question

The historical treatment of Freud's impact upon psychology is still incomplete because ____

answer

many of his papers and letters will not be publicly available until later in the 21st century

question

In the 1970s, the publication of the research of John Garcia was significantly delayed because ____.

answer

his findings challenged the prevailing view in stimulus-response (S-R) learning theory

question

Kenneth Clark was rejected by the graduate program in psychology at Cornell because the university ____.

answer

could not tolerate Blacks working closely with Whites

question

The term "Zeitgeist" refers to ____.

answer

the intellectual and cultural climate or spirit of the times

question

Who conducted a research program on racial identity and self-concept issues for Black children that was cited in the 1954 Supreme Court decision to end racial segregation in public schools?

answer

Kenneth and Mamie Clark

question

According to Peirce and Jensen, science is characterized by its use of

answer

reason and experience

question

The new discipline of psychology was the product of the union of ____

answer

physiology and philosophy

question

Homeostatic regulation has been described as a mechanism in

answer

(all of the above) color perception, drug tolerance, color vision?

question

Empiricism attributes all knowledge to ____.

answer

experience

question

The doctrine that natural processes are mechanically determined and capable of explanation by the laws of physics and chemistry is ____.

answer

mechanism

question

For Berkeley, depth perception is the result of ____.

answer

the association of ideas that must be learned

question

"If a tree falls in the forest and no one is present to hear it, a sound will still occur because God is the permanent perceiver of all objects in the universe." This argument illustrates the position of ____.

answer

Berkeley

question

____ are mechanized figures that could almost perfectly duplicate the movements of living things.

answer

Automata

question

The doctrine that acts are determined by past events is ____.

answer

Determinism

question

A fundamental difference between Descartes's psychology and that of Locke was their position about the existence of ____.

answer

Innate ideas

question

Descartes makes a case that because the body is matter the laws of ____ apply.

answer

Mechanics

question

According to Locke, in human development, what kind of ideas appears first?

answer

Sensation

question

The doctrine that considers the facts of the universe to be sufficiently explained in physical terms by the existence and nature of matter is ____.

answer

Materialism

question

Psychology was founded by ____.

answer

Wundt

question

Who developed both the two-point threshold and the concept of the just noticeable difference?

answer

Weber

question

Johannes Müller found that nerves only give information characteristic of the sense associated with it. This means that when an auditory nerve is stimulated, it will result in someone hearing a sound, even when no noise is present. Müller called this ____.

answer

The doctrines of the specific energies of nerves

question

The representation of the nervous system as a complex switching system reveals the 19th-century reliance on ____.

answer

Mechanism

question

____ discovered, among other things, that the brain had both white and gray matter, and that fiber connect the two halves of the brain

answer

Gall

question

Who devised a theory of color vision as well as conducted research on audition?

answer

Helmholtz

question

The researcher credited with the finding or conclusion that nerve impulses are electrical within the neuron is ____.

answer

Galvani

question

Fechner wrote satirical essays ridiculing medicine and science under the pen name ____.

answer

Dr. Mises

question

Scientific study of behavior and mental processes

answer

Psychology

question

The ultimate fate of Wundt's laboratory at Leipzig was that it ____.

answer

Was destroyed by allied bombing raids in World War II

question

Wundt's term voluntarism reflects his emphasis on the ____.

answer

power of the will to organize the contents of the mind

question

Act psychology, in contrast to Wundt's approach, claimed that psychology should ____.

answer

study mental processes or functions and not mental structure

question

While conducting his research, Ebbinghaus used ____.

answer

a single subject

question

Külpe opposed Wundt by claiming that conscious thought processes can be carried out without the presence of sensations or feelings. Külpe's view is known as ____.

answer

Imageless thought

question

According to Wundt, psychology should be concerned with the study of ____.

answer

Immediate experience

question

Ebbinghaus' curve of forgetting shows that ____.

answer

material is forgotten rapidly in the first hours after learning and then the forgetting slows down

question

The Gestalt psychologists' best-known tenet is that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. This same tenet was alleged in Wundt's principle of ____.

answer

apperception

question

According to Wundt, there were two elementary forms of experience, namely ____.

answer

Sensation and Feelings

question

While Wundt had argued that learning and memory could not be studied experimentally, who soon proved him wrong?

answer

Ebbinghaus

question

Psychology is unique among the sciences in its requirement that its students ____.

answer

study the history of psychology

question

What conclusions can be drawn from the study of the Invisible Gorilla?

answer

It is difficult for people to pay attention to more than one stimulus at a time

question

Division ____ of the American Psychological Association is concerned with the study of the discipline's history.

answer

26

question

In what year was the American Psychological Association founded?

answer

1892

question

Psychology is marked by diversity and divisiveness. The one aspect of the discipline that provides cohesiveness and a common ground for discourse is its ____.

answer

History

question

Perhaps the most valuable outcome of the study of the history of psychology is that one will learn the ____.

answer

relationships among psychology's ideas, theories, and research strategies

question

According to Schultz & Schultz, a course in the history of psychology is useful because ____.

answer

it helps us to understand why modern psychology has so many different movements it helps to integrate the areas and issues that constitute modern psychology it provides a fascinating story on its own

question

As a scientific discipline, psychology is ____.

answer

one of the newest and one of the oldest

question

Greek philosophers studied issues involving ____.

answer

motivation abnormal behavior learning thought

question

Modern psychology shares which of the following characteristics with ancient Greek philosophy?

answer

An interest in the same kinds of questions about human nature

question

Modern psychology emerged from philosophy approximately ____ years ago.

answer

200

question

The feature of modern psychology that distinguishes it from its antecedents is its ____.

answer

Methodology

question

Until the last quarter of the 19th century, philosophers studied human nature using which of the following methods?

answer

Speculation Intuition Generalizations

question

The new discipline of psychology was the product of the union of ____.

answer

Philosophy and Physiology

question

The hallmark of psychology's separation from philosophy was its reliance on ____.

answer

Experimentation

question

Modern psychology differs from philosophy in which of the following ways?

answer

Modern psychology uses objective methods to study questions. Philosophy depends upon speculation and intuition in order to answer questions.

question

Psychology became an independent discipline during the ____.

answer

first decade of the twentieth century

question

The term historiography refers to ____.

answer

the techniques, principles, and issues involved in historical research

question

In contrast to the events that are studied in science, historical events cannot be ____.

answer

Repeated

question

The data of history are most accurately depicted or described as ____.

answer

Data Fragments

question

The approach of the historian of psychology is similar to the approach taken by ____ in the study of their field.

answer

Archaeologists

question

Which psychologist burned his/her own letters, manuscripts, and research notes before s/he died?

answer

John Watson

question

At least one of Freud's biographers downplayed the extent of Freud's cocaine use. This is an example of ____.

answer

a misrepresentation intended to protect Freud's reputation

question

An "autobiography" of Jung was evidently written not by Jung but by an assistant who ____.

answer

altered and/or deleted some of Jung's writings to present him in a manner suiting his family and followers

question

Important personal papers by ____ have been misplaced for decades or more

answer

Ebbinghaus Fechner Darwin

question

The historical treatment of Freud's impact upon psychology is still incomplete because ____.

answer

many of his papers and letters will not be publicly available until later in the 21st century

question

The terms ego and id, which do not precisely represent Freud's ideas, are examples of ____.

answer

data distorted by translation

question

Freud's idea "Einfall" was translated to English into the term ____ which means something other than what Freud implied in the original German.

answer

Free Association

question

Skinner's self-discipline as a student and Freud's being ignored and rejected early in his career indicated that ____.

answer

participants may themselves produce biased accounts

question

To guard against self-serving data and to assess the truth of a person's recollections and reports of events in the history of psychology, the historian should, whenever possible, ____.

answer

collect data from other observers

question

Regardless of how objective a science and its practitioners are alleged to be, that science will be influenced by the ____.

answer

contextual forces of the time

question

The term "Zeitgeist" refers to ____.

answer

the intellectual and cultural climate of the times

question

The contextual forces in psychology deal with the ____.

answer

social, economic, and political factors that influenced the field.

question

The three contextual forces in the history of psychology were ____.

answer

economic opportunities, wars, and discrimination

question

A surge in the practice of applied psychology occurred in response to the lack of jobs in academic settings for PhDs. Thus, the development of applied psychology was a direct consequence of the ____.

answer

economic context of the United States

question

A wave of employment possibilities in applied psychology in the first two decades of the 20th century was partly due to ____.

answer

700% increases in public school enrollment

question

Which contextual influence on psychology lead to the growth of psychology in the areas of personnel selection, psychological testing, and engineering psychology?

answer

Demands generated by the world wars

question

On the basis of the destruction associated with World War I, Freud proposed that ____.

answer

humans have an instinct for aggression

question

According to the textbook, psychology as a discipline has ____.

answer

engaged in the discriminatory practices that mark American culture as a whole

question

Even when some women were admitted to graduate programs in psychology, they still encountered many barriers to their success, such as ____.

answer

-being barred from some laboratory facilities -being prevented from using graduate library facilities -being unable to eat in graduate cafeterias -not being allowed to participate in some seminar topics

question

As recently as the 1960s, why were some universities reluctant to admit women to their graduate programs in psychology?

answer

Their personal lives, in terms of marriage and becoming pregnant, were viewed as obstacles that reduced the likelihood of completion of graduate school and, in the opinion of some influential psychologists, some women would never amount to anything.

question

Julian Rotter, a leading personality theorist was told that "____ simply could not get academic jobs, regardless of their credentials

answer

Jews

question

According to your text, it was so difficult for Jewish psychologists to get a job that some resorted to ____.

answer

changing their name to something that didn't seem Jewish

question

When ____ enrolled as a graduate student at Clark University, the administration arranged a separate dining table for her/him.

answer

Francis Sumner

question

Kenneth Clark was rejected by the graduate program in psychology at Cornell because the university ____.

answer

could not tolerate Blacks working closely with Whites

question

The first African American president of the APA was ____.

answer

Kenneth Clark

question

Who conducted a research program on racial identity and self-concept issues for Black children that was cited in the 1954 Supreme Court decision to end racial segregation in public schools?

answer

Kenneth and Mamie Clark

question

History ignores the work of the majority of ____.

answer

All Psychologists

question

The _____ theory would support the claim: "Freud was instrumental in discovering psychoanalysis. If not for Freud, no other psychologist would have been able to undercover the human psyche."

answer

Personalistic

question

"The man makes the times," reflects which view of history?

answer

Personalistic

question

Which theory suggests that "the times make the person"?

answer

naturalistic

question

Simultaneous discovery favors which view of history?

answer

naturalistic

question

Darwin and Wallace developed similar theories of evolution independently; Newton and Leibnitz developed the calculus independently; Twitmyer discovered "Pavlovian" conditioning before Pavlov did. Such independent discoveries are attributed to which theory?

answer

naturalistic

question

In the 1970s, the publication of the research of John Garcia was significantly delayed because ____.

answer

his findings challenged the prevailing view in stimulus-response (S-R) learning theory

question

The editors and editorial boards of journals in psychology are composed of people eminent in their specialty areas and likely to subscribe to tradition and their own viewpoints. Thus, new knowledge may not be published if it is revolutionary. This situation illustrates which theory?

answer

Naturalistic

question

In the first years of psychology's emergence as a new discipline, which man determined its direction?

answer

Wilhelm Wundt

question

A school of thought emerges whenever ____.

answer

a group shares a theoretical orientation and investigates similar problems

question

The stage in the development of a science when it is still divided into schools of thought is called ____.

answer

preparadigmatic

question

Which eminent historian called the process of replacing one paradigm with another a scientific revolution?

answer

Thomas Kuhn

question

Kuhn (1970) defines a paradigm as ____.

answer

an instance of agreement on theory and methodology by the science's practitioners.

question

In Kuhn's philosophy of science, when Einstein's theory of relativity replaced Galilean-Newtonian physics, a(n) ____ occurred.

answer

scientific revolution

question

Currently, psychology ____.

answer

has been described as a sequence of failed paradigms and may be more fragmented than at any time in its history

question

The various schools of thought in psychology have served well as systems to be opposed. In each case, ____ was the consequence.

answer

Structuralist

question

The school of thought that deals with how the conscious mind enables and facilitates one's adaptation to one's environment is the ____ school.

answer

Functionalist

question

The school of thought that focuses on the processes of knowing and thus represents a return to the study of conscious processes is the ____ school.

answer

Cognitive

question

The school of thought that is distinct in its focus on the role of the unconscious in determining behavior is the ____ school.

answer

psychoanalytic

question

The school of thought that focuses on learning and perception and emphasizes the combination of elements to produce new patterns is the ____ school.

answer

Gestalt

question

The school of thought that deals solely with observable behaviors that can be described in objective terms is the ____ school.

answer

Behaviorist

question

The school of thought that emphasizes the study of conscious experience and the wholeness of human nature is the ____ school.

answer

Humanistic

question

The doctrine that natural processes are mechanically determined and capable of explanation by the laws of physics and chemistry is ____.

answer

mechanism

question

According to the textbook, the dominant idea of the 17th century was ____.

answer

Mechanism

question

The Zeitgeist of 17th- to 19th-century Europe and of the United States was marked by ____.

answer

Mechanism

question

The theories of mechanism that invoke the movement of atoms to explain the universe were developed by ____.

answer

Newton and Galileo

question

Which of the following ideas has psychology borrowed from natural physics?

answer

effects are predictable and measurable

question

What invention was considered the perfect metaphor for the "spirit of mechanism"?

answer

clock

question

The doctrine that acts are determined by past events is ____.

answer

determinism

question

The doctrine that explains phenomena on one level (such as complex ideas) in terms of phenomena on another level (such as simple ideas) is ____.

answer

reductionism

question

Seventeenth century philosophers and scientists argued that like clocks and the universe, ____ are regular, predictable, observable and measurable.

answer

human beings

question

____ are mechanized figures that could almost perfectly duplicate the movements of living things.

answer

Automata

question

Philosophers and scientists joined in agreement that ____.

answer

experimental and quantitative methods could be applied to the study of human nature

question

____ was the first successful demonstration of artificial intelligence.

answer

Babbage's calculating machine

question

Contemporary cognitive psychologists' computer model of artificial intelligence is a direct descendant of

answer

babbage's calculating machine

question

Who published a clear explanation of how the calculating machine functioned and pointed out its potential use and implications?

answer

Lovelace

question

The pursuit of knowledge through the observation of nature and the attribution of all knowledge to experience is ____.

answer

empiricism

question

Empiricism attributes all knowledge to ____.

answer

Experience

question

Descartes was significant to psychology as a science because he helped liberate ____.

answer

science from the stranglehold of theology

question

Who can be said to have inaugurated the era of modern psychology?

answer

Descartes

question

In the 20th century, Carl Jung based important decisions on his dreams. A 17th-century predecessor in this practice was ____.

answer

Descartes

question

For Descartes, the application of mathematical principles to sciences would produce ____.

answer

Certainty of knowledge

question

In the 20th century, Hull described and explained behavior by mathematical formulas, axioms, and postulates. Thus, he illustrated whose notion that certainty of knowledge is accomplished by the application of mathematics to science?

answer

Descartes's

question

The question of the distinction between mental and physical qualities refers to ____.

answer

the mind-body problem

question

Before Descartes, the accepted point of view was that the interaction between mind and body was essentially unidirectional, that ____.

answer

the mind influenced the body

question

Descartes's dualism was novel in its emphasis on the ____.

answer

influence of the body on the mind

question

Descartes argued that all processes are functions of the body except ____.

answer

thought

question

Descartes changed the focus from the study of ____ to the study of ____.

answer

the soul; the mind

question

Descartes makes a case that because the body is matter the laws of ____ apply.

answer

mechanics

question

The body will respond without any internal conscious intent to some external stimulus. This fact illustrates Descartes' principle of ____.

answer

undulatio reflexa

question

In modern terminology, Descartes would argue that if the inputs are known, the behavioral outputs can be predicted. Thus, he is an intellectual ancestor of ____.

answer

S-R psychology

question

The response of salivation following the stimulus of food on the tongue is an illustration of Descartes' ____.

answer

reflex action theory

question

Under Descartes's reflex action theory, an external stimulus can bring about a(n)____ physical response.

answer

involuntary

question

Which of the following statements best describes Descartes' dualistic theory of human nature?

answer

the mind and body mutually influence each others actions

question

Descartes's term for the site of body-mind interaction was the ____, because it is ____.

answer

conarium; not duplicated in both brain hemispheres

question

Which of the following is an example of a derived idea?

answer

seeing a forest

question

Descartes posited that the mind-body interaction occurred in the ____.

answer

Pineal body

question

According to Descartes, the pineal gland was the part of the brain ____.

answer

where the bind and body interact

question

Descartes proposed that the mind produces two kinds of ideas, ____ and ____.

answer

derived; innate

question

Derived ideas ____.

answer

arise from the direct application of an external stimulus

question

Which of the following is an example of an innate idea?

answer

infinity

question

Which of the following is a contribution of Rene Descartes to modern psychology?

answer

- a mechanistic conception of the body - the theory of reflex action - mind-body interaction - localization of mental function in the brain

question

The idea of a house is an example of Descartes' notion of ____.

answer

derived ideas

question

Descartes theorized that we are born with knowledge of the axioms of geometry. Thus, these axioms are ____ ideas.

answer

innate

question

The doctrine of ____ is important because it stimulated opposition among early empiricists and associationists.

answer

innate ideas

question

Descartes' notion that we are born with certain perceptual processes is also a principle of which modern school of psychology?

answer

Gestalt

question

The doctrine that recognizes only natural phenomena or facts that are objectively observable is ____.

answer

positivism

question

Both the term and concept of positivism represent the thought of ____.

answer

Comte

question

The idea that science should be based totally on objectively observable facts is called ____.

answer

positivism

question

In eyewitness testimony, one swears that what one has observed accurately depicts reality. Because this "fact" has not been determined through the methods of science, it does not meet Comtes' strictest application of ____.

answer

Positivism

question

The doctrine that considers the facts of the universe to be sufficiently explained in physical terms by the existence and nature of matter is ____.

answer

Materialism

question

Those who argue today that behavior is no more than the action of chemicals and electrical events in the brain might be labeled "modern ____."

answer

materialist

question

Materialism is the belief that ____.

answer

all things can be described in physical terms

question

Locke's ____ marks the formal beginning of British empiricism.

answer

An essay concerning human understanding

question

A fundamental difference between Descartes's psychology and that of Locke was their position about the existence of ____.

answer

Innate ideas

question

John Locke disagreed with the doctrine of innate ideas. According to Locke, ____.

answer

the mind is a blank slate at birth; therefore, there are no innate ideas

question

Aristotle held that the mind was a wax slate upon which impressions are made. Locke invoked the metaphor of the ____ to illustrate the same phenomenon.

answer

tabula rasa

question

What position did Locke take on the origin of ideas?

answer

All ideas are acquired from experience; no ideas are innate

question

Locke argued that ideas seem to us to be innate because ____.

answer

We don't recollect having learned them

question

For Locke, ideas are the result of ____.

answer

reflection and sensations

question

According to Locke, in human development, what kind of ideas appears first?

answer

Sensation

question

"Why should I have to read what Locke wrote over 300 years ago? Schultz and Schultz and the instructor get paid to summarize that for me." What answer would the textbook authors give you?

answer

"Full understanding comes from reading the original data of history from the theorists themselves."

question

According to Locke, simple ideas become complex ideas through the process of ____.

answer

reflection

question

According to Locke, the idea of an army or a navy would be an example of ____.

answer

a complex idea

question

For Locke, the difference between a simple and a complex idea is that a simple idea ____.

answer

cannot be reduced

question

If a tree falls in the forest and no one is present to hear it, then the fall makes no sound. Using Locke's distinctions, this conclusion assumes that the sound is a(n) ____.

answer

secondary quality

question

According to Locke, the tickle of a feather would be a(n) ____.

answer

secondary quality

question

The notion of secondary qualities was proposed by Locke to explain ____.

answer

The distinction between the physical world and one's experience of it

question

"If a tree falls in the forest and no one is present to hear it, a sound will still occur because God is the permanent perceiver of all objects in the universe." This argument illustrates the position of ____.

answer

Berkeley

question

Which philosopher believed that the only things that humans know with certainty are those objects that are perceived?

answer

George Berkeley

question

The doctrine that all knowledge is a function of mental phenomena and is dependent on the perceiving or experiencing person is an illustration of ____.

answer

Berkeley's mentalism

question

Which of the following slogans could be attributed to Berkeley?

answer

To be is to perceive

question

Berkeley's basic difference with Locke was the former's argument that ____.

answer

there are no primary qualities

question

The phenomenology of the humanistic school focuses on the individual's unique experiences as they define the person's reality. This idea is a direct descendant of ____.

answer

Berkeley's mentalism

question

For Berkeley, depth perception is the result of ____.

answer

the association of ideas that must be learned

question

What was the significance of the defecating duck?

answer

-It demonstrated the Zeitgeist of the time. -It was widely popular and well-known. -It was described as the "glory of France." -It was one example of the spirit of mechanism.

question

Why was the mechanical clock a revolutionary invention?

answer

Clocks brought precision, regularity, and predictability to everyday life, which was later developed into a model for science.

question

Which of the following types of automata are NOT described in the book?

answer

A singing mouse

question

Which theorist believed that people are similar to machines?

answer

Descartes

question

What was the basis for Babbage's calculating machine?

answer

- The spirit of mechanism - Automata and clocks - The mechanical nature of human mental actions

question

What was the most influential doctrine to modern psychology?

answer

Empiricism

question

While Hartley's fundamental law of association was ____, he also proposed that ____ was necessary for associations to be formed.

answer

Contiguity;repetition

question

Hartley was the first to apply the theory of association to explain ____.

answer

All mental activity

question

Hartley argued that the human brain and nervous system transmitted impulses ____.

answer

With nerve vibrations

question

James Mill demonstrated a radical perspective because he believed that the mind is a(n) ___.

answer

machine

question

____, the most radically mechanistic of the British empiricists, claimed that the mind is a machine and that there is no freedom of the will, believing instead that the mind is totally a passive entity and all thought can be analyzed in terms of sensations.

answer

James Mill

question

Mind is Machine would be a good book title for ____.

answer

James Mill

question

James Mill's model says that all knowledge ____.

answer

Begins with sensations, and associations create complex ideas

question

James Mill: ____; John Stuart Mill: ____.

answer

Mechanical; chemical

question

Which British empiricist championed women's rights and condemned the unequal status of women?

answer

John Stuart Mill

question

The idea that "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" was the position of ____.

answer

John Stuart Mill

question

John Stuart Mill (JSM) differed from his father's view of the mind by proposing: "Complex ideas emerge from combinations of simple ideas and possess characteristics not found in those elements." JSM was concerned with mental ____.

answer

Chemistry

question

Complex ideas formed from simple ideas take on new qualities. This is a definition of ____.

answer

John Stuart Mill's creative synthesis

question

John Stuart Mill's metaphor of mental chemistry came to be known as ____.

answer

Creative Synthesis

question

Why was David Kinnebrook fired?

answer

His observations differed from the observations of his boss.

question

Bessel began the study of individual differences in perception by noting that ____.

answer

astronomers differed in their time estimates in measuring the transit of a star

question

Whose research would support the argument that there is no such thing as objective observation?

answer

Bessel's

question

Bessel's discovery had an impact on which of the following sciences?

answer

Psychology, Physiology, Biology, Astronomy

question

Until the work of ____, experimentation was not the preferred method in physiology.

answer

J. Muller

question

Johannes Müller found that nerves only give information characteristic of the sense associated with it. This means that when an auditory nerve is stimulated, it will result in someone hearing a sound, even when no noise is present. Müller called this ____.

answer

the doctrine of the specific energies of nerves

question

Johannes Müller's most influential publications was ____.

answer

The handbook of the physiology of mankind

question

The practice of psychosurgery such as prefrontal lobotomies, has its roots in the ____.

answer

extirpation method

question

____ was a pioneer in research on reflex behavior showing that reflexes could occur in the absence of brain involvement.

answer

Hall

question

In his research, Flourens Localized specific functions to how many brain areas?

answer

4

question

"Acts like a chicken with its head cut off" is a description of behavior that has its roots in ____ research.

answer

Hall's

question

In modern medicine, the cause of a person's dementia typically cannot be determined until autopsy. Thus, ____ clinical research method continues to be of significance in medicine and psychology.

answer

Broca's

question

The ____ method is described as a type of posthumous extirpation.

answer

clinical

question

Electrical stimulation as a method of mapping the cerebral cortex was introduced by ____.

answer

Fritsch and Hitzig

question

____ produced the theory of cranioscopy.

answer

Gall

question

____ discovered, among other things, that the brain had both white and gray matter, and that fiber connect the two halves of the brain.

answer

Gall

question

____ created phrenology, which proposed that the topography of a person's skull revealed his or her intellectual and emotional characteristics.

answer

Gall

question

Although he did not develop the theory called phrenology, ____ served as its popularizer.

answer

Spurzheim

question

In the Unites States, the ____ brothers had a profitable and extensive business selling phrenology readings.

answer

Fowler

question

The most effective criticisms of phrenology came from whom?

answer

Flourens

question

____ systematically destroyed parts of the brain using extirpation.

answer

Flourens

question

The researcher credited with the finding or conclusion that nerve impulses are electrical within the neuron is ____.

answer

Galvani

question

The representation of the nervous system as a complex switching system reveals the 19th-century reliance on ____.

answer

mechanism

question

Who discovered the direction of travel of nerve impulses in the brain and spinal cord?

answer

Cajal

question

The method of logic that characterizes psychology and that was favored in Germany of the 19th century was ____.

answer

The inductive method

question

In the 19th century, the British and French defined science as including ____.

answer

physics and chemistry only

question

German universities were especially fertile ground for scientific advances because ____.

answer

there was academic freedom for students and faculty alike

question

The "publish or perish" ethic, which is a hallmark of the most prestigious U.S. research universities and colleges, is a direct descendant of the 19th-century ____ universities.

answer

German

question

Helmholtz emphasized a(n) ____ approach.

answer

mechanistic and deterministic

question

Who invented the ophthalmoscope?

answer

Helmholtz

question

One of Helmholtz's particular contributions to psychology was his work on ____.

answer

vision

question

Why did Helmholtz abandon his research into human reaction times?

answer

He found differences from one individual to the next and he found differences in the same individual

question

Who devised a theory of color vision as well as conducted research on audition?

answer

Helmholtz

question

With regard to the speed of the nerve impulse, perhaps the most important conclusion of Helmholtz's research for psychology was the determination ____.

answer

that thought and movement are not simultaneous

question

The modern notion of subliminal perception rests on the idea that the threshold of perception or consciousness can be determined. The first experimental illustration of psychological threshold was demonstrated by ____.

answer

Weber

question

Weber's Law, the formulation of how much change in a stimulus is required for a subject to detect it, rests on the measurement of the ____.

answer

just noticeable difference

question

Who developed both the two-point threshold and the concept of the just noticeable difference

answer

Weber

question

Whose major contributions to the new psychology involved the two-point threshold and the just noticeable difference?

answer

Ernst Weber

question

What is the smallest detectable difference between two stimuli?

answer

just noticeable difference

question

What was the ratio of a weight to its just noticeable difference weight when they were lifted? What was the ratio of a weight to its just noticeable difference weight when the weights were placed in the subject's hands?

answer

1:40; 1:30

question

Weber suggested that discrimination among sensations depended on ____.

answer

the relative difference or ratio between two weights

question

Weber's experiments led to two important contributions: (a) further research and (b) the focus of attention of later physiologists and the new psychology on the development of ____.

answer

experimental methods for studying mind-body relationships

question

Fechner wrote satirical essays ridiculing medicine and science under the pen name ____.

answer

Dr. Mises

question

After Fechner obtained the very important appointment of professor at the University of Leipzig, he ____.

answer

became depressed

question

As a form of occupational therapy, Fechner ____.

answer

-Chopped carrots and turnips -made strings and bandages -grinded a sugarloaf into powdered sugar -dipped candles

question

While euphoric and suffering from delusions of grandeur, Fechner ____.

answer

developed the idea of the pleasure principle

question

Fechner's flash of insight about the mind-body connection was that there is a(n) ____ relationship between a mental sensation and a material stimulus.

answer

quantitative

question

According to Fechner, the effects of stimulus intensities are not ____ but are ____ to the amount of sensation that already exists.

answer

absolute; relative

question

Fechner's most important contribution to psychology was the ____.

answer

quantification of the mind-body relationship

question

Fechner proposed two ways to measure the lowest level of a sensation. One was the point of stimulus intensity below which no sensation is reported and above which subjects do experience a sensation; the other was ____.

answer

whether or not a stimulus is present or absent, sensed or not sensed

question

The point of sensitivity at which the least amount of change in a stimulus gives rise to a change in a sensation is a definition of ____.

answer

The differential threshold

question

The point of sensitivity below which no sensation can be detected and above which sensation can be experienced is a definition of the ____.

answer

absolute threshold

question

____ discovered the law, S = K log R.

answer

Fechner

question

The scientific study of the relations between mental and physical processes is a definition of ____.

answer

psychophysics

question

In Fechner's Law as one variable increases arithmetically, the other variable increases ____.

answer

geometrically

question

In Fechner's law, S is the ____.

answer

magnitude of the sensation

question

Late in his career, Fechner noted that the idea for describing the mind-body relationship ____.

answer

had not been suggested to him by Weber's work

question

The calculation of the mean of a group of scores is the same as Fechner's ____.

answer

method of average error

question

The original source material on Fechner reproduced in your textbook was taken from the book ____.

answer

Elements of psychophysics

question

Psychology was founded by

answer

Wundt

question

In his early work when he was his own experimental subject, the 29-year-old Wilhelm Wundt found that he could ____.

answer

not pay attention to two things at once

question

Wilhelm Wundt is the ____ of psychology as a discipline.

answer

founder

question

What book marks the "literary birth" of the new science of psychology?

answer

Fechner's Elements of Psychophysics (1860) and Wundt's Contributions to the Theory of Sensory Perception (1858-1862)

question

In 1867, Wundt offered the first course ever given in ____.

answer

physiological psychology

question

Wundt's system is most accurately called ____.

answer

experimental psychology

question

Wundt established psychology as distinct from philosophy primarily in terms of its ____.

answer

use of the experimental method

question

Wundt's influence was so widely felt that, as a tribute, his lab was later replicated in ____.

answer

Japan and Russia

question

Which of the following statements is true of Wundt's cultural psychology?

answer

it dealt with various stages of human mental development

question

The cultural psychology of Wundt examined evidence from ____.

answer

examination of language, myths, customs, law, and morals

question

Wundt argued that cognitive processes such as learning and memory could not be studied by experimental methods because ____.

answer

they were influenced by language and aspects thereof

question

Wundt's productivity as a writer can be quantified by his output, which averaged ____.

answer

2.2 pages a day for over 50 years

question

For Wundt, the subject matter of psychology was ____.

answer

consciousness

question

The first system or school of thought in psychology was called ____.

answer

voluntarism by Wundt

question

Wundt's term voluntarism reflects his emphasis on the ____.

answer

power of the will to organize the contents of the mind

question

In Wundt's laboratory, introspection was used to assess ____.

answer

immediate experience

question

According to Wundt, psychology should be concerned with the study of ____.

answer

immediate experience

question

If you look at a rose and observe, "The rose is red," you are observing the ____.

answer

mediate experience

question

Introspection as used by Wundt is also called ____.

answer

internal perception

question

Wundt's modification of introspection was the ____.

answer

use of experimental controls

question

Wundt's observers used introspection to report ____.

answer

judgements about the size and intensity of physical stimuli

question

According to Wundt, the stimulation of a sense organ sufficiently to have the nerve impulse reach the brain defines a(n) ____.

answer

sensation

question

Wundt classified sensations according to which characteristics?

answer

intensity, duration, and sense modality

question

For Wundt, the difference between sensations and images was ____.

answer

nonexistent

question

According to Wundt, there were two elementary forms of experience, namely ____.

answer

sensation and feelings

question

For Wundt, feelings are ____.

answer

based on three dimensions including pleasure/displeasure

question

Wundt's theory of feelings was based on ____.

answer

His own introspection

question

Wundt's doctrine of apperception refers to ____.

answer

the process of organizing mental elements into a whole

question

Wundt's doctrine of apperception was also known as the ____.

answer

law of psychic resultants

question

The law of psychic resultants governs ____.

answer

the organization of mental elements

question

The Gestalt psychologists' best-known tenet is that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. This same tenet was alleged in Wundt's principle of ____.

answer

apperception

question

According to Wundt, ____ has/have "to do with objective masses, forces, and energies" while ____ has/have "to do with subjective values and ends."

answer

physical measurements; psychical measurements

question

Wundtian psychology in Germany was slow to develop because ____.

answer

it was not seen as having practical value

question

Research suggests that many psychology historians consider ____ to be the most important psychologist of all time

answer

Wundt

question

Wundt's most important contribution to psychology was ____.

answer

-"selling" psychology to the scientific community -describing psychology as an experimental science -beginning the first psychological journal -his publications, which are still widely read today

question

While Wundt had argued that learning and memory could not be studied experimentally, who soon proved him wrong?

answer

Ebbinghaus

question

Ebbinghaus is important for the history of psychology because he ____.

answer

successfully challenged Wundt's claim that higher mental processes, such as learning and memory, could not be studied in the laboratory

question

This person was influenced by Fechner's rigid and systematic use of measurement in developing his own methods for researching higher level cognitive processes.

answer

Hermann Ebbinghaus

question

Ebbinghaus's focus of study was on the ____.

answer

initial formation of associations

question

____ work on ____ was the first "venture into a truly psychological problem area" rather than on physiology.

answer

Ebbinghaus; learning

question

While conducting his research, Ebbinghaus used ____.

answer

a single subject

question

As his measure of learning, Ebbinghaus adapted a method from ____.

answer

the associationists

question

Ebbinghaus measured the rate of human learning by ____.

answer

counting the number of repetitions needed for one perfect reproduction of the material

question

What is Psychology

answer

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Psyc: History & Systems Exam 1 Ch. 1-4 UCA Scoles – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards