question

Recently, Western psychologists have started to devote more attention to ____ as a determinant of behavior.

answer

culture

question

Recent research suggests that ____________ predict college grades almost as well as admissions tests.

answer

study skills and habits

question

The key to the effective use of highlighting is to

answer

highlight only the main ideas, key supporting details, and technical terms.

question

Dr. Smythe believes that in order to fully understand complex processes, such as taste, it is necessary to understand the purpose that taste plays in survival, not the elementary components that combine to produce taste sensations. Dr. Smythe's views are MOST consistent with

answer

the functionalist approach to psychology.

question

Which of the following qualifies as empirically-based knowledge?

answer

Observed actions

question

The school of psychology that focused on identifying and examining the fundamental components of conscious experience, such as sensations, feelings, and images, was

answer

structuralism.

question

Which of the following groups is MOST likely to have been used as subjects for psychological research?

answer

Middle- and upper-class white males

question

Isabel is listening to a piece of classical music and tape recording all her feelings and impressions as she experiences them. Isabel is using a technique similar to the research methodology of

answer

structuralism.

question

Lisa taught her son to buckle his seatbelt in the car by allowing him to play one of his CDs on the car stereo after he was buckled up. Lisa taught him by applying the principles of

answer

behaviorism

question

In the 1950s, Skinner argued that psychology should return to a strict interpretation of the principles of

answer

behaviorism

question

In a discussion with your professor, she tells you that she believes that the focus of psychological study should be to break the conscious experience into its basic elements. Which of the following historical schools of thought is your professor's idea MOST consistent with?

answer

Structuralism

question

Marie is a graduate student whose major area of interest is personality psychology. You should expect that Marie is MOST interested in

answer

the internal factors that lead people to act consistently across a variety of situations.

question

Based on an evolutionary analysis of spatial skills, you should predict that Jill will be better than Jack at

answer

remembering locations.

question

Which of the following statements is LEAST likely to be made by a humanist?

answer

The behavior of humans tends to be dictated by environmental circumstances.

question

Research findings suggest that attentive note-taking is associated with

answer

improved learning and performance in class.

question

The approach that examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for a species over the course of many generations is

answer

evolutionary psychology.

question

The concept of "stream of consciousness" is associated with

answer

William James.

question

Wilhelm Wundt believed the focus of psychology should be

answer

examining people's awareness of their immediate experience.

question

In the 1920s, there were many fundamental disputes between competing schools of thought in psychology. These disputes illustrate which of the textbook's unifying themes?

answer

Psychology is theoretically diverse.

question

If you were having problems with severe depression, the type of psychologist that would be the greatest help to you would be

answer

a clinical psychologist.

question

The idea that you should reward yourself for achieving study goals is based on the concept of

answer

behavior modification.

question

You are interviewing a new member of the psychology department for the university newspaper. The faculty member states, "Psychology has historically devoted too much attention to pathology, weakness, and suffering." This faculty member's views are MOST similar to the views held by

answer

Martin Seligman.

question

According to John Watson, behavior is governed primarily by

answer

the environment.

question

A newspaper article reported a study by a psychologist in which the attitudes of men and women toward traditional sex roles were studied. MOST likely, the researcher was

answer

a social psychologist.

question

Colleges and universities are the primary work setting for approximately ____ of American psychologists.

answer

30%

question

The text's unifying theme that "heredity and environment jointly influence behavior" is often referred to as describing the

answer

nature versus nurture issue.

question

In an attempt to learn something about his conscious experience, William looked at an abstract painting and wrote down all of his impressions as they came to him. This technique is called

answer

introspection.

question

The area of applied psychology MOST stimulated by World War II was

answer

clinical psychology.

question

Which of the following questions would a social psychologist be MOST likely to ask?

answer

Why do we like some people and not others?

question

Which of the following areas is MOST likely to be classified as an applied area of specialization in psychology?

answer

Counseling psychology

question

Based on Harold Kelley's research, if you are led to believe that you are going to hear a lecture given by a warm and friendly instructor, you

answer

will probably perceive the instructor as being warm and friendly.

question

Darnell is working on a computer system that will have full language recognition capabilities. The type of psychologist that could probably give Darnell the MOST help in developing this computer system would be

answer

a cognitive psychologist.

question

A multifactorial approach to explaining your performance in a course would MOST likely focus on

answer

both personal and situational factors.

question

When faced with a major assignment such as a term paper it is a good idea to

answer

break the assignment down into smaller components.

question

Which of the following is the BEST advice for developing sound study habits?

answer

Plan your study schedule in advance.

question

A psychologist who is interested in the psychological effect of aging would MOST likely specialize in

answer

developmental psychology.

question

It should be easiest to teach a child to pick up his toys by utilizing the principles and techniques developed by

answer

B. F. Skinner.

question

Which field of psychology studies attitude change and group behavior?

answer

Social psychology

question

The notion that the subject matter of psychology should be the scientific study of conscious experience is MOST closely linked with

answer

Wilhelm Wundt.

question

Which of the following areas of research in psychology is concerned with understanding the role of the endocrine system in the regulation of behavior?

answer

Physiological psychology

question

Strict behaviorists would be MOST sympathetic to which one of the following statements?

answer

Human behavior is primarily caused by environmental factors.

question

Functionalism was founded by

answer

William James.

question

Imagine that the editor of your local newspaper writes a column supporting a reduction in government intervention with a transfer of more rights to individual citizens. The editor bases this argument on the assumption that people are rational beings who will fulfill their maximum potential as long as others do not infringe on their basic human needs. This editor's views reflect those seen in

answer

the humanistic perspective.

question

Lynelle is crying because her brother just punched her in the arm. Lynelle's mother asks her what she did just before she was punched. In looking for a link between her daughter's actions and her son's response to those actions, Lynelle's mother is using the type of analysis that would be typical in

answer

the behaviorist approach to the study of psychology.

question

Carly was in favor of a proposed convention center; Colin was against the project. When Carly surveyed people, she found that 70% of those she questioned were in favor of the project. Colin's survey found that 75% of those he surveyed were against building the convention center. These differing survey results show that

answer

motives and expectations can color our experiences.

question

Imagine two scientists from another planet visit Earth and attempt to study our computers. In his studies Poz focuses on how the computer is used for conducting business, accessing research, communicating with others, and playing games, while Zog concentrates on the construction of the hard drive, monitor, keyboard, and mouse. Poz's approach is most similar to ____ while Zog's is most similar to ____.

answer

functionalism; structuralism

question

Quan Lee recently lost her job at American Industries Inc. because she would often show up for important meetings 20 to 30 minutes after they had started. She was confused about why this upset her boss because her relatives are almost always late for appointments and meetings. Quan Lee's confusion illustrates the fact that

answer

our cultural backgrounds exert a considerable influence over our behavior.

question

Psychology's intellectual parents are the disciplines of

answer

philosophy and physiology.

question

The fact that Princeton students "saw" Dartmouth students engage in twice as many infractions as the Dartmouth students did in a Princeton-Dartmouth football game is MOST consistent with

answer

subjectivity of perception.

question

Sigmund Freud developed an innovative procedure for treating people with psychological problems, which he called

answer

psychoanalysis.

question

Humanists believe that people's behavior is governed by

answer

their self-concepts.

question

The spatial tasks on which males tend to do better than females generally involve

answer

mentally rotating objects.

question

The most widely practiced professional specialty in psychology is

answer

clinical psychology.

question

While functionalism emphasizes the adaptive purpose of ____, evolutionary psychology emphasizes the adaptive purpose of ____.

answer

consciousness; behavior

question

The notion that all behavior is fully governed by external stimuli is MOST consistent with

answer

behaviorism.

question

Michael is having problems relating to other people because he is exhibiting delusions (false beliefs) and hallucinations. Michael would MOST likely seek help from

answer

a clinical psychologist.

question

Not including clinical or counseling psychologists, the two most common specialties in applied psychology are

answer

school psychology and industrial/organizational psychology.

question

Darwin's theory of natural selection had a significant influence on the development of

answer

functionalism.

question

Alison believes that individuals learn to be either aggressive or nonaggressive as a result of the experiences they have. Alison's views are MOST consistent with the

answer

behaviorist view of psychology.

question

The notion that unconscious motivations can influence our overt behavior is MOST consistent with the views of

answer

Sigmund Freud.

question

The person responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline with its own subject matter is

answer

Wilhelm Wundt.

question

The individual MOST closely associated with the recent development of positive psychology is

answer

Martin Seligman.

question

Which of the following is NOT good advice for developing sound study habits?

answer

Try to tackle simple, routine tasks first, saving larger tasks for later.

question

Which of the following organizations was established in 1988 to serve exclusively as an advocate for the science of psychology?

answer

American Psychological Society

question

Critical thinking includes all of the following EXCEPT

answer

originally believing that the stated position on a topic is incorrect.

question

Critical thinking is

answer

using principles of likelihood when dealing with probabilistic events. generating multiple solutions to problems. working systematically toward a desired goal.

question

The major organization that represents BOTH the scientific and professional branches of psychology in the United States is the

answer

American Psychological Association.

question

Jane's thyroid gland has become inactive and, as a result, she is becoming lethargic and has gained weight. We know that the thyroid gland can cause this reaction because of studies conducted by

answer

physiological psychologists.

question

Which of the following areas of research in psychology is concerned with assessing individual differences, developing tests, and developing new statistical techniques?

answer

Psychometrics

question

Skinner would suggest that if you study "extra hard" for your first psychology midterm and earn an "A," for your next psychology midterm, you would

answer

continue to study "extra hard."

question

Sunlin prepared a meal for his new girlfriend, and she enjoyed it so much that she cleaned her plate. Later, she was surprised that he had found her behavior somewhat insulting; she thought she was showing her appreciation. In this case, the couple's miscommunication illustrates the underlying theme that

answer

our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage.

question

The term that refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge is

answer

cognition.

question

Which of the following groups of psychologists would be MOST likely to focus on individual uniqueness, freedom, and potential for growth as a person?

answer

Humanists

question

The ____ believed that consciousness developed in humans because it serves a useful purpose.

answer

functionalists

question

According to the definition of psychology that appears in your textbook, psychology is both

answer

a science and a profession.

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the major contributions of G. Stanley Hall?

answer

He received the first Ph.D. in psychology in America.

question

What are the major contributions of stanley hall

answer

He established the first American psychological journal. He established the first research laboratory for psychology in America. He was the first president of the American Psychological Association.

question

In the 19th century, Wilhelm Wundt attempted to shape the new discipline of psychology along the lines of physics, because in his era, physics was admired as a "model" science. Wundt's attempt to imitate physics illustrates which of the textbook's unifying themes?

answer

Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.

question

The text's suggestions for improving academic performance by improving your reading, getting more out of lectures, and improving test-taking strategies are consistent with the application of

answer

critical thinking skills.

question

Both Rogers and Maslow believed

answer

people have a basic need to fulfill their potential for personal growth.

question

Dr Hawkins is a psychologist who spends her day working in an elementary school testing and counseling children who are having difficulty in school. What type of applied psychologist is Dr. Hawkins?

answer

A school psychologist

question

The text's two unifying themes that "our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage" and "heredity and environment jointly influence behavior" can BEST be viewed as both describing more specialized statements of which other theme?

answer

Behavior is determined by multiple causes

question

Manny tends to be very passive and allows people to take advantage of him. What would a humanist MOST likely say about Manny?

answer

Manny can become more assertive once he begins to feel better about himself and recognizes that he has the ability to fulfill his potential.

question

Which of the following is NOT included in the text's definition of psychology?

answer

Psychology studies primarily the unconscious mind

question

How does the text define psychology

answer

Psychology is a science Psychology studies behavior including physiological and cognitive processes Psychology is a profession that solves practical problems

question

Which of the following theorists would tend to emphasize explanations in terms of freedom and potential for personal growth?

answer

Carl Rogers Maslow

question

The school of psychology that was MOST responsible for the rise of animal research in psychology was

answer

behaviorism.

question

A psychologist who works on trying to increase job satisfaction and productivity in a large company would MOST likely have received training in

answer

industrial and organizational psychology.

question

Research findings indicate that when changing answers on a multiple-choice test, most people change

answer

a wrong answer to a right answer.

question

The basic premise of evolutionary psychology is that natural selection favors behaviors that enhance organisms' success in

answer

passing on their genes to the next generation.

question

You are interviewing a new member of the psychology department for the university newspaper. The faculty member states, "Many times, people are unaware of the unconscious motivations that drive their overt actions." This faculty member's views are MOST similar to the views held by

answer

Sigmund Freud.

question

The psychologist who took the position that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes and tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes was

answer

B. F. Skinner.

question

Historically, most of psychology's research has been conducted in

answer

the United States.

question

If Dr. Maple is a behaviorist, he would MOST likely believe that the cause of a child's disruptive behavior in school is the result of

answer

his prior experiences.

question

Which of the following is a recent movement in psychology that has revived the old interest in mental and conscious events?

answer

Cognitive psychology

question

A psychological perspective that emerged in the 1950s and 1960s that reflects a renewed interest in the study of the mind or consciousness that existed in psychology when it first became a science in the late 1800s is the

answer

cognitive perspective.

question

An area of specialization in applied psychology that is primarily involved in the treatment of less severe problems of everyday life (such as marriage counseling) is

answer

counseling psychology.

question

The idea that psychology is empirical suggests that

answer

conclusions should be based on direct observation.

question

Francine asks you for advice concerning the use of highlighting when studying for exams. Based on the research into the use of highlighting, the BEST advice that you could her would be to

answer

try to find the one or two sentences that best capture the purpose of each paragraph.

question

Dr. Lopez is a psychologist who evaluates, diagnoses, and treats people with everyday problems of moderate severity. What type of psychologist is Dr. Lopez?

answer

A counseling psychologist

question

Which of the following is NOT likely to be considered a critical thinking skill?

answer

Accepting the views of an appropriate authority figure

question

What is considered a critical thinking skill

answer

Working systematically toward a desired goal Distinguishing among facts, opinions, and reasoned judgments Understanding how reasons and evidence support or refute conclusions

question

A clinical psychologist would probably be MOST interested in

answer

figuring out the most effective ways of treating anxiety.

question

The cognitive perspective contends that to fully understand human behavior, psychologists need to focus attention on

answer

internal mental events.

question

In everyday life, people usually think of a behavior as having ____, whereas psychology views behavior as having ____.

answer

a single cause; multiple causes

question

Which of the following statements BEST reflects the main advantage of conducting psychological research with animals?

answer

A researcher can exert more control over an animal than over a human subject.

question

Professor Vasquez believes that nearly all psychological disorders can ultimately be traced to abnormalities in brain chemistry. Professor Vasquez's beliefs are MOST consistent with the

answer

biological perspective.

question

The first president of the American Psychological Association (APA) was

answer

G. Stanley Hall.

question

According to Wilhelm Wundt, the focus of psychology was on the scientific study of

answer

conscious experience.

question

Which of the following is a medical doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating mental disorders?

answer

A psychiatrist

question

Researchers in psychology have "to see it to believe it." This orientation is MOST consistent with

answer

empiricism.

question

The fact that behaviors can be observed and thoughts and feelings cannot is the basis of

answer

behaviorism.

question

The proportion of academic and research psychologists who identify their primary area of interest as health psychology is

answer

approximately 10%.

question

One psychologist explains a phobia in terms of learning principles whereas another looks to the unconscious for an explanation. Given this scenario, which of the following conclusions is MOST accurate?

answer

The two psychologists are using different theoretical perspectives.

question

Marissa wants to study people's emotional reactions to increases in temperature. Her classmate, Bernard, tells her that she should focus on observable behaviors, rather than internal states in her study. Bernard's views are MOST similar to those found in

answer

the behavioral perspective.

question

In conducting a research study, psychologists need to define all their variables clearly and unambiguously, so that other researchers can objectively evaluate the results of the research. This aspect of psychology illustrates the underlying theme that

answer

psychology is empirical.

question

Roger and Lydia met for a blind date. Roger had been told by his best friend that Lydia was charismatic and vivacious. During their date Lydia was friendly, but she was also quite shy and didn't initiate much of the conversation. Still, Roger thinks that Lydia is one of the most exciting people that he has met, and he can't wait to see her again. Roger's reaction to his date with Lydia shows that

answer

people's experience of the world is highly subjective.

question

Which of the following would be considered the major principle of operant conditioning?

answer

Humans and other animals tend to repeat responses followed by positive outcomes.

question

Which of the following areas of specialization in psychology is involved with the development of curricula and the training of teachers?

answer

Educational psychology

question

Janet trained her dog to sit on command by following this behavior with a reward of a dog biscuit and praise. Janet used the principles of

answer

behaviorism.

question

Research findings indicate that when changing answers on a multiple-choice test, most people change

answer

a wrong answer to a right answer.

question

According to John Watson, behavior is governed primarily by

answer

the environment.

question

Which of the following is a medical doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating mental disorders?

answer

A psychiatrist

question

Lisa taught her son to buckle his seatbelt in the car by allowing him to play one of his CDs on the car stereo after he was buckled up. Lisa taught him by applying the principles of

answer

behaviorism

question

Dr. Escher believes that individuals may inherit a predisposition for some psychological disorders, but that the disorders will not actually develop unless there is some stressful event that acts as a trigger. Dr. Escher's views reflect the underlying theme that

answer

genetic factors and experience interact to shape behavior.

question

The person responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline with its own subject matter is

answer

Wilhelm Wundt.

question

Darnell is working on a computer system that will have full language recognition capabilities. The type of psychologist that could probably give Darnell the MOST help in developing this computer system would be

answer

a cognitive psychologist.

question

Wilhelm Wundt believed the focus of psychology should be

answer

examining people's awareness of their immediate experience.

question

Which of the following early psychologists would be MOST likely to endorse the tenets of evolutionary psychology?

answer

William James

question

The idea that you should reward yourself for achieving study goals is based on the concept of

answer

behavior modification.

question

Which of the following contributed MOST to the development of applied psychology?

answer

The high demand for mental testing of military recruits

question

The fact that behaviors can be observed and thoughts and feelings cannot is the basis of

answer

behaviorism

question

Watson defined psychology as

answer

the scientific study of behavior.

question

Which of the following BEST characterizes people's understanding of reality?

answer

Highly subjective

question

Which of the following would be LEAST likely to be studied by a cognitive psychologist?

answer

Shaping behavior by reinforcement

question

What would be studied by a cognitive psychologist

answer

How people reason to solve problems How we remember things The development of language

question

In conducting a research study, psychologists need to define all their variables clearly and unambiguously, so that other researchers can objectively evaluate the results of the research. This aspect of psychology illustrates the underlying theme that

answer

psychology is empirical.

question

As the result of a breakdown in communication, morale is low among employees in a local factory. A(n) ____ would be the MOST likely to be helpful in restoring communication and improving morale.

answer

industrial/organizational psychologist

question

Alison believes that individuals learn to be either aggressive or nonaggressive as a result of the experiences they have. Alison's views are MOST consistent with the

answer

behaviorist view of psychology.

question

Which of the following is NOT listed in the textbook as an effective study technique?

answer

Concentrate your study time immediately before an exam.

question

What is an effective study technique

answer

Set up a schedule for studying. Study in a place where distractions are minimal. Break major assignments down into smaller component tasks.

question

The first woman to serve as president of the American Psychological Association was

answer

Mary Calkins.

question

According to research findings, which of the following is MOST likely to be associated with poor grades?

answer

Being absent from class

question

The idea that psychology is empirical suggests that

answer

conclusions should be based on direct observation.

question

The major event that influenced the development of psychology as a profession was

answer

World War II.

question

During World War II, many academic psychologists were pressed into service, mainly as

answer

clinicians.

question

Dr. Scarply believes that if all violent programming was banned, aggressive behavior would almost completely disappear. This type of explanation for the prevalence of aggressive behavior is inconsistent with the view that

answer

behavior is determined by multiple causes.

question

Which of the following conclusions is supported by research comparing "successful" to "unsuccessful" students?

answer

Successful students attended class more often than unsuccessful students.

question

Over the last 50 years, membership in the American Psychological Association has

answer

increased dramatically.

question

Dr. Somers studies psychological topics such as attitude formation and change and how groups influence people's behavior. Which of the following BEST categorizes Dr. Somers' research specialization?

answer

Social psychology

question

Ramon is a graduate student whose major area of interest is cognitive psychology. You should expect that Ramon is MOST interested in

answer

understanding mental processes such as memory and learning.

question

With which of the following statements would a behaviorist agree?

answer

Psychology should be the science of behavior that can be observed by others.

question

Larry is a graduate student whose major area of interest is social psychology. You should expect that Larry is MOST interested in

answer

how people relate to each other and influence each other.

question

With which of the following individuals is B. F. Skinner MOST in agreement on the issue of internal mental events?

answer

John Watson

question

Which of the following questions would a social psychologist be MOST likely to ask?

answer

Why do we like some people and not others?

question

The cognitive perspective contends that to fully understand human behavior, psychologists need to focus attention on

answer

internal mental events.

question

Widely shared customs, beliefs, values, and norms refer to which of the following?

answer

Culture

question

Which of the following psychologists would be MOST likely to stress that each person has a drive to grow and fulfill his or her potential?

answer

Abraham Maslow

question

Although functionalism faded away as a theoretical force in psychology, historians credit it with two important contributions to the discipline:

answer

behaviorism and applied psychology.

question

The widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, institutions, and other products of a community that are transmitted socially across generations BEST describes a person's

answer

cultural heritage.

question

Recent research trends in psychology involve two areas largely ignored by early behaviorists. These two areas are

answer

cognition (thinking) and physiological processes.

question

A group of psychologists are conducting research to determine whether people eat more when they are in the presence of environmental stimuli that increase anxiety, such as loud noises or flashing lights. These scientists MOST likely follow

answer

the behavioral perspective.

question

One psychologist explains a phobia in terms of learning principles whereas another looks to the unconscious for an explanation. Given this scenario, which of the following conclusions is MOST accurate?

answer

The two psychologists are using different theoretical perspectives.

question

A multifactorial approach to explaining your performance in a course would MOST likely focus on

answer

both personal and situational factors.

question

Sally is a psychologist interested improving curriculum design, achievement testing, and teacher training. What type of psychologist is Sally?

answer

An educational psychologist

question

Which of the following is a recent movement in psychology that has revived the old interest in mental and conscious events?

answer

Cognitive psychology

question

Which of the following areas is MOST likely to be classified as an applied area of specialization in psychology?

answer

Counseling psychology

question

Sally is a psychologist interested improving curriculum design, achievement testing, and teacher training. What type of psychologist is Sally?

answer

An educational psychologist

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