Psych 101 Unit 3 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol? negative reinforcement classical conditioning observational learning operant conditioning
answer
classical conditioning
question
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning is called a(n) unconditioned stimulus. secondary reinforcer. neutral stimulus. primary reinforcer.
answer
neutral stimulus
question
Your heart may race when you are confronted by a lion but not when you are approached by a kitten. This best illustrates the adaptive value of observational learning. discrimination. extrinsic motivation. spontaneous recovery
answer
discrimination
question
A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer is called a ________ reinforcer. delayed negative partial conditioned
answer
conditioned
question
Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n) conditioned stimulus. unconditioned stimulus. positive reinforcer. negative reinforcer.
answer
negative reinforcer
question
A partial schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses is a ________ schedule. fixed-ratio variable-ratio fixed-interval variable-interval
answer
variable-ratio
question
It has been suggested that ________ are activated when a monkey moves a peanut into its own mouth and when a monkey simply observes other monkeys move a peanut into their mouths. prosocial behaviors intrinsic motives cognitive maps mirror neurons
answer
cognitive maps
question
Operant response rates remain highest when individuals anticipate that their behavior will actually lead to further reinforcement. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in operant conditioning. secondary reinforcers cognitive processes biological predispositions intrinsic motivation
answer
cognitive processes
question
Morphemes are the smallest speech units that carry meaning. the best examples of particular categories of objects. the smallest distinctive sound units of a language. rules for combining words into grammatically correct sentences.
answer
the smallest speech units that carry meaning
question
Many people who are bilingual experience a different sense of self, depending on which language they are using. This most clearly illustrates the implications of Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis. Wernicke's speech theory. Gardner's language theory. Chomsky's language acquisition theory.
answer
Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis
question
The study of influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change is called molecular genetics. epigenetics. behavior genetics. evolutionary psychology.
answer
epigenetics
question
The reproductive advantage enjoyed by organisms best suited to a particular environment is known as self-regulation. behavior genetics. natural selection. interaction.
answer
natural selection
question
Placing ourselves in environments well suited to our existing traits best illustrates behavior genetics. a pruning process. a selection effect. heritability.
answer
a selection effect
question
People have always responded so positively to Alyssa's good looks that she has developed a socially confident and outgoing personality. This best illustrates the impact of temperament on gender identity. that mutations and heritability are complementary. the interaction of nature and nurture. the reciprocal influence of genes and chromosomes.
answer
the interaction of nature and nurture
question
An infant boy was raised as a girl following a botched circumcision. During adolescence, the child ________ boys and ________ the assigned female identity. wanted to kiss; accepted wanted to kiss; did not accept wanted no part of kissing; accepted wanted no part of kissing; did not accept
answer
wanted no part of kissing; did not accept
question
The belief that boys are more independent than girls is a gender role. gender identity. gender schema. gender type.
answer
gender schema
question
Just after birth, the cries of newborns bear the intonation of identity. imprinting. habituation. their mother's native language.
answer
their mother's native language
question
During the course of successful prenatal development, a human organism begins as a(n) zygote and finally develops into an embryo. embryo and finally develops into a fetus. zygote and finally develops into a fetus. fetus and finally develops into an embryo.
answer
zygote and finally develops into a fetus
question
Infant visual preferences have been discovered by assessing infants' conservation. habituation. accommodation. imprinting.
answer
habituation
question
With repeated presentations of a bright red toy, 2-month-old Anita began to respond with less visual attention to the toy. Her decreasing responsiveness best illustrates egocentrism. infantile amnesia. habituation. object permanence.
answer
habituation
question
During which of Piaget's stages does a person develop an awareness that things continue to exist even when they are not perceived? sensorimotor preoperational concrete operational formal operational
answer
sensorimotor
question
At age 12, Sean is happy, self-reliant, and has a positive self-image. It is most likely that Sean's parents are permissive. conservative. authoritarian. authoritative.
answer
authoritative
question
Piaget was convinced that the mind of a child is like a blank slate at birth. is not heavily influenced by maturation. develops through a series of stages. is heavily dependent on the child's personality.
answer
develops through a series of stages
question
Some mothers feed their infants when they show signs of hunger, whereas others fail to respond predictably to their infants' demands for food. These different maternal feeding practices are most likely to contribute to differences in infant habituation. attachment. conservation. egocentrism.
answer
attachment
question
An ongoing study of 1100 children in 10 American cities has found that those who had spent the most time in day-care facilities had slightly advanced thinking and language skills and an increased rate of aggressiveness. slightly inferior thinking and language skills and a decreased rate of aggressiveness. slightly advanced thinking and language skills and a decreased rate of aggressiveness. slightly inferior thinking and language skills and an increased rate of aggressiveness.
answer
slightly advanced thinking and language skills and an increased rate of aggressiveness
question
Brad and Jane exercise very little control over their two young children, and they usually allow them to do whatever they want. Psychologists would characterize Brad and Jane as ________ parents. authoritarian authoritative conventional permissive
answer
permissive
question
Erikson would have suggested that adolescents can most effectively develop a sense of identity by seeking a lifelong romantic relationship. severing the emotional ties between themselves and their childhood friends. investigating the personal suitability of various occupational and social roles. adopting whatever values and expectations their parents recommend.
answer
investigating the personal suitability of various occupational and social roles
question
Erikson suggested that the adolescent search for identity is followed by a developing capacity for competence. intimacy. autonomy. trust.
answer
intimacy
question
Which of the following best describes adolescent self-esteem? It rises through the early teen years and falls during the late teen years. It falls through the early teen years and rises during the late teen years. It rises through the early teen years and rises during the late teen years. It falls through the early teen years and falls during the late teen years.
answer
It falls through the early teen years and rises during the late teen years
question
The first ejaculation is to an adolescent boy as ________ is to an adolescent girl. sexual intercourse puberty menarche secure attachment
answer
menarche
question
Natasha and Dimitri have a fulfilling marital relationship because they readily confide their deepest hopes and fears to each other. This best illustrates the value of passionate love. social facilitation. self-disclosure. the mere exposure effect.
answer
self-disclosure
question
After she received a free hand-painted Christmas ornament from a religious organization, Mrs. Montevecchi felt obligated to mail a cash donation to the organization. Her response to the free gift best illustrates the impact of the mere exposure effect. just-world phenomenon. fundamental attribution error. reciprocity norm.
answer
reciprocity norm
question
Which of the following would be the best advice to give parents who are concerned about the frequent aggressive outbursts of their 6-year-old son? "Make a point of rewarding and praising your son whenever he is socially cooperative and altruistic." "Be consistent in spanking your child after every outburst so he'll realize that aggression never pays." "Encourage your son to watch the devastating consequences of violence portrayed on TV." "Don't be concerned about your child's aggressiveness, unless the behavior pattern continues beyond the fifth grade."
answer
"Make a point of rewarding and praising your son whenever he is socially cooperative and altruistic."
question
Ellie is unusually attractive and intelligent, and she works hard to please her husband. He displays little affection for her, however, and spends most of the family's resources on his own interests. Ellie's relationship with her husband is best characterized as deindividuated. companionate. inequitable. implicit.
answer
inequitable
question
The Y chromosome is the most well-known genetic marker identifying those who are most likely to form stereotypes. engage in aggression. experience cognitive dissonance. commit the fundamental attribution error.
answer
engage in aggression
question
The fact that human aggression varies widely from culture to culture most strongly suggests that it is NOT a reaction to frustration. influenced by social norms. an unlearned instinct. a product of deindividuation.
answer
an unlearned instinct
question
According to social exchange theory, altruistic behavior is guided by calculations of costs and benefits. feelings of social responsibility. reciprocity norms. family ties.
answer
calculations of costs and benefits
question
When 68-year-old Mrs. Blake had a flat tire on a fairly isolated highway, she received help from a passerby in less than 10 minutes. One year later, when she had a flat tire on a busy freeway, an hour elapsed before someone finally stopped to offer assistance. Mrs. Blake's experience best illustrates the fundamental attribution error. the mere exposure effect. group polarization. the bystander effect.
answer
the bystander effect
question
Haley thinks Keith's silence indicates that he's angry, so she avoids talking to him. Unfortunately, Keith thinks Haley's quietness signifies that she's angry and wants to be left alone. This situation best illustrates mirror-image perceptions. the reciprocity norm. superordinate goals. deindividuation.
answer
mirror-image perceptions
question
According to the text, aggression always involves physical damage. anger and hostility. the intent to hurt. a reaction to frustration.
answer
the intent to hurt
