linked to significant increases in aggression when used at the level common in abusing athletes.

question

A trait is said to be sex-linked when

answer

B) its genes are carried partially or totally on one of the sex chromosomes.

question

Which description best fits the findings from studies of prenatally androgenized (CAH) females?

answer

C) Myrna is happiest when climbing trees.

question

Which is the best example of gender dysphoria?

answer

A) Cliff feels that he is a woman trapped in a man's body

question

Which of the following best describes the results from cases involving the accidental destruction of a boy's penis?

answer

C) Age of the child at time of decision to raise as a girl may be important for long-term adjustment.

question

Analysis of hormones from the umbilical cords of infants at the time of birth found that females and males differed in

answer

C) only one, testosterone.

question

Male winners of tennis matches and chess competitions show __________ levels of __________ than the losers of such competitions.

answer

C) higher; testosterone

question

Among individuals with abnormalities in their sex chromosomal makeup (extra or missing chromosomes), which of the following is true?

answer

C) As long as there is at least one X chromosome present, the body type will tend to develop as female unless some later factor interferes.

question

Research on the relationship between hormones and gender differences in cognitive performance have found

answer

D) all of these

question

According to Dr. Ben Barres (2006) in the journal Science, the discrepancy between women's and men's participation in science is

answer

A) based on discrimination.

question

In general, research on cognitive performance indicates

answer

B) a moderate difference favoring males for visual spatial tasks requiring rapid mental rotation.

question

The belief that mathematics is a male domain has been shown to

answer

B) relate to females' lower self-confidence in learning math.

question

In normal right-handed people, brain organization is such that

answer

D) none of these

question

Research on gender differences in brain organization suggests that

answer

D) all of these

question

Spatial perception

answer

B) is often measured using the Rod and Frame Test.

question

When looking at some specific aspects of verbal performance, researchers have found the following:

answer

D) all of these

question

In examining gender differences in various aspects of verbal performance, reviewers generally have concluded

answer

D) all of these

question

Benbow and Stanley's follow-up study on the status of 7th and 8th grade students scoring in the top 3% on the SAT-M found that

answer

B) women were far more likely to go into health care or to become homemakers.

question

The factors underlying demonstrated gender differences in perceptual/cognitive abilities

answer

B) are relatively weak in isolation but can interact so as to increase gender differences in performance.

question

Benbow and Stanley's studies of gender differences in mathematical performance among junior high school students

answer

B) provide no information about gender differences among average females and males.

question

Leta Hollingworth's investigation of the male variability hypothesis led her to state

answer

D) all of these

question

Research on gender differences in learning and memory suggest that

answer

C) women and men do not differ in most tests of learning and memory.

question

Research on the expectations for success in mathematics that others hold for girls indicates that

answer

B) teachers have generally lower expectations of female than male students in mathematics.

question

Observed scores on cognitive tasks involving visual-spatial and mathematical abilities

answer

C) can be improved through specific experience and practice or training.

question

Research in cognitive psychology and neuroscience has found significant gender differences in which of the following basic building block abilities that underlie mathematical thinking?

answer

D) none of these

question

Studies have focused on the corpus callosum, the bridge between the right and left hemispheres of the brain, in order to determine whether it is more developed in one sex than in the other. The results of such studies

answer

D) are too varied to be cited with confidence to prove female-male differences in brain lateralization.

question

In tests of specific areas of mathematics performance,

answer

A) gender differences favoring males in mathematical problem solving appear most reliably in high school and are maintained or increased in college.

question

Studies of gender differences in auditory threshold indicate that

answer

D) all of these

question

Studies of the link between a child's environment and performance on visual-spatial tasks have shown that

answer

C) a substantial percentage of male-female differences in spatial performance among elementary school children can be accounted for by differences in the availability of masculine toys in their home.

question

Early psychologists such as Francis Galton, Raymond Cattell, and Gustave Le Bon thought that

answer

A) women were clearly inferior to men.

question

According to Kimura's (1987) research with brain-damaged persons,

answer

D) all of these

question

Sex differences in the degree of brain lateralization

answer

A) do not exist across all aspects of cognitive abilities.

question

According to Wigfield and Eccles' (1992) theory of subjective task value, all of the following EXCEPT __________ contribute to the likelihood that an individual will engage in a particular task.

answer

C) how often you are exposed to the activity

question

Studies of the incidence of rape show that

answer

D) all of these

question

The latest model of the concepts of homosexuality and heterosexuality suggests that they are

answer

C) independent dimensions.

question

Contraceptive activities and the fear of pregnancy

answer

D) none of these

question

Reflecting two different standards of sexual behavior for the two sexes, the double standard

answer

C) encourages men to be sexual aggressors, and women to be sexual gatekeepers.

question

The double standard for sexual behavior may result in

answer

B) women not learning about their capacity for sexual pleasure.

question

Surveys on the frequency and experience of heterosexual intercourse suggest that

answer

A) only a minority of people have a large number of sexual partners.

question

Critics such as Leonore Tiefer have argued that the model of human sexuality used by Masters and Johnson is inadequate because

answer

C) it favors a male approach to sexuality by focusing only on the physical aspects of sexuality.

question

A recent report by the National Center for Health Statistics found that

answer

C) more than half of teens age 15 to 19 have engaged in oral sex.

question

Recent surveys of sexuality among older adults indicate that

answer

D) all of these

question

The orgasmic phase in human sexual response

answer

A) involves greater individual variation in duration and intensity for females than for males.

question

Research on AIDS indicates that

answer

A) the rate of infection and death is higher among African Americans than European Americans.

question

The fear and/or experience of sexual violation could influence women's sexuality by

answer

D) all of these

question

In human sexual response cycles, the phase governed by initiation of the same physiological processes—vasocongestion and myotonia—for females and males is the

answer

C) excitement phase.

question

Which is NOT a way that men and women differ?

answer

C) Women may be less romantic about relationships than men.

question

According to the most recent surveys, the average married couple in their mid-twenties

answer

B) has sexual intercourse between two and three times per week.

question

Between 1943 and 1999

answer

B) sexual activity among teenage girls increased and among teenage boys decreased.

question

Researchers studying lesbian sexuality have found results that suggest that

answer

D) all of these

question

Female sexuality

answer

D) research has discovered that the clitoris is ten times larger than it looks

question

Research on sexuality, aging, and lifespan issues generally supports the point that

answer

B) elderly persons of both sexes commonly fear the loss of sexual interest and ability.

question

The evidence with respect to vaginal orgasm indicates that

answer

D) the distinction between clitoral and vaginal orgasm does not make sense, physiologically or psychologically

question

As attempts to study and describe sexual activity, sex surveys

answer

D) typically provide rough approximations rather than completely accurate representations of a population's sexual activities.

question

The person(s) whose energetic efforts initiated and led the struggle to make information on contraception available in North America was (were)

answer

C) Margaret Sanger.

question

Anne Peplau (2003) outlined four broad differences in women's and men's sexuality that were supported by research. Which of the following is NOT one of the differences?

answer

C) Women link sexuality to aggression more than men.

question

Attempts to measure gender differences in sexual desire by asking about a respondent's desire for sexual activity

answer

C) suggest that women and men may differ not so much in the frequency with which they desire sexual activity but in the kinds of activities they desire.

question

Biases in the way that participants were selected for Masters and Johnson's research include

answer

B) the exclusion of anyone who did not regularly experience orgasms.

question

Though the relationship of employment and marriage to mental health and well-being is complicated, evidence and current opinion supports all of the following statements EXCEPT

answer

A) some researchers have found that married, full-time homemakers with young children express much less pleasure and satisfaction with their lives and have many more worries than other women.

question

Which is a possible explanation for the gender differences in alcohol use?

answer

C) There are more negative societal responses for women who drink than for men.

question

Exercise is beneficial to women because it

answer

D) all of these

question

Studies of doctor-patient interaction have found that

answer

C) women have to work harder than men do to extract information from male doctors.

question

Studies of the socioeconomic risk factors as they relate to gender and physical health indicate that, at least in the United States,

answer

B) the risk of death from heart disease is greater for black women than it is for any other group.

question

Studies of gender and happiness conclude

answer

A) that women are happier, as a group, than men

question

Health, and the behaviors that maintain it, differentiate men and women in that

answer

D) all of these

question

Research conducted in the United States in 2004 found that women are more likely to have more visits with the health-care system in all of the following categories EXCEPT

answer

D) none of these; women have more visits in all areas

question

Of two types of illness symptoms reported: (1) headaches, constipation, weight problems OR (2) ulcers, asthma, eye problems, the first type typically represents __________, the latter type ___________.

answer

C) women; men

question

An examination of the politics of health research illustrates a general pattern of political influence in both those who are selected for clinical studies and the research dollars allocated. Basically, this general pattern

answer

B) has often excluded women and minority groups in general from large-scale clinical trials.

question

Research on the impact of physical exercise on women's health shows that

answer

A) regular exercise is critical in building bone density to avoid osteoporosis.

question

Researchers suggest that an outcome of women's greater likelihood of talking about and seeking treatment for mental health problems may result in

answer

D) all of these

question

Female physicians are becoming more common in all of the following specialties EXCEPT

answer

D) surgery.

question

With respect to rates of depression in the United States, all but one of the following are true EXCEPT

answer

A) while women are more likely than men to experience depression, men are more likely than women to have their depression diagnosed and treated.

question

Age-adjusted maternal mortality rates are highest for

answer

C) African-American women

question

Gender differences in talking about and seeking treatment for symptoms of physical illness are often used to illustrate

answer

C) the impact of gender roles on health.

question

Occupational health and safety research suggests that

answer

D) for both men and women, multiple roles are beneficial to both physical and mental health.

question

Gender-specific medicine emphasizes

answer

C) research to better understand how diseases and treatment progress differently for women and men.

question

The leading cause of death among American women is

answer

A) heart disease.

question

Which of the following best describes the research regarding men and eating disorders?

answer

D) all of these

question

With respect to seeking and receiving treatment for mental illness or emotional problems

answer

C) both male and female clients may encounter gender-biased therapists.

question

Masculine Gender Role Stress

answer

B) increases the likelihood of participating in high health risk behaviors.

question

Researchers trying to explain male-female differences in depression have

answer

C) noted that female ruminative and male distractive activities are associated with the gender differences.

question

It is thought that men have a shorter life expectancy than women, partly because

answer

D) all of these

question

Studies of health among elderly adults indicate that

answer

C) during a visit to the doctor, elderly women are more likely than their male counterparts to be prescribed drugs.

question

The literature on the effects of maternal employment indicates that

answer

C) as early as kindergarten and 1st grade, girls and boys with employed mothers show less gender-stereotypic vocational aspirations than do children of non-employed mothers.

question

In regards to self-esteem

answer

D) girls underestimate their performance.

question

In typical portrayals of females and males in children's books,

answer

C) males are still typically portrayed as adventurous and competent, while females are depicted as fearful and incompetent.

question

With respect to the stereotype that boys are more competitive than girls are,

answer

A) research suggests that, by senior high school, girls feel less comfortable with competition than boys do.

question

Research on occupational choice and gender stereotyping indicates that

answer

D) female adolescents indicate career preferences for occupations paying considerably less than the occupations to which their male counterparts aspire.

question

Which of the following situations best describes childhood friendship patterns?

answer

D) Melanie and Shirley stopped playing a game because they were fighting about the rules.

question

With respect to gender stereotyping and video games,

answer

A) most games are oriented toward a hypermasculine stereotype.

question

In children's learning about gender, the English language

answer

C) helps to promote the formation of an assumption that the male is normative.

question

Televised sporting events are likely to

answer

A) have commentators who mark the gender of female athletes.

question

Studies of the relationship between television viewing and gender stereotypic attitudes among children show that

answer

A) there is a positive relationship between heavy television viewing and adherence to gender stereotypes.

question

Studies of the way girls and boys are treated in the classroom indicate that

answer

D) differences in treatment lead to relatively more feelings of control among boys than girls.

question

Which of the following best describes the impact of typical TV gender roles on children's views of gender relationships?

answer

A) Children learn to expect from TV characterizations that males are brave, dominant, and intelligent.

question

Investigations into the relationship between gender and language reveal that

answer

D) all of these

question

In contrast to traditional theorists, contemporary theorists concerned with the development of a sense of self have emphasized both the ______________________ aspects of development.

answer

D) separateness and self-in-relation

question

During middle and late adolescence, romantic attachments

answer

C) between same-sex partners do not mean that the person will identify as gay in adulthood.

question

When Laura Abrams (2003) explored the gender identity in high school women, she found that

answer

A) they were aware of power differences between men and women.

question

A survey of birth congratulation cards revealed that the

answer

D) cards for boys had more active visual images.

question

Analyses of music videos shown on MTV have demonstrated that

answer

B) women tend to be portrayed in sexual and subservient ways.

question

In contrast to white, middle-class parents, research on African-American families suggests that

answer

B) self-reliance and achievement may often be emphasized for daughters, not just sons.

question

Research on role models and gender has found that

answer

C) college women are more inspired by female role models than by male role models.

question

Studies of the content of children's television indicate that

answer

B) females are numerically underrepresented and are more likely than males to be portrayed as inactive or passive.

question

With respect to gender differences in patterns of friendship and of achievement,

answer

A) girls tend to have fewer, more intense friendships than boys.

question

With respect to self-confidence and expectations for success,

answer

A) there is a tendency for white, middle-class boys to have higher achievement expectations than white middle-class girls.

question

Which of the following best represents an entity approach to abilities?

answer

D) Courtney believes she did well on the test because she is smart.

question

Studies of the ways teachers encourage girls and boys to react to their own mistakes indicate that a

answer

C) boy giving the wrong answer is encouraged to keep trying.

question

In intimate relationships, influence may be exerted through open requests or orders, on the one hand, or through sneaky manipulations, on the other; it may also be exerted by walking out on the other person, on the one hand, or by staying to argue or bargain, on the other. These tactics are representative of

answer

A) directness (direct-indirect) and interactiveness (unilateral-bilateral) dimensions, respectively.

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the resources on which power is based, according to French and Raven?

answer

A) self-consciousness

question

When Julie wants something, she drops hints and behaves seductively. This is an example of which influence strategy?

answer

A) manipulation

question

What is the central purpose of V-Day?

answer

C) To end violence against women

question

According to the discussion of couple relationships, one of the most basic and important influences on the structure and functioning of any couple relationship is

answer

D) gender.

question

Same-sex adult friendships

answer

C) involve more talking and sharing emotions for women than for men

question

When mixed-gender couples lose a mate,

answer

C) widowed men are more vulnerable to depression than widowed women are.

question

Comparisons of the motherhood role across cultures show that

answer

C) in Japan, in contrast to some other cultures, the role of mother has traditionally been associated with independence and power

question

Cross-sex friendships

answer

D) all of these

question

Potential barriers to emotional intimacy between men in American culture are

answer

C) an aura of competition and homophobia.

question

Studies of gender differences among married couples in the characteristics considered desirable in a mate showed that women rated the following qualities as more desirable than men did:

answer

C) honest, dependable, and ambitious

question

Marital laws

answer

D) all of these

question

Research on gender differences in loneliness shows that

answer

D) all of these

question

Studies of gender differences in loneliness show that

answer

C) lonely men are more likely than lonely women to suffer from negative mood and negative self-evaluations.

question

With respect to communication within intimate couples,

answer

B) women ask more questions and indicate more attention and interest than men do.

question

Marital violence in the form of wife battering

answer

C) is typically justified by the husband on the grounds of his wife's behavior, his own uncontrollable anger, or by reference to established norms and customs.

question

Studies of lesbian and gay families show that

answer

B) children of gay or lesbian parents are apparently not disadvantaged in any way relative to children of heterosexual parents.

question

Who founded V-Day?

answer

C) Eve Ensler

question

In mixed-gender couples

answer

C) men frequently do not respond to topics raised by women.

question

Recent studies of male batterers suggest that

answer

A) there are three different types of male batterers, and different factors may be linked to violent behavior for each group.

question

With respect to housework, studies show that

answer

B) at least under some conditions, African-American men spend more time doing household work than either Hispanic or Anglo men do.

question

With respect to permanence and stability in intimate relationships,

answer

D) all of these

question

With respect to parenthood, the set of social prescriptions and norms that limit women's choices and shape their experiences is called, by Adrienne Rich,

answer

C) the institution of motherhood.

question

Which is a sign of greater interpersonal power?

answer

D) all of these

question

Studies of men who assault their wives show that these men are

answer

C) often low in verbal assertiveness toward their spouses.

question

In a 2002 study by Huddy and Capelos, __________ political candidates were more adversely affected by scandals.

answer

A) male

question

Johnson's (1976) research examined people's expectations regarding men's and women's influence strategies. Participants expected

answer

D) men to use more direct informational power.

question

Sandra believes she should have veto power over large household purchases because she makes more money than her husband. The influence strategy she is using is

answer

A) concrete resources.

question

Male authority has become entrenched in our society. Which of the following is an example of a way this authority is reinforced and maintained?

answer

D) all of these

question

Which research finding supports the idea that women are less interested in politics?

answer

D) none of these

question

The drive to compete and the orientation to work for its own sake are aspects of __________, on which women and men __________.

answer

B) achievement; differ

question

When studying women and achievement,

answer

D) women are more likely to include social relationships in their definition of achievement.

question

Which of the following is most likely according to research on the fear of success?

answer

D) all of these

question

Research on influence strategies stereotypically associated with gender shows that coercion based on resources such as money and the direct use of informational power were

answer

B) expected more of male influencers than of female influencers.

question

Goodchilds (1976) found that, in the context of a dating situation, decisions regarding sexual intimacy usually involve direct methods to

answer

D) initiate activity by men and to turn down activity by women.

question

Using instructions that stress that one's performance on a task reflects one's intelligence, organizational ability, and leadership capacity is one way to produce apparent gender differences in

answer

B) achievement motivation

question

When a woman violates the expectation that she will be agreeable and use low power influence strategies, people

answer

D) react more aggressively than they would with a man.

question

Research on gender and political behavior indicates that

answer

B) young girls show more political interest than young boys.

question

Examinations of the power motive in women and men have concluded that

answer

C) women and men do not differ in their power motive scores under neutral conditions.

question

The popular definition of achievement in the United States values all of the following examples of success EXCEPT

answer

C) raising three children.

question

Matina Horner's (1968) theory about fear of success was based on her idea that

answer

C) a successful woman risks disapproval from others for being unfeminine

question

Which of the following clusters of nonverbal behavior are typically associated with high-status women?

answer

D) more facial expressiveness and smaller distances

question

Critics of the traditional psychological definition of achievement have argued that

answer

A) people can view personal and interpersonal events in achievement terms. B) the traditional definition taps only direct, competitive achievement. C) some people may try to satisfy their achievement needs vicariously through the successes of others. >>>>>D) all of these

question

According to Kipnis's model of the metamorphic effects of power,

answer

A) a powerful person gains an inflated sense of self-worth because of others' compliance.

question

In examinations of gender differences in access to various categories of resources, the findings reveal

answer

B) that women are much more likely than men to live below the poverty line.

question

The __________ motive emphasizes personal standards of excellence and the __________ motive emphasizes impacting and controlling others.

answer

B) achievement; power

question

One of the pioneers in research in gender and power, Paula Johnson (1976) has hypothesized that all of the following dimensions are important to gender differences in the use of power EXCEPT

answer

A) authority versus cooperation

question

One difficulty for women in trying to communicate their power is that

answer

C) the same cues that communicate power for men may not work for women.

question

If a woman working in an organization dominated by men realizes that one of her male coworkers is taking credit for her performance while devaluing her to others and also increasing his social distance from her, she may try to improve the situation by complying with his ideas. According to the theory of the metamorphic effects of power, her reaction will probably

answer

B) increase his sense of superiority.

question

Opposition to women's attempts to gain increased access to male-dominated resources suggests that men have been able to legitimate their power

answer

A) through tradition. B) through assertive and charismatic leadership skills developed more reliably through male than female socialization. C) through easier access than women have to legal and judicial mechanisms that reinforce their authority. >>>>>>>>>D) all of these

question

Studies of prejudice and discrimination against female managers show that

answer

C) female managers with the same qualifications as men in terms of experience, education, and willingness to relocate still receive lower salary increases than men.

question

The frequency with which women are asked "Do you work?" reveals

answer

A) an expectation that women are unlikely to be in the workforce. B) a bias that defines work only as activity for which one is paid. C) a lack of awareness that more than half of the women in North America are employed outside the home. >>>>>>>D) all of these

question

Sexual harassment

answer

B) is common even in professions such as medicine.

question

A major source of work-related stress for men seems to be that

answer

C) they tend to rely too heavily on their job and their breadwinner role for their sense of identity.

question

A table of leading occupations for women in 2005 shows that

answer

D) the median weekly salary for female-dominated professions tends to be lower than for male-dominated professions.

question

Women's job performance evaluations may be depressed

answer

A) because masculine qualities are seen as a better fit for many positions. B) because behaving in masculine ways may be perceived negatively. C) if they are being evaluated by male subordinates. >>>>>>>>D) all of these

question

The two forms of sexual harassment are known legally as

answer

C) quid pro quo and hostile environment.

question

Women who enter the female-dominated professions

answer

A) appear, according to educational data, to have planned their choice

question

Which of the following is NOT a reason why more women are entering the male-dominated professions than are entering male-dominated blue-collar jobs?

answer

A) Women are reluctant to be paid at the rates typical for such positions

question

Women who reach high-level positions in large corporations may discover

answer

C) a second glass ceiling.

question

With respect to the sharing of breadwinner and domestic roles, studies have shown that

answer

C) even the most highly-paid female executives report that it is very important to have a supportive spouse.

question

For women, the economic consequences of giving up employment while raising children

answer

A) would often mean serious economic strain for the family.

question

Which of the following is NOT true regarding women in the military?

answer

D) During WWII, the Women's Auxiliary Corps' (WAC) service in combat positions resulted in legislative action to ban women's enlistment.

question

Researchers have found that the following factor explains the occurrence of sexual harassment:

answer

D) each of these explanations is applicable to certain cases

question

Which of the following would a woman entering a male-dominated profession be likely to encounter?

answer

D) all of these

question

In the study in which women were interviewed by men whom they were led to believe held either traditional or nonstereotypical views of women,

answer

C) women who thought they were being interviewed by traditional men dressed and behaved in a more feminine manner.

question

Sexual harassment in the workplace

answer

C) has many negative consequences for women.

question

A glass escalator refers to

answer

D) advantages for men in female-dominated professions.

question

U.S. Labor statistics show that women are over represented in all of the following production occupations EXCEPT

answer

B) production management.

question

Research on romantic relationships in the workplace indicates all of the following EXCEPT

answer

D) most male executives sooner or later have an affair with a woman in the office.

question

Compared to women who enter male-dominated professions, women who enter female-dominated professions

answer

D) all of these

question

In trying to handle the demands imposed by job and family life,

answer

A) women have been found more likely than men to report role conflict between job and family roles.

question

Researchers have found that behavior is most likely to be labeled by observers as sexual harassment if it

answer

B) violates the ordinary expectations of the actor's social role.

question

For women, working outside the home is associated with

answer

D) greater psychological well-being.

question

One basis for sex discrimination in hiring and evaluation is the tendency

answer

D) all of these

question

Researchers who have studied moral development and prosocial reasoning using a longitudinal approach have found indications that

answer

A) differences in moral reasoning disappear with age. B) girls use other-oriented modes of reasoning earlier than boys, but boys catch up within two years. C) gender differences in maturity may be mistaken for differences in moral reasoning. >>>>>>>>D) all of these

question

More women are entering the legal profession and are now

answer

D) clustered in less prestigious areas of law.

question

A laboratory study where men and women were told that they were selected as the leader of a group based on either merit or preferential treatment on the basis of gender found

answer

B) only women's self-evaluations were negatively affected by preferential treatment.

question

A problem in developing ways to promote gender equality under the law is that

answer

C) there is disagreement about which legal distinctions between the sexes, if any, should be preserved under the law.

question

Meta-analyses of studies of moral reasoning as measured by Kohlberg's interview method have shown that

answer

A) few differences between women and men occur.

question

In considering the ways that gender equality should be defined under the law, the approach that would establish a standard in which equal treatment is the norm, but strong statistical evidence that women and men were in unequal positions could be used to uphold unequal treatment, is the

answer

C) equality with recognition of real differences.

question

Some researchers have found that differences between women and men in the way they allocate rewards to themselves and to others

answer

B) reflect a tendency for women to favor an equality norm and men to favor an equity norm in the workplace.

question

According to the text, recent news stories of men entering schools with the objective of killing female targets appears to be an act

answer

D) all of these

question

Gender differences in feelings of personal entitlement

answer

C) disappear when the situation is structured in particular ways.

question

The strategy of recognizing differences in the quest for equality between women and men rests on the idea that

answer

B) women must be prepared to make the adjustments necessary if they wish to enter a male-dominated workplace.

question

The United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) has been

answer

C) signed but not ratified by the United States.

question

The perception of justice can coexist with large gender differences in pay because

answer

D) all of these

question

A non-gendered social order would, according to Judith Lorber, involve

answer

B) eradicating gender as an organizing principle in society

question

According to the theory of moral development proposed by Lawrence Kohlberg,

answer

C) men are likely to reach Stage 4 reasoning, while women are likely to stay in Stage 3 reasoning.

question

With respect to job satisfaction

answer

B) women report as much job satisfaction as men, despite lower pay

question

The number of female prisoners in correctional facilities in 2004

answer

C) has increased steadily since 2001

question

Which of the following theorists did not postulate that males were capable of better moral development than females?

answer

D) Gilligan

question

The traditional depiction of justice in the form of a woman is ironic because

answer

A) many male experts have argued that women are morally inferior to men.

question

In Carol Gilligan's description of the development of a care orientation to morality, which of the following is the most highly advanced stage?

answer

C) caring for truth

question

When deciding whether or not they are being paid fairly, people tend to compare themselves with other workers

answer

A) of the same sex.

question

Barbara has just learned from her psychology of gender textbook that women receive less pay than men, even when other factors are held constant (e.g., years of experience, education). She is angry that women as a group are still fighting to earn their fair share. Barbara is experiencing

answer

C) collective relative deprivation.

question

The belief that a clear understanding of injustice must precede action to correct that injustice was advocated by the 19th-century American suffragist and abolitionist

answer

B) Lucy Stone.

question

The legal system has interacted with gender stereotypes by

answer

D) restricting women's rights and resources, thus maintaining certain power differences and behavioral differences between the genders.

question

A review of participation in the legal system reveals that

answer

D) all of these

question

An aspect of criminal law that has been and continues to be the target of much criticism for its inequitable treatment of men and women is the legal area

answer

C) concerned with the selling of sex for money

question

In Hilda Kahne's opinion, the best way to decrease poverty among single-mother families is through

answer

A) training and education programs

question

Gilligan proposed that an ethic of care and responsibility was especially characteristic of women's moral reasoning. What has most research demonstrated?

answer

C) That she was incorrect. Both women and men use a care perspective in moral reasoning.

question

A quality that is stereotyped as feminine

answer

D) may also occur in men but because it is associated with femininity it is devalued and thus unacknowledged in men.

question

In Judith Reisman's article, W.L. Marshall is quoted as saying that pornography

answer

A) feeds and legitimizes deviant sexual tendencies

question

Both as individuals and as groups, women and men have tended to go together

answer

B) as participants in a hierarchical arrangement with men holding the top positions

question

Although we insist on the division and importance of of the distinction between female and male, we tend to argue that

answer

B) the two genders should go together

question

According to Dr. Lips, the realization that we need not be limited to present cultural definitions of femininity and masculinity can be

answer

C) empowering for both women and men.

question

In stereotypes of femininity and masculinity split up human qualities between females and males. The qualities assigned to females

answer

A) are devalued.

question

As women enter a profession, the average salary tends to decrease. This is at least partly related to

answer

D) the fact that women have been in a subordinate position in the gender hierarchy and anything associated with them is devalued

question

In the past 25 years in the United States, the rate of sexual violence has

answer

D) decreased dramatically.

question

Why had no one noticed that men also use an ethic of care and responsibility in moral reasoning?

answer

A) It is stereotypically female.

question

According to the epilogue of the textbook, awareness of another person's femaleness or maleness

answer

C) shapes our reactions to that person from the moment they are born

question

The conclusion of your author is that

answer

A) gender is socially constructed

question

Much of the research we examined this semester demonstrated that there are few differences between women and men in most areas of psychological functioning. Why would men be less likely than women to acknowledge attributes in themselves that have been stereotypically associated with females?

answer

D) Because anything associated with women is typically devalued.

question

Today, purveyors of Internet porn earn a combined annual income exceeding

answer

A) the total of the three major TV networks.

question

In issue 16, Hilary Lips concludes that the gender wage gap is the result of

answer

D) women's work being devalued.

question

Anthony D'Amato suggests that the decrease in rape rates is primarily related to

answer

A) a sharp rise in access to pornography

question

In issue 16, John Shackleton asserts that the gender wage gap is the result of

answer

C) women preferring lower paying jobs.

question

The four states with the lowest internet access had

answer

B) an increase in the rate of rape.

question

In the moral reasoning research, Carol Gilligan challenged the traditional male definition of morality and demonstrated that an ethic of ____________ had been ignored.

answer

A) care and responsibility

question

Of the four states with the highest internet access

answer

B) three showed decreases in rape rates.

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