PSYCH 101- General Psychology Chapter 1 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Define Psychology
answer
The scientific study of mind and behavior.
question
Define Mind
answer
Private inner experience
question
Define Behavior
answer
Observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animals.
question
Who was William James? (1842-1910)
answer
First to take a scientific approach to psychology.
question
Define Structuralism
answer
Analyze the mind by breaking it down to basic components
question
Define Functionalism
answer
Study how mental abilities allow people to adapt to their environments
question
Define Nativism
answer
The philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn.
question
Define Philosophical Empiricism
answer
The Philosophical view that all knowledge is acquired through experience.
question
Latin: What does Tabula Rosa mean?
answer
Blank Slate
question
Rene' Descartes (1596-1650)
answer
French philosopher that argued for dualism between mind and body.
question
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
answer
Argued against Descartes
question
Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828)
answer
Created Phrenology
question
Define Phrenology
answer
A now defunct theory that specific mental abilities and characteristics are localized in specific regions of the brain.
question
Pierre Flourens (1794-1867)
answer
Surgically removed brain pieces; argued against Gall's methods.
question
Paul Broca (1824-1880)
answer
Studied brain damaged patients (left frontal lobe) to link localization to ability.
question
Define Physiology
answer
The study of biological processes, especially in the human body.
question
Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894)
answer
Studied human reaction time; estimated the length of nerve impulses.
question
Define Stimulus
answer
Sensory input from the environment
question
Define Reaction Time
answer
The amount of time taken to respond to a specific stimulus
question
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
answer
Opened the first Psychological laboratory.
question
Define Consciousness
answer
A person's subjective experience of the world and the mind.
question
Define Structuralism
answer
The analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind.
question
Define Introspection
answer
The subjective observation of one's own experience
question
Edward Titchner (1867-1927)
answer
Studied under Wundt; focused on identifying basic elements of the mind.
question
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
answer
inspired James
question
Define Natural Selection
answer
The features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely than other features to be passed on to subsequent generations
question
G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924)
answer
Set up first psychological laboratory in North America; focused on development and education. Founded the American Journal of Psychology.
question
Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893), Pierre Janet (1859-1947)
answer
Studied hysteric patients through hypnosis.
question
Define Hysteria
answer
A temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences.
question
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
answer
Hysteria caused from painful unconscious experiences.
question
Define Unconscious
answer
The part of the mind that operates outside of awareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings, and actions.
question
Define Psychoanalytic Theory
answer
Approach to understand human behavior that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviors.
question
Define Psychoanalysis
answer
A therapeutic approach that focuses on bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders.
question
Carl Jung (1875-1961), Alfred Adler (1870-1937)
answer
Followed but broke away from Freud
question
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
answer
Pioneered a new movement in Humanistic Psychology
question
Define Humanistic Psychology
answer
An approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings.
question
Define Behaviorism
answer
an approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behavior.
question
John Watson (1878-1958)
answer
Goal to predict and control behavior through the study of observable behavior.
question
Margaret Washburn (1871-1939)
answer
Goal to predict and control behavior through the study of observable behavior.
question
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
answer
Studied the physiology of digestion and founded classical conditioning (Stimulus-Response)
question
What else is Stimulus-Response known as?
answer
S-R
question
Define Response
answer
An action or physiological change elicited by a stimulus.
question
Burrhus Frederick (B.F.) Skinner (1904-1990)
answer
Developed the "Skinner Box" or conditioning chamber to explain learning, and founded to operant conditioning. Influenced by Benedict Spinoza (1632-1677)
question
Reinforcement
answer
The consequences of a behavior that determine whether it will be more likely that the behavior will occur again.
question
What was the flaw with Behaviorism?
answer
Behaviorism ignored mental processes and evolutionary history.
question
Define Illusions
answer
Errors of perception, memory, or judgment in which subjective experience differs from objective reality.
question
Max Wertheimer (1880-1943)
answer
Founded induced motion phenomena. Created Gestalt Psychology.
question
Define Gestalt Psychology
answer
A psychological approach that emphasizes that we often percive the whole rather than the sum of the parts.
question
Sir Fredric Bartlett (1886-1969)
answer
Discovered that memory recall is flawed in contrast to Hermann Ebbinghaus. (1850-1909)
question
Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
answer
Studied cognitive development (errors) in children.
question
Kurt Lewin (1890-1947)
answer
Studied the construal of stimuli; topology as a mathematical to model subjective experience.
question
Define Cognitive Psychology
answer
The scientific study of metal processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning.
question
Donald Broadbent (1926-1993)
answer
Discovered attention has limited capacity
question
How many pieces of info can the brain hold?
answer
7 pieces (give or take 2)
question
Karl Lashley (1890-1958)
answer
Lesioned rats' brains to unsuccessfully localize learning; lead to physiological psychology.
question
Define Behavioral Neuroscience
answer
An approach to psychology that links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes.
question
Define Cognitive Neuroscience
answer
A field that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity.
question
Define Evolutionary Psychology
answer
A psychological approach that explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection. Influenced by Darwin, James, and E.O. Wilson.
question
What are humans?
answer
habit making, pattern creating, social creatures/animals.
question
What influences Psychology?
answer
The presence and absence of other people.
question
Define Social Psychology
answer
A subfield of psychology that studies the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior
question
Solomon Asch (1907-1996)
answer
Studied "mental chemistry" and obedience in lab experiments.
question
Gorgon Allport (1897-1967)
answer
Studied stereotyping, prejudice, and racism as perceptual errors.
question
Define Cultural Psychology
answer
The study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members. Studied by psychologists and anthropologists
question
Define Absolutionism
answer
Culture makes little difference on psychology
question
Define Relativism
answer
Psychological phenomena are likely to vary considerable across cultures
question
What was created when seven Psychologists banded together in 1892?
answer
The American Psychological Association (APA)
question
Mary Calkins (1863-1930)
answer
First female APA President
question
Kenneth Clark (1914-2005)
answer
First African-American APA President
question
American Psychological Society (APS) began in 1988, what was it changed to?
answer
Association for Psychological Science (2006)
question
What are some different types of Psychology?
answer
-Clinical -Counseling -School -Industrial/Organizational
