Psyc exam 2 – Flashcards
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Which of the following examples of change demonstrates learning?
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Alex slows down her car after seeing a police officer on the side of the road
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The central idea of toilet training a cat is breaking down the process into a series of small stages. This is an example of
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Shaping
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The typical use of applied behavior analysis is
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Treating children with disorders such as autism
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Fishing is an example of an activity with a
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Variable interval schedule of reinforcement
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The Breland's determined that most Skinnerian behaviorist made the false assumption that
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All responses are equally able to be conditioned to any stimulus
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A modern time for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response is
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Applied behavior analysis (ABA)
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The behavior of infants and animals can easily be reinforced using
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Primary reinforcers
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Research suggests that once people learn something
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It is always present somewhere in memory
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According to Bandura to learn anything through observation the learner must first
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Pay attention
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Noah is a junior in college and has always been an average student. This semester he has a political science class for which he feels very passionate and he sees himself pursuing a career in politics. For the first time he wants to do so well that he can get an A. This is an example of which element of observational learning?
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Desire
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Bandura concluded that there were _____ elements of observational learning
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Four
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The second group of rats and Tolman's maze experiment was not reinforced for finding the exit until the 10th day. Once they started getting reinforcement the rats
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Learn to find the exit almost immediately
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Köhler determined that insight
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Cannot be gained through trial and error learning alone
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Köhlers idea of animal insight was controversial because
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Other researchers like Thorndike did not believe the animals demonstrated that trait
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In Tolmans Study of latent learning one group of rats was rewarded for getting out of the maze a second was not rewarded during training trials but was rewarded eventually and a third group of rats was
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Not rewarded
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In John Watson's experiment with Little Albert he demonstrated that
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Human emotional responses could be conditioned
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Ivan Pavlov was a Russian _____ who spent his life studying classical conditioning
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Physiologist
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For classical conditioning to be effective the condition stimulus must be
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Distinctive
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_________ occurs when an organism learns to respond to different stimuli in different weights
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Stimulus discrimination
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The repeated pairing of the NS and UCS is called
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Acquisition
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Bandura conducted some of his research to study
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Possible links between children's exposure to violence on television and aggressive behavior towards others
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An example of an episodic memory would be
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A special gift you received on your 13th birthday
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In real life information that has just entered iconic memory will be pushed out very quickly by new information. Research suggests that after ______, old information is replaced by new information
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A quarter of a second
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The Tower of Hanoi study found that people with anterograde amnesia
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Still form new procedural memories
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Visual sensory memory is known as
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Iconic memory
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Short-term memory tends to be encoded primarily in
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Auditory form
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In Broadbent's filter theory only a stimulus that is _____ enough will be passed on to be analyzed for meaning in short-term memory (STM)
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Important
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As opposed to _____ memories, ______ memories are easily made conscious
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Implicit; explicit
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The _____ acts as interpreter for both the visual and auditory information in short-term memory(STM)
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Central executive
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The set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brains storage system is called
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Encoding
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The idea that memory formation is a simultaneous process is reflected in the
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Parallel distributed processing model
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The _____ is derived from work in the development of artificial intelligence
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Parallel distributed processing model
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In his 1932 book sir Frederick Bartlett wrote that he viewed memory
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As a problem solving activity
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Marco's and his friends enjoy watching football together on Sundays. After some of the games are over Marcos tells his friends that he knew all along who would win the game. Marco's belief that he could predict the outcome of some of the games without having been told the winners in advance is an example of
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Hindsight bias
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Kevin was in a study room during which he was shown a photo of a man with straight hair. Later he was asked if he noticed the man's curly hair. Kevin was then convinced that the man in the photo had curly hair. this is an example of
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The misinformation effect
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On the first day of school all of the students in Mrs. Randall's class shared with her their names. Mrs. Randall's students were engaging in the process of _____
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Encoding
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Dr. McCrae encourages her students to go beyond just memorizing definition. She teaches them that if they fully understand the meanings of the concepts covered in class they will be able to remember them much longer. Dr. McCrae's lesson to her student appears to be based on which model of memory?
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Levels of processing
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Ebbinghaus found that forgetting
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Is greatest after just learning
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Marcia dated David for several years. They recently broke up and Marcia went out on a date with a man named Oliver. While on the date Marcia mistakenly called him David. This is an example of
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Proactive interference
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Juana was certain that the man she saw in the police photograph was the man who stole her purse. Later another man confessed to the crime. This is an example of
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A false positive
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Peoples memories of September 11, 2001 are best described as
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Flashbulb memories
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Information that enters long-term memory by automatic encoding
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Requires little or no effort to retrieve
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Which is an example of a recognition task?
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A word search puzzle
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To answer the questions in this test which type of memory recall would you most frequently use?
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Recognition
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Ruth was in a car accident that resulted in a head injury. She cannot remember the events that occurred several hours prior to the accident. Ruth is experiencing
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Retrograde amnesia
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Anterograde amnesia can be caused by
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A concussion
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A recent study has shown that for a group of individuals with _____, computerized cognitive exercises that placed increasing demands on auditory perception were beneficial
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Schizophrenia
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In a well known animal language research study, Kanzi the chimp
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Demonstrated four consistent sounds to represent banana, grapes, juice and the word yes
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The system of rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences is
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Syntax
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In some languages, changing the _____ of a spoken word can change its entire meaning.
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Intonation
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When solving a problem if a person is hesitant or unable to think beyond solutions that have worked in the past he or she is stuck in
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A mental set
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And important factor in the formation of prototypes
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Culture
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Eric dropped a note under his car seat and couldn't find it. he looked all through the glove compartment for a flashlight so that he could get a better look under his seat. he later realized he could have just held his cell phone under the seat to help illuminate the area. this is an example of
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Functional fixedness
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Trial and error is another term ror
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Mechanical solution
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People who believe that aliens have come to earth may disregard evidence that crop circles are human made. this is an example of
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Confirmation bias
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Brainstorming, keeping a journal, and subject mapping are all ___________
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Strategies to simulate divergent thinking
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The _____ heuristic is based on one's estimation of the frequency or likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant information from memory or how easy it is to think of related examples
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Availability
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Writing a term paper maybe best approached by using
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Subgoals
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A mental image that is larger and covers more distance
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Takes longer to view than one that is smaller and more compact
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The _______ involves estimating the likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant information from memory
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Availability heuristic
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Derek was given a test where he had to identify morphemes. In one particular case he was asked to identify the number of morphemes in the word "rescuer". if Derek answered correctly he was able to identify _____ morpheme(s)
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Two
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You're asked to come up with a new slogan for your schools psychology club. At first nothing comes to mind then suddenly "Aha!" the perfect slogan becomes apparent to you but you were not consciously aware of how you figured it out. Your "Aha!" moment is called
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Insight
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Gardner theorize that there are _____ types of intelligence
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Nine
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__________, which is caused by a defect in a male gene that leads to deficiency in a protein needed for brain development, is a biological cause of intellectual disability
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Fragile X syndrome
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Terry exhibits extraordinary musical ability. according to Spearman this is an example of _____ intelligence
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S factor
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Terman determined that gifted people
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Are more resistant to mental illnesses than those of average intelligence
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_____ is a developmental delay related to living in poverty and one that usually produces relatively mild intellectual disabilities
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Familial retardation
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______ is a method for comparing mental age and chronological age that was adopted for use with the revised Binet intelligence test
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Stern's formula
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According to Goleman, _____ is a more powerful influence on success in life than more traditional views of intelligence
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Emotional intelligence
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The higher ones degree of practical intelligence
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The less likely that person will succeed in an academic setting
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Csikszentmihalyi found that
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Creative people are not necessarily unconventional in all aspects of their lives
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