PSYCH 303 T1 Questions 1-4 – Flashcards
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Psychology is unique among the sciences in its requirement that its students? a. have a minor in the natural sciences. b. learn the experimental method. c. use carefully controlled observations in its procedures. d. study the history of psychology. e. have a liberal arts background in the humanities.
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D
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Ps ychology is marked by diversity and divisiveness. The one aspect of the discipline that provides cohesiveness and a common ground for discourse is its? a. reliance on the experimental method in all its research. b. focus on the study of overt behavior. c. use of the hypothetico-deductive method. d. national organizations (APA and APS). e. history.
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E
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According to Schultz & Schultz, a course in the history of psychology is useful because? a. it helps us to understand why modern psychology has so many different movements. b. it helps to integrate the areas and issues that constitute modern psychology. c. it provides a fascinating story on its own. d. All of the choices are correct. e.none are correct
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D
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As a scientific discipline psychology is? a. one of the newest. b. one of the oldest. c. the only one to have started in the United States. d. one of the newest and one of the oldest. e. None of the choices are correct.
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D
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The feature of modern psychology that distinguishes it from its antecedents is its? a. methodology. b. focus on learning. c. focus on motivation. d. focus on abnormal behavior. e. use of deductive logic.
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A
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Modern psychology differs from philosophy in which of the following ways? a. Modern psychology is concerned with the study of mental processes such as learning, memory, and perception. Philosophy is concerned with the study of human nature. b. Modern psychology uses objective methods to study questions. Philosophy depends upon speculation and intuition in order to answer questions. c. Modern psychology studies only the brain. Philosophy studies only the mind. d. Modern psychology is based upon the use of inductive reasoning. Philosophy is based upon the use of deductive reasoning. e. None of the choices are correct.
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B
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The data of history are most accurately depicted or described as? a. public records. b. private records. c. eyewitness testimony. d. recollections. e. data fragments.
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E
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Skinner's self-discipline as a student and Freud's being ignored and rejected early in his career indicated that? a. biographers disregard the real events in favor of fantasy. b. data of history are true in their original versions. c. participants may themselves produce biased accounts. d. translations errors account for most misinterpretations. e. All of the choices are correct.
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C
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A surge in the practice of applied psychology occurred in response to the lack of jobs in academic settings for PhDs. Thus, the development of applied psychology was a direct consequence of the? a. great number of psychologists Wundt trained. b. political context of Europe. c. economic context of the United States. d. fact that the first generation of American psychologists learned all their courses in German and thus could not practice Wundt's psychology. e. political context of the United States.
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C
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According to the textbook, psychology as a discipline has? a. engaged in the discriminatory practices that mark American culture as a whole. b. been substantially more discriminatory against women than have other sciences. c. been substantially more discriminatory against minorities than have other sciences. d. focused on the reduction of discrimination since its beginnings. e. None of the choices are correct.
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A
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What invention was considered the perfect metaphor for the "spirit of mechanism"? a. automobile b. pneumatic pressure c. metronome d. clock e. computer
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D
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The doctrine that acts are determined by past events is a. reductionism. b. determinism. c. mechanism. d. materialism. e. positivism
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B
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Contemporary cognitive psychologists' computer model of artificial intelligence is a direct descendant of a. Babbage's calculating machine. b. La Mettrie's self-winding watch. c. Descartes's automata. d. Newton's clocks. e. Bessel's personal equations.
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A
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Empiricism attributes all knowledge to? a. experience. b. objectivity in methods. c. overt behavior. d. environmental influences. e. reinforcement schedules.
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A
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Descartes was significant to psychology as a science because he helped liberate? a. science from the stranglehold of theology. b. science from the grasp of philosophy. c. philosophy from the clutches of theology. d. science from the dictates of government. e. psychology from the dictates of science.
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A
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The question of the distinction between mental and physical qualities refers to? a. the bipartisan problem. b. the freethinking problem. c. the mind-body problem. d. positivism. e. theology.
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C
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Descartes changed the focus from the study of ____ to the study of ____? a. conscious processes; the unconscious b. the unconscious; conscious processes c. the nonconscious; the unconscious d. the soul; the mind e. science; theology
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D
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Descartes' notion that we are born with certain perceptual processes is also a principle of which modern school of psychology? a. behavioristic b. psychoanalytic c. Gestalt d. phenomenological e. humanistic
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C
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The idea that science should be based totally on objectively observable facts is called a. factualism. b. materialism. c. absolutism. d. positivism. e. observation.
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D
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Materialism is the belief that? a. speculation and inference are acceptable. b. consciousness exists beyond physics and chemistry. c. the mental world exists on a plane of its own. d. all things can be described in physical terms. e. ideas exist only in Descartes' mind.
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D
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David Kinnebrook was fired because a. he dated, but did not marry, the daughter of his boss. b. his observations differed from the observations of his boss. c. he was incompetent. d. he was never able to learn to use the equipment correctly. e.
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B
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The practice of psychosurgery such as prefrontal lobotomies, has its roots in the a. implementation of the experimental method in physiology. b. doctrine of the specific energies of nerves. c. electrical stimulation method. d. postmortem method. e. extirpation method.
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E
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____'s phrenology proposed that the topography of a person's skull revealed his of her intellectual and emotional characteristics. a. Flourens b. Gall c. Spurzheim d. Broca e. Hall
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B
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The researcher credited with the finding or conclusion that nerve impulses are electrical within the neuron is a. Flourens. b. Galvani. c. Helmholtz. d. Müller. e. Sherrington.
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B
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German universities were especially fertile ground for scientific advances because a. there were only two of them, so each received only the most talented faculty and students. b. there was academic freedom for students and faculty alike. c. the British and the French were using unscientific methods to research the mind. d. anyone with independent income could be a gentleman-scientist. e.
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B
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Why did Helmholtz abandon his research into human reaction times? a. He found differences from one individual to the next. b. He found differences in the same individual. c. He never did any such research on human subjects. d. He did not abandon this research. e.He found differences from one individual to the next and he found differences in the same individual.
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E
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Weber's Law, the formulation of how much change in a stimulus is required for a subject to detect it, rests on the measurement of the a. threshold of consciousness. b. just noticeable difference. c. cognizant awareness. d. limen of consciousness. e. method of average error.
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B
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Fechner's most important contribution to psychology was the a. quantification of the mind-body relationship. b. determination that the effect of a stimulus intensity change is relative to the intensity that already exists. c. determination of the pleasure principle. d. qualitative relationship between a physical stimulus and the mental sensation of it. e. study of the differential threshold.
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A
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The point of sensitivity at which the least amount of change in a stimulus gives rise to a change in a sensation is a definition of a. the just noticeable difference. b. the absolute threshold. c. Weber's Law. d. the differential threshold. e. the stimulus change threshold.
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D
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How did the British empiricists (BritE) and the German physiologists (GerP) differ in their approach to the study of the senses? a. The BritE developed more precise experiments than the GerP to study the senses. b. The BritE applied mathematics to the study of the senses whereas the Germans did not. c. The BritE concentrated on the study of vision and the GerP studied hearing. d. The BritE studied the senses from the viewpoint of philosophy. The GerP used scientific methods to study the senses. e. They did not differ.
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D
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In his early work when he was his own experimental subject, the 29-year-old Wilhelm Wundt found that he could a. pay attention to two things at once. b. not pay attention to two things at once. c. pay attention to two things at once, but not three. d. pay attention to three things at once, but not four. e. sustain his attention on one thing for a little less than 12 minutes at a time.
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B
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For Wundt, the subject matter of psychology was a. sensations. b. perceptions. c. consciousness. d. associations. e. introspection.
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C
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Introspection as used by Wundt is also called a. internal perception. b. internal observation. c. retrospection. d. the method of limits. e. the method of constant stimuli.
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A
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According to Wundt, there were two elementary forms of experience, namely a. sensation and perception. b. sensation and feelings. c. images and feelings. d. sensation and images. e. immediate experience and mediate experience.
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B
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The Gestalt psychologists' best-known tenet is that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. This same tenet was alleged in Wundt's principle of a. sensations. b. feelings. c. emotions. d. the tridimensional theory of feelings. e. apperception.
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E
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Wundtian psychology in Germany was slow to develop because a. Germans were resistant to introspection. b. experimentation was not valued. c. it was not seen as having practical value. d. there were not enough journals and textbooks. e. Wundt could not adequately distinguish between feelings and sensations.
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C
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Ebbinghaus is important for the history of psychology because he a. used reaction times to measure the speed of recalling information from memory. b. wrote the first definitive work on child psychology. c. successfully challenged Wundt's claim that higher mental processes, such as learning and memory, could not be studied in the laboratory. d. united with Gestalt psychology to oppose the spread of Wundt's psychology in Germany. e. taught Freud and influenced humanism and Gestalt psychology.
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C
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Ebbinghaus's focus of study was on the a. examination of associations that were already formed. b. initial formation of associations. c. work of Helmholtz. d. nature of the mind/body problem. e. evolutionary theory as it applied to the mind.
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B
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Ebbinghaus measured learning by a. counting associations that had already been formed. b. using an a priori method. c. looking at the relationship between a behavior and its consequence. d. making it more objective. e.counting the number of repetitions needed for one perfect reproduction of the material.
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E
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Ebbinghaus' curve of forgetting shows that a. material is forgotten slowly in the first hours after learning and then the forgetting speeds up. b. the decay theory of forgetting is essentially correct. c. material learned first is forgotten last. d. material is forgotten rapidly in the first hours after learning and then the forgetting slows down. e.forgetting occurs at a gradual, even rate across time.
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D
