psyc ch 4 – Flashcards
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attachment
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the powerful bond of love between any two individuals
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toddlerhood
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the important transition stage after babyhood, from roughly 1 year to 2.5 years of age; defined by an intense attachment to caregivers and by an urgent need to become independent
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behaviorists
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skinner minimized human attachment need believed 'maternal reinforcing stimulus' created infants need to be close to a caregiver
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john watson
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strict behaviorist - seemed hostile to attachment crusaded against the dangers of 'too much' motherly love
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eurpoean psychoanalysts
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saw it as crucial to infrants life
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ethologist
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Lorenz was an early evolutionary psychologist believed in a biologically programmed attachment response conducted research with goslings - 'imprinting'
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harlow
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raised baby monkeys from mothers cloth monkey and wire monkey - likes cloth better love won over getting fed comfort was important to bonding
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Bowlby's evolutionary-based theory
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human beings have a critical period during the first year when the attachment response is programmed to emerge
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primary attachment figure
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closest person in a child's or adult's life
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proximity-seeking behavior
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acting to maintain physical contact or to be close to an attachment figure survival response activated by threats occurring at any age
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preattachment phase
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1st phase of bowlbys developmental attachment sequence, during 1st 3 months of life, when infants show no visible signs of attachment social smile evokes care and love reflex dominated time
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social smile
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first real smile, occuring 2 months of age bowlby thinks doesnt show attachment, just an automatic reflex
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attachment in the making
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2nd phase of bowlbys developmental attachment sequence, when from 4 to 7 months of age babies slightly prefer the primary caregiver but still respond to everyone
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clear-cut attachment
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critical human attachment phase, from 7 -8 months, defined by seperation anxiety, stranger anxiety, and needing a primary caregiver close
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separation anxiety
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signal of clear-cut attachment when a baby gets upset as a primary caregiver departs
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stranger anxiety
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beginning at about 7 months of age, when a baby grows wary of people other than a primary caregiver
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social referencing
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a baby's checking back and monitoring a caregiver for cues as to how to behave while exploring; linked to clear-cut attachment
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working model
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in bowlby's theory, the mental representation of a caregiver allowing children over the age of 3 to be physically apart from that primary attachment figure
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strange situation
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Mary Ainsworth's procedure to measure attachment at age 1, involving planned seperation and reunions with caregiver
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secure attachment
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ideal attachment response when a child responds with joy at being united with a primary caregiver; or, in adulthood, the genuine intamacy that is ideal in love relationships
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insecure attachment
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deviation from the normal joyful response of being reunited with a primary caregiver, signalling problems in a caregiver-child relationship
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avoidant attachment
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an insecure attachment style characterized by a child's indifference to a primary caregiver at being reunited after seperation
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anxious-ambivalent attachment
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clingy, fearful, fear of exploration severe distress when mom leave; contradictory emotions when mom returns
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disorganized attachment
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bizarre behaviors; may freeze, look frightened, or flee victims of abuse usually
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synchrony
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the reciprical aspect of the attachment relationship, with a caregiver and infant responding emotionally to each other in a sensitive, exquisitely attuned way
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caregivers
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insecurely attached securely attached
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insecurely attached
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babies may have parents who misread signals, may be rejecting, disengaged, or depressed
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securely attached
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babies may have caregivers who are sensitive
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child
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babys temperament and quality of caregiving will influence attachment style
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temperament
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a persons characteristic, inborn style of dealing with the world
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is infant attachment universal?
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universally, babies attach around the same age (7-8 months)
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Bowlby
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inner working model of attachment determines how people relate to others and feel about themselves research supports this model
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attachment styles can change over time
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life stress may change attachment from secure to insecure responsive caregiving can change attachment from insecure to secure
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oxytocin
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the hormone whose production is centrally involved in bonding, nurturing, and caregiving behaviors in our species and other mammals qualifies as attachment hormone elicits bonding
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dose-response effect
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term referring to the fact that the amount (dose) of a substance, in this case the depth and length of deprivation, determines its probable effect or impact on the person
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poverty
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income level that allows households to pay for shelter, food, and clothing with a small amount left over
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during childhood
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poverty may compromise health (low birth weight, stressed mothers) and cause chronically elevated levels of stress hormone cortisol
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poverty may have long-term educational impact
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poverty during first 4 years makes it statistically less likely for a child to graduate high school may enter school 'left behind'
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head start
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a federal program offering high-quality day care at a center and other services to help preschoolers aged 3-5 from low income families prepare for school
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early head start
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federal program that provides counseling and other services to low-income parents and children under age 3
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pre-school
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teaching-oriented group setting for age 3-5
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quality of parenting and
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attachment relationships at home outweight time spent in day care
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beginning early in life at daycare
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long hours there predict an elevated risk of 'acting out' behaviors until age 15
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autonomy
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Erikson's second psychosocial task, when todderler confront the challenge of undertsanding they are seperate individuals
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todderlerhood
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1-2 years autonomy vs shame an doubt understanding of self and self conscious emotions appear may feel proud or shame need to explore
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socialization
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the process by which children are taught to obey the norms of society and to behave in socially appropriate ways
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power assertion
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an ineffective socialization strategy that involves yelling, screaming, or hitting out of frustration at a child
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goodness of fit
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an ideal parenting strategy that involves arranging childrens environments to suit their temperaments, minimizing their vulnerabilities and accentuating their strengths
