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Birth and Infancy of Social Psychology

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1880-1920 Nature v Nuture Suggestability, social facilitation and social loafing experiments.

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Who had the most dramatic impact on social Psychology

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Adolf Hilter. Lead to to questions about conformity.

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Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues

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Formed in 1936

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Kurt Lewin's Fundamental Principals of Social Psychology

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- Social Construction, What we do depends to a large extend on how we perceive the world around us. -Behaviour is a function of interaction between the person and their environment -Social psyc theories should be applied to important practical issues.

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New Zealand Firsts

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- Otago university. 1869 'Mental Science' - Sir Thomas Hunter (VUW) - Prof Ernest Beagehole

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Confidance & Crisis in Social Psychology

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1960s - 1970's - Expansion and enthusiasm, - Milgrim's experiments, - only looked at individual and not social demographics. - Are lab experiments good methodology for Psychology, are the results applicable outside the lab? Are lab experiments too individualist. - Lead to pluralism

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Pluralism

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mid 1970's - 1990's -hot (in the moment) and cold (concious thought) as determinants of behaviour. - international and multicultural perspectives using both lab experiments and new methodology

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Critical Social Psychology

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-Critical of elements of society and of psychology itself.

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Experimentalsim

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Using experiments to find answers. Critical social psychologists look to broaden understandings and use of methods.

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Reductionism

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studying a phenomenon or event by reducing it to it's component parts and studying these and their relationships. - Individual not global focus, thus ignoring social context.

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Concerns with individualism

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Social Psychology according to Gordon Allport 1985 -Social Psychology is an atempt to understand and explain how the thoughts feelings and behaviour of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of others. - Solutions to social issues will be focused on changing individuals personality moral reasoning of social structures and their impacts.

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Concerns with Methodology

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experimentalism said to "trivialise important social issues to fun-and-games experiments", failed to understand cultural and historical significance. Key points - mechanistic view. - artificiality -predefined possibilities -ignore society, history and culture

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Concerns with Theory

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Traditional Psych places little value on theory, limited focus on wider applications of research through inappropriate emphasis on positivist method.

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Epistemology

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the philosophical theory of knowledge that informs how research is shaped in it's broadest sense. Differing attitudes to observation and the possibilities for science - Three positions; positivism, social realism, and social construction.

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Positivism

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Accept that a true reality exists independent of our perceptions of it. Objective eliminating subjectivity and bias. Ignores power, subjectivity and cultural relativism

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Realism

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Importance of empirical methods but equal focus on underlying mechanism. external and measureable social reality, exist through the mediation of our perceptions of it and our actions.

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Relativism

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Knowledge is relative. truth varies in different situations. "how did this version of what is true come to dominate in these social and historical circumstances" to suggest that all claims are equally valid is to ignore the purposes of those claims.

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postmodernism

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questions scientific neutrality and objectivity facts not seen as unified as being the same for all people or all the time. an invitation into flexibility

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Moscovi's statements

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culture is created by and through communication. Behaviours acquire meaning relative to those who receive these behaviours and those who perform them.

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Social Construction

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Individuals or actors actively create the social world and all potential measures of the social world. - people construct knowledge as a social process -has historical and cultural specificity - knowledge and action go together. - "no such things as objective truth, only competing ways of understanding the world" -Kuhn 1962 scientific truth is influenced by fashion, trends politics power and priorities like any other kind of knowledge - Takes every concept as a claim and not fact.

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Discourse

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A knowledge based way of thinking and acting; the way in which new forms of knowelege arise. We are only able to know things through the discourse available to us

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Right wing (conservative)

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tend to focus on the individual; a fair society allows people the freedom to pursue their goals. problems are tackled at the individual level. Feeds into economics.

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Left wing (Marxist, Socialist)

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Emphasises the importance of societal change and class conflict. class is the fundamental factor in making sense of social factors and their impact on the individual.

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Marxism

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- Historical Marxism -historical change and social organisation occurs through people as forces of production. - Economic Base - the form that the means of production base generates other social formations - Capitalism - the mode of production is focused around the production of capital. Majority work for the benefit of the minority. - False consciousness- the ruling ideas of any era are the ideas of the ruling class. although majority of people do not realise this. - Hegemony - internalisation of the ideologies of the ruling class, the social order seems like the natural order - Ideology - systems of belief often intentionally obscuring realities or giving primacy to a particular view - Consumerism/commodity fetishism -Capitalism depends on selling large quantities of products.

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Developmental Psychology

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Human development occurs within a political context

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Social Representations

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false conciousness also provides and exmple of social representation theory.

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Income equality

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Gap increasing, rich getting richer poor getting poorer. NZ 6th most unequal one of the most unequal. Poorest 10% get 2.2% of countries wealth while richest 10% get 27.8%. -prevalence of mental illness. - poverty is a Major social cause of mental illness while social drift maintains illness.

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Identity Theory

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the enduring nature of one's thoughts about who one is. The internal stable sense of who we are. -examines the ways society shapes those views and how those views shape our identity. - self includes emotions and behavior that represent who we are and provide information to others -

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Role Idenitites

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expectations associated with positions

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Social categories

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the social demographic groups to which we belong

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Personal Characteristics

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individual nature (internal)

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Five Principals of Identity theory

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-Behavior is based on a defined and classified world -Societal positions are classified - We develop identities based on those positions - those positions shape our sense of identtity and become part of our self concept - Social behavior is derived from the expectations of our positions

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Impression Management

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refers to the aspects of our self that we can control -Front stage - presentation to others -back stage - private and relaxed

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Authenticity

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How well the self we present matches our actual self.

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Situated self

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we change our self according to the environment

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Self evaluation

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-How worthy am I? -How powerful am I? -How much do I matter?

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Internal Dialogue

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-social comparisons - using others as a reference point for our feelings, thoughts and behaviour -Reflected appraisals - how we think others view us -self-perceptions - observation of our own behavior. - Mastery - perception of control over environment

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Social Class

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A group that shares the same status in society - affects self-esteem among adolescents and young adults, - affects access to resources - influences activities and people we are involved in/with

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Social Identity Theory

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we define ourselves according to social identity rather than person personal identity -personal identity - personal attitudes, skills and preferences -Social identity - group characteristics; gender, ethnicity, religous beliefs

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Group membership

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-people tend to act according to which social identity is most salient and to perceive others in stereotypical ways according to the groups to which they belong -interactive - group members work to promote a positive image of their group and by extension increase their own self-esteem - make our group better and other groups seems worse (social comparison theory)

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Social Stratification

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- the ways in which individuals or groups are ranked, according to power status and prestige. - determines who we hang out with and how. - lower tends to be other,and consider the wants and needs of higher more often than the opposite.

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Gender

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- the social process in which individuals act according to the norms of behaviour for their sex. Stereotyped expectations

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Ethnicity and Poverty

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Class positon not evenly distributed. Negative stereotypes impact upon opportunities because, they will not be offered or due to anxiety regarding judgement

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Social Mobility

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change in class position

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Social Captial

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Access to social networks support and knowledge

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Wisconsin Model of Status attainment

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....

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Realistic conflict theory

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material conditions determine psychological process in group interactions

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Depression risk factors Female specific

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socio-economic status, gender roles, dependence of children and abuse

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Puberty and depression

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early onset of puberty linked to depression in girls while late onset linked to depression in boys.

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Depression and Gender

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woman more likely to engage in self-harm but men are more likely to be lethal. woman - lower socio-economic state, gender roles, presence of dependent children, childhood abuse, sexual abuse, domestic violence, sexual harassment and rape. - young girls more likely than young boys to be depressed, stressed eating disorder, attempt suicide. s-woman more likely to self-report depression than men. -social phobia ADHD alcohol and drug misuse more common in men.

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Depression and help seeking

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low in NZ especially young people and males. greater willingness to seek help for another if they were not a close friend. Worry about attached stigmas

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Suicide

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Depression most common risk factor. Women use less aggressive slower acting means than men and less likely to be fatal because increased chance of intervention. gender role conflicts, fear of success and devaluation of female role are all contributing factors girls more vulnerable to risk factors and have a stronger affect on girls than on boys. Adolesence brings an awareness of socio-economic differences and so engage in social comparisons more frequently

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Cohort Effect

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The effects of being born and raised in a particular time or situation where all other members of your group has similar experiences that make your group unique from other groups. -suicidal prone cohort beginning with people who were 15-24 in 1988 - cohort decreases over time as most vulnerable to successfully commit suicide

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Depression and economics

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Increases in inequality correlated with increases in suicide. NZ vs Finland NZ - neoliberablism, decreased welfare, increased inequality, increased suicide rate Finland- increased welfare, no rising income inequality, decline in suicide rate.

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Blaus significant themes in depression

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- Exaggerated feelings of worthlessness and lowered self-esteem - lowered self esteem. a negative view of the world - a negative view of world and of the future combine in a feeling of hopelessness

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Depression hopelessness and deprivation

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- depression, hopelessness and deprivation are commonly accepted causes. can remove focus from socioeconomic factors

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social issue

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obejctivist - a social issue is a social condition that has been found harmful to well-being - subjectively constructed -considered harmful

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Health belief model

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health behaviors predicited by - percieved suceptibility -percieved seriousness -benefits and barriers -cues to action

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health promotion

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social influence via pursuasion. either information or fear based or both.

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Stages of change model (Prochaska & DiClemente

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maintinance, action preparation contemplation precontemplation

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protection Motivation Theory of health

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health behaviors predicited by - percieved suceptibility -percieved seriousness -benefits and barriers -cues to action -self efficacy

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Theory of reasoned action

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socio-cognitive view incorperating attitudes of self and social environment

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Barriers to health promotion

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Individual - lack of knowlege - short term rewards out weighs long term consideration - effects not immediate - unrealistic optimism (it wont happen to me) - men less likely to engage in healthy behaviours Family barriers - health habbits gained as children. - less individual thought Health System Barriers - price and poverty -availability -drs focus on illness not health Community, cultural and ethnic barriers - internet diagnosis WebMD - community norms - health disparities based on ethnicity - remote living (further away)

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Self presentation and health

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people engage in health-related behaviors to convey positive impressions to others, depends on percieved norms

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Obesity

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consequences - health issues, death, psyc problems (low selfesteem, stigmatisation, depression, suicidal ideation, eating disorders) Discrimination - globesity - surpassed aids and malnourishment - encourages consumer culture - diet food and gym gear - linked to being poor, can't afford gym membership, healthy food is expensive

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Obesity and Individualism

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individualisation of problem is to blame for anxiety over body weight, because of internalisation of problem. fail if we don't fit norms. lazy if haven't.

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Applied Social psychology

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understand social and practical problems, and develope intervention strategies. Explicit guiding values

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Media and violence

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Disproved Cathartic effect. Has a priming effect.

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Media and pornography

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those who view lots of porn have less sexual satisfaction, expect women to be easy. More accepting of extramarital sex

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Effects of media

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-vicarious learning and modeling -conditioning and desensitization -priming -socialisation

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Psychological benefits of religion

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-provide hope and optimism -relaxation through mediation and prayer -source of social support -promotes healthy lifestyle -provides social identity

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Religion as a life-meaning source

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-comprehensive (covers everything) -accessible -transcendence - removes worry -direct claim to meaning

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Fundamentalism

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One avenue for finding meaning. Everything is answered through a sacred text. Little opportunity for counter discourse.

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celebrity

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The attribution of glamorous or notorious status to an individual within the public sphere" ascribed - born into it achieved - through some achievement attributed - through being charasmatic

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Celebrity functions...

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Subjectivism - perceptions on innate talent structuralism - mesmorises massess and distracts from current situation post-structualism - media and masses have really power to give anyone status

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emergence of celebrity occured as a a result of

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- democracy (royals not as important) - decline in religion (god shaped hole) - commodification of every day life

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Variants of cam girls

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- hobby -personal and artisitic expression - sexual content to generate income

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action research

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putting a plan for the improvement of a community or group into action and reviewing it's success and adapting plan.

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participatory research

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collaborating with people in the community. engaging in reciprocal education

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activist research

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concerns the position of the researcher as an activist.

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multidisciplinary

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researchers from multiple disciplines collaborate

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interdisciplinary

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use information from different disciplines but no collaboration of researchers

psyc229 – Contemporary Issues & Social Psychology – Flashcards

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