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Sigmund Freud

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The originator of psychoanalysis. Believed strongly that unconscious drives and desires guided people's actions.(p.63)

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Freudian View of Human nature

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-Deterministic--meaning that behavior is based not on free will and conscious choice but unconscious motivations, biological and instinctual drives, and critical events that occur during the first six years of life. (p.64)

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Libido

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the psychoanalytic term for the energy associated first with the sexual instincts and later with the life instincts. (p.64)

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Life Instincts

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Instincts oriented toward growth, development, and creativity that serve the purpose of the survival (p.64)

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_______ pain and _______ pleasure is a major concept in Freudian view of Human nature

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Avoiding; Gaining (p.64)

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Death Instincts

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A Freudian concept that refers to a tendency of individuals to harbor an unconscious wish to die or hurt themselves or others; accounts for the aggressive drive. (p.64)

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Id

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In Sigmund Freud's theory, the portion of the personality that contains our instincts and our irrational desires. It is largely unconscious and very demanding. It lives according to the pleasure principle, which is to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. (p.64)

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Ego

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the part of you that mediates between the demands of the ID and Superego; ruled by the reality principle which tells you to wait until an appropriate time; uses the defense mechanisms to reduce anxiety (.64)

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Superego

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The Judicial Branch of personality which represents the culture within us, the morals and values we have internalized from our social groups. Represents the ideals (p.65)

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Psychoanalysis has shifted from "making the unconscious conscious" to...

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"where there is id, let there be ego" (p.65)

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Psychic Energy

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Freud's term for the biologically based instinctual drives that he believed fuels behavior, thoughts and feelings. Thus, "behavior is determined by this psychic energy" (p.65)

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According to Freud, humans are viewed as ________ systems, and the dynamics of personality consist of ways in which _________-_________ is distributed to the Id, Ego, and Super Ego.

answer

Energy systems, Psychic Energy is distributed (p.65)

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According to Freud, the original system of personality and the primary source of psychic energy

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is the "id" (p.65)

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Pleasure Principle

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the governing theory for the Id's desire to maximize pleasure and minimize pain in order to achieve immediate gratification. (p.65)

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Reality Principle

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the governing principle of the ego that takes into account what is practical and acceptable in satisfying basic needs (p.65)

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Among the Three structures of personality, Frued believed ______ is handed down from parent to child

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The Superego

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this is related to psychological rewards like pride and self love, feelings of guilt and inferiority

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The Superego

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True or False: the unconscious can be studied directly

answer

False, it cannot be studied directly but can be inferred from behavior

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Clinical evidence for postulating the unconscious includes..

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-Dreams -slips of the tongue, "Freudian slip" -posthypnotic suggestions -free association techniques -projective techniques -symbolism of psychotic symptoms (p.65-66)

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The Iceberg Analogy

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the conscious is the small peak, while the unconscious is the great part the lurks beneath the surface

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Freudian perspective of the Unconscious

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it stores all experiences, memories, and repressed material, It can be considered the tension that motivates us beyond our conscious (p.66)

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Freudian Perspective for "curing" a patient

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to discover the meaning of symptoms and behaviors, the causes of behavior, and the repressed materials that interfere with healthy living. (p.66)

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True or False: Intellectual insight alone resolve a symptom alone

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False, the clients need to cling to old patterns must be confronted by working through transference (p.66)

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When a client unconsciously projects attributes of someone from a former relationship onto a therapist or seeks more out of the relationship than is therapeutically appropriate is called?

answer

Transference

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Anxiety

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feelings of dread from repressed materials that come to the surface of awareness, can be considered tension that motivates. It's function is to warn us of impending dangers (p.66)

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Three kinds of Anxiety:

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-reality -neurotic -moral (p.66)

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Reality Anxiety

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The fear of danger from the external world; the level of such anxiety is proportionate to the degree of real threat. (p.66)

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Neurotic Anxiety

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Caused by the fear that the impulses of the id will overwhelm the ego, thereby causing the person to do something for which he or she will be punished. (p.66)

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Moral Anxiety

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The fear of one's own conscience; people with a well-developed conscience tend to feel guilty when they do something contrary to their moral code. (p.66)

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According to Freud, Neurotic and Moral anxieties are caused by..

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threats to the "balance of power" or control (p.66)

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When the ego, cannot control anxiety by rational methods, it...

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relies on ego defense behavior (p.66)

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Ego-defense Mechanisms

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Help cope with anxiety & prevent ego from being over whelmed, --unconscious processes that denys or distorts reality to reduce or prevent anxiety, considered normal (p.66)

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Repression Defense

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Threatening or painful thoughts and feelings are excluded from awareness (p.67)

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Denial Defense

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"closing the eyes" Defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities. Operates at precociousness conscious levels (p.67)

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Reaction Formation

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Defense mechanism by which people behave in a way opposite to what their true but anxiety-provoking feelings would dictate. "smiling when you are sad" - "friendliness towards an enemy"

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Projection

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Attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or motives, onto another (p.67)

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Displacement

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directing energy toward another person or object when the original object is inaccessible (p.67)

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Rationalization

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manufacturing "good" reasons to explain a bruised ego (p.67)

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Sublimation

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Defense Mechanism :when a person channels sexual or aggressive energy into pursuits or accomplishments that society considers acceptable or even praiseworthy ( tim works out when he feels hostile and frustrated)

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A 40 yr old man sick with the flu, assumes a fetal position in bed & calls his mother for a bowl of her chicken soup is an example of...?

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Regression (p.68)

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Introjection

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A process of taking in the values and standards of others.Can be positive or negative. Example parental values or concentration camps (p.68)

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Identification

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A defense mechanism that helps deal with feelings of threat and anxiety by enabling us unconsciously to take on the characteristics of another person who seems more powerful or better able to cope. Multiple personality disorder, the girls taking on a boys identity (p.68)

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Compensation

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a defense mechanism that conceals your undesirable shortcomings by exaggerating desirable behaviors

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Psychosexual stages

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Refers to Freuds chronological stages of development which pleasure is derived from different parts of the body (oral, anal, phallic) which are all grounded in the first 6 years of life (p.68)

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oral stage

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deals with the inability to to trust oneself and others, resulting in the fear of loving and forming close relationships and low self esteem (p.69)

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anal stage

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deals with the inability to recognize and express anger, leading to the denial of one's own power as a person and lack of a sense of autonomy (p.69)

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phallic stage

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deals with the inability to fully accept one's sexuality, and also one's self as a man or woman (p.69)

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genital stage

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Freud's last stage of personality development, from the onset of puberty through adulthood, during which the sexual conflicts of childhood resurface (at puberty) and are often resolved during adolescence).

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Psychosocial Perspective

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Refers to Erik Erikson's basic psychological and soical tasks, which individuals need to master at intervals from infancy through old age (p.69)

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psychosocial stages

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eight developmental stages, each involving a crisis that must be successfully resolved

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Crisis

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a turning point where one can progress or regress, at these points we can either resolve an issue or master it, and the effects can drastically alter one's life (p.69)

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Classical psychoanalysis is based on

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Id psychology, which holds that instincts and intrapsychic conflicts are the basic factors for shaping personality (p.69)

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Contemporary psychoanalysis is grounded in

answer

ego psychology, which accepts the role of intrapsychic conflicts but emphasizes the striving of the ego for mastery and competence throughout the life span (p.69)

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Ericson's view of Freudian development theory

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Ericson believed that Freud did not go far enough to explain the egos place in development and did not garner enough attention to social influence (p.69-70)

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Trust vs Mistrust

answer

1st) Erikson's theory (level) 0-1 year. Child cries. Needs are met. Learns to trust caretaker. If needs are not met, child develops an attitude towards the world (p.70)

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Autonomy vs Shame

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2nd) Eriksons 2nd psychological crisis (years 1.5-3) in which children develop a sense of whether their behavior is under their own control or under the control of external forces

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initiative vs guilt

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3rd) Erikson's theory (level) Preschool (3-6 years) Important events: Exploration. Children need to begin asserting control & power over their environment. Success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose. Children who try to exert TOO much power experience disapproval, resulting in the negative feeling.

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Industry vs Inferiority

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4th) Erikson's theory (level) School age (6-12 years). Important Events: School. Children need to cope with new social & academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of not being as good as others.

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identity vs role confusion

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5th) Erikson stage - teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused on who they are. (12 to 18)

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Intimacy vs Isolation

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6th) 19-mid 30s. Adolescents who have been able to develop a sense of identity is in a position to develop a non-exploitative, intimate, committed relationship with a member of the opposite sex and can tolerate the risks involved in this process. An adolescent unable to negotiate this stage will become self-absorbed and isolated. Isolation is avoidance of intimacy.

question

Generativity vs stagnation

answer

7th) In middle age, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose

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Integrity vs despair

answer

8th) Erikson's eighth and last stage. From age 65 to death, people who look back on their lives with satisfaction develop a sense of wholeness and integrity. Those in despair look back with regret and disappointment in the lives they have led.

question

Oedipus complex

answer

According to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

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electra complex

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Conflict during phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals

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latency stage

answer

the fourth period (from about age 5 or 6 until puberty) during which sexual interests are supposed to be sublimated into other activities (p.70)

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The Ultimate goal of psychoanalytic therapy is

answer

to increase adaptive functioning , which involves the reduction of symptoms and the resolution of conflicts (p.72)

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blank screen approach

answer

is to engage in very little self disclosure and maintain a sense of neutrality to foster a transference relationship in which their clients will make projections onto them (p.72)

question

The idea behind the blank screen approach...

answer

if therapist says very little and hardly interacts, the assumption is that whatever the client feels towards the therapist will largely be produced by feelings largely associated with figures of the past (p.73)

question

"grist for the mill'

answer

projections which have their origins in unfinished and repressed situations

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True or False: classical analysis takes a short period of time to work

answer

false, "Clients must be committed to an intensive long term process" (p.73)

question

free association

answer

In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

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psychodynamic therapy

answer

A briefer more directive and more modern form of psychoanalysis that focuses on conscious processes and current problems

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transference relationship

answer

the cornerstone of psychoanalysis, the projection of feelings onto the therapist in order to bring up past events to the present as a means to engage and grow past them

question

working through process

answer

repetitive elaborate explorations of unconscious materials and defenses, no pain, no gain (p.75)

question

psychoanalytic therapy features

answer

-therapy is geared more to limited objectives -less likely to use a couch -fewer sessions -more engagement, less aloof objectivity, less neutrality -more empahsis on the here and now -more leeway for self disclosure -more focus on practical concerns, less fantasy

question

6 basic techniques of of psychoanalytic therapy

answer

1) maintain the analytic framework 2) free association 3)interpretation 4)dream analysis 5)analysis of resistance 6)analysis of transference

question

maintaining the analytic framework

answer

Refers to a range of procedures, such as an analyst's anonymity, regularity, and consistency of meetings, as a structure for therapy.

question

free association in psychoanalytic therapy

answer

is the central technique , method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing...during this process, the therapists task is id the repressed material locked in the unconscious

question

interpretation

answer

A technique used in psychoanalysis in which the psychoanalyst offers a carefully timed explanation of the patient's dreams, free associations, or behaviors to facilitate the recognition of unconscious conflicts or motivations.

question

dream analysis

answer

"The royal road to the unconcious'" In psychoanalysis, interpreting the underlying true meaning of dreams to reveal unconscious processes

question

latent content

answer

According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream.

question

manifest content

answer

According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content).

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dream work

answer

in Freudian dream analysis, the process by which the internal censor transforms the latent content of a dream into manifest content

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resistance

answer

Anything that works against the process of therapy of the individuals problems.

question

Analytical psychology

answer

Jung's theory of personality, An elaborate explanation of human nature that combines ideas from history, mythology, anthropology, and religion. His work emphasis the central importance on the psychological changes associated with middle life.

question

individuation

answer

the harmonious integration of the conscious and unconscious aspects of personality

question

collective unconscious

answer

"the deepest level of the psyche containing the accumulation of inherited experiences of human and pre-human species" (p.84) "Dexter's Dark Passenger"

question

archetypes definition

answer

the images of universal experiences contained in the collective unconscious

question

The 4 archetypes

answer

persona, the anima, animus, and the shadow

question

the persona

answer

is a mask, or public face that we wear to protect ourselves

question

the anima & the animus

answer

represent the biological and psychological aspects of masculinity and femininity, which are thought to coexist in both sexes

question

the shadow

answer

has the deepest roots, and is the most powerful and dangerous of the archetypes, it represents our dark side. the thoughts feelings and actions that we tend to disown by projecting them outward

question

Reality principle

answer

According to Freud, the way in which the ego seeks to satisfy instinctual demands safely and effectively in the real world.

question

True or False: The Id matures over time with age

answer

False, it NEVER matures and remains of the spoiled brat of personality (p.65)

question

Known as the "executive" or "traffic cop" of the personality

answer

The Ego (p.65)

question

acts as the judicial branch of the personality, and includes a persons moral code

answer

The superego (p.65)

question

Freud explained this ego defense as an involuntary removal of something from the conscious, which most events occur in the first _____ years of life, which affect one later in life

answer

Repression, 5-6 years of life (p.67)

question

True or False: Erikson completely dismissed Freuds psychosexual theory of development

answer

False; holds that psychosexual growth and psychosocial growth take place place Together, and that at each stage of life we must find balance between ourselves and our environment (p.69)

question

oral fixations develop as a result of...

answer

deprivation of oral gratification (p.70)

question

rejecting others or inability to form intimate relationships may result from

answer

deprivation during the oral stage (p.70)

question

During this stage, the main tasks include learning independence, accepting personal power, and learning to express negative feelings such as rage

answer

Anal Stage (p.70)

question

latency stage

answer

the fourth Freudian period (from about age 5 or 6 until puberty) during which sexual interests are supposed to be sublimated into other activities (p.70)

question

two goals of Freudian psychoanalytic therapy is to are

answer

to make the unconscious conscious and to strengthen the ego, as a way to make decisions reality based as opposed to instinctual craving and irrational guilt (p.72)

question

True or False: In the psychoanalytic approach analysts are NOT free to spontaneously express themselves

answer

True, this may make the therapy grounds feel unsafe, perhaps make the client feel their "free thoughts" are being judged (p.74)

question

Transference

answer

is the clients unconscious shifting to the analyst of feelings and fantasies that are reactions to significant others in the clients past (p.75)

question

Psychoanalytic clients are ready to terminate the relationship when...

answer

-their is mutual agreeance that symptoms have been resolved -clarity and acceptance of remaining emotional problems -understanding of historical roots of issues -mastery of core themes has occurred -insight into environmental influences -reduced defensiveness - can intergrate past issues with current relationships

question

Evidence suggesting the concept of the unconscious include: A) dreams B) Post-hypnotic suggestions C) free-association D) all of these E) direct observations based on experiential research

answer

D all of these (p.65)

question

A person who unconsciously exhibits overly nice behavior to conceal hostile feelings is probability using which ego defense: A) displacement B) reaction formation C) introjection D) projection E) regression

answer

B) reaction formation (p.67)

question

One of the most important Freudian Concepts, which consists of pushing unacceptable life events and painful feelings into the unconscious, is A) repression B) regression C) displacement D) rationalizaton E) projection

answer

A) repression, (p.67

question

The Ego defense mechanism in which a person exhibits behavior that clearly shows signs of reverting to a less mature stage is________? A) fixation B) rationalization C) regression D) introjection E) reaction formation

answer

C) regression (p.67)

question

Attributing to others the qualities or traits that are unacceptable to our own ego is best described as: A) displacement B) introjection C) reaction formation D) projection E) none of these

answer

D) projection (p.67)

question

True or False: Jung supported many of Freud's views but especially on sexuality

answer

False; Jung supported many of Freud's ideas but especially DID NOT support his ideas on sexuality, eventually parting ways with Freud's "dogmatic" ways (p.84)

question

Individuation

answer

the harmonious integration of the conscious and the unconscious aspects of personality

question

Ego psychology

answer

is a part of classical psychoanalysis with the emphasis placed on the VOCABULARY of the Id, Ego, and Superego and Anna Freuds identification of of defense mechanisms

question

Object-relations Theory

answer

focuses on how our relationships with "others" are affected by the way we have internalized our experiences and representations of others.

question

"object"

answer

Freud refereed to it as that which satisfies a need, or to the significant other. It represents more than an object in other words

question

"others'

answer

instead of representing separate entities, significant others are perceived by infants as objects for gratifying needs (Men or women as a piece of meat)

question

Self-Psychology

answer

Heinz Kohut; emphasizes how we use interpersonal relationships (self objects) to develop our own sense of self

question

relational model

answer

characterizes therapy as an interactive process between client and therapist

question

contemporary psychoanalytic theories center on

answer

predictable developmental sequences in whihc early experiences of the self shift in relation to an expanding awareness of others. Once self-other patterns are established, it is assumed they influence later interpersonal relationships. Specifically in seeking schema confirming relationships

question

normal infantile autism

answer

Mahler;- 3 or 4 weeks infant is presumed to be responding more to states of physiological tension than to psychological processes

question

Mahler symbiosis

answer

pronounced dependency on the mother, she is clearly a partner and not just an interchangeable part (boob, face, etc)

question

separation-individuation

answer

the process whereby the infant begins, at about two months, to draw apart from the symbiotic bond with mother and develop his or her autonomous functioning

question

narcissistic personality

answer

an inflated sense of self importance and exploitative attitude toward others

question

borderline personality disorder

answer

crisis ensues when a child develops beyond the stages of symbiosis but the parents are unable to tolerate this beginning individuation and withdrawal emotional support

PSYC 7400 Ch 4 – Psychoanalytic Therapy – Flashcards

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