PSYC 4511 Exam One Study Guide – Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Perhaps the most valuable outcome of the study of the history of psychology is that one will learn the ____. - Origins of the experimental methods - Evolution of the scientist-practitioner model of clinical psychology - Contributions of the classic Greek philosophers - Relationships among psychology's ideas, theories, and research strategies - Issues at the root of the pure versus applied research conflict in psychology
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Relationships among psychology's ideas, theories, and research strategies
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Chapter 1: Greek philosophers studied issues involving ____. - Thought - Learning - Motivation - Abnormal behavior - All of the choices are correct
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All of the choices are correct
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Chapter 1: The new discipline of psychology was the product of the union of ____. - Philosophy and physiology - Philosophy and physics - Physics and biology - Physics and physiology - Philosophy and ethics
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Philosophy and physiology
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Chapter 1: Modern psychology differs from philosophy in which of the following ways? - Modern psychology studies only the brain. Philosophy studies only the mind. - Modern psychology uses objective methods to study questions. Philosophy depends upon speculation and intuition in order to answer questions. - Modern psychology is based upon the use of inductive reasoning. Philosophy is based upon the use of deductive reasoning. - Modern psychology is concerned with the study of mental processes such as learning, memory, and perception. Philosophy is concerned with the study of human nature. - None of the choices are correct.
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Modern psychology uses objective methods to study questions. Philosophy depends upon speculation and intuition in order to answer questions.
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Chapter 1: Skinner's self-discipline as a student and Freud's being ignored and rejected early in his career indicated that ____. - Participants may themselves produce biased accounts - Data of history are true in their original versions - Translations errors account for most misinterpretations - Biographers disregard the real events in favor of fantasy - All of the choices are correct
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Participants may themselves produce biased accounts
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Chapter 1: Regardless of how objective a science and its practitioners are alleged to be, that science will be influenced by the ____. - Contextual forces of the time, also called the Zeitgeist - Scientists' religious beliefs - Policies of the government that funds that science's research - Amount of funding it receives - Scientists' political beliefs
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Contextual forces of the time, also called the Zeitgeist
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Chapter 1: According to the textbook, psychology as a discipline has ____. - Been substantially more discriminatory against minorities than have other sciences - Been substantially more discriminatory against women than have other sciences - Focused on the reduction of discrimination since its beginnings - Engaged in the discriminatory practices that mark American culture as a whole - None of the choices are correct
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Engaged in the discriminatory practices that mark American culture as a whole
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Chapter 1: The _____ theory would support the claim: "Freud was instrumental in discovering psychoanalysis. If not for Freud, no other psychologist would have been able to undercover the human psyche." - Evolutionary - Personalistic - Naturalistic - Ortgeist - Zeitgeist
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Personalistic
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Chapter 1: Simultaneous discoveries in psychology favors which view of history? - Recurrent - Dynamic - Personalistic - Syncopated - Naturalistic
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Naturalistic
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Chapter 1: A school of thought emerges whenever ___. - Some person organizes and markets several compatible themes or practices, as did Wundt and Watson - A group at a particular college or university focuses on a particular problem, such as the "Würzburg school" - A college or university adopts a single methodology, such as the experimental psychology program at the University of Illinois - A college or university adopts a particular orientation, such as behaviorism at Harvard or the "Chicago school" of functionalism - A group shares a theoretical orientation and investigates similar problems
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A group shares a theoretical orientation and investigates similar problems
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Chapter 2: The theories of mechanism that invoke the movement of atoms to explain the universe were developed by ____. - Galileo and Copernicus - La Mettrie and Condillac - Newton and Galileo - Locke and Berkeley - Newton and Hume
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Newton and Galileo
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Chapter 2: Which of the following ideas has psychology borrowed from natural physics? - The paradigm of the source or identity of "cause" - The deductive method of logic - The nature of human beings is basically good, moving toward self-actualization - Effects are predictable and measurable - The laws of association
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Effects are predictable and measurable
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Chapter 2: The doctrine that acts are determined by past events is ____. - Mechanism - Reductionism - Determinism - Positivism
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Determinism
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Chapter 2: Philosophers, including Descartes, and scientists joined in agreement that ____. - The dictates of religious figures about human behavior had to be countered and/or refuted - Human functioning and behavior are governed by mechanical laws - Experimental and quantitative methods could be applied to the study of human nature - Psychology must be an independent science - There is both an unconscious and a nonconscious
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Experimental and quantitative methods could be applied to the study of human nature
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Chapter 2: Descartes's dualism was novel in its emphasis on the ____. - Parallel but non-interacting functioning of the mind and body - Interaction between mind and spirit - Predominance of unconscious mental forces - Influence of the body on the mind - Influence of the mind on the body
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Influence of the body on the mind
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Chapter 2: Which of the following is a contribution of Rene Descartes to modern psychology? - The theory of reflex action. - Mind-body interaction. - A mechanistic conception of the body. - Localization of mental function in the brain. - All of the choices are correct.
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All of the choices are correct.
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Chapter 2: Descartes' notion that we are born with certain perceptual processes is also a principle of which modern school of psychology? - Phenomenological - Behavioristic - Psychoanalytic - Gestalt - Humanistic
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Gestalt
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Chapter 2: Both the term and concept of positivism represent the thought of ____. - Locke - Descartes - Comte - Berkeley - Mill
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Comte
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Chapter 2: The doctrine that all knowledge is a function of mental phenomena and is dependent on the perceiving or experiencing person is an illustration of ____. - Locke's associationism - Berkeley's mentalism - James Mill's mechanical associationism - Berkeley's associationism - J. S. Mill's mental chemistry hypothesis
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Berkeley's mentalism
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Chapter 2: Which of the following was not a contribution of British empiricism to the development of psychology? - The focus on conscious experiences - The analysis of conscious experience into elements - The role of sensation in consciousness - Through association, synthesizing elements into complex mental experiences - The claim that almost all human knowledge is derived from experience. However, the principles of mathematics are innate ideas.
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The claim that almost all human knowledge is derived from experience. However, the principles of mathematics are innate ideas.
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Chapter 3: Whose research would support the argument that there is no such thing as objective observation? -Maskelyne's -Wundt's -Locke's -Bessel's -Muller's
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Bessel's
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Chapter 3: Johanes Muller found that nerves only give information characteristic of the sense associated with it. This means that when an auditory nerve is stimulated, it will result in someone hearing a sound, even when no noise is present. Muller called this ___? -the experimental method in psychology -the postmortem method -neuronal tubule clarity -specificity -the doctrine of the specific energies of nerves
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the doctrine of the specific energies of nerves
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Chapter 3: ___ was a pioneer in research on reflex behavior showing that reflexes could occur in the absence of brain involvement? -Gall -Galvani -Hall -Flourens -Broca
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Hall
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Chapter 3: ____ created phrenology, which proposed that the topography of a person's skull revealed his or her intellectual and emotional characteristics. -Flourens -Galvani -Broca -Gall -Hall
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Gall
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Chapter 3: The ____ method is described as a type of posthumous extirpation. -scientific -electrical stimulation -experimental -introspection -clinical
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clinical
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Chapter 3: The representation of the nervous system as a complex switching system reveals the 19th-century reliance on ______ -mechanism -experimentation -determinism -mentalism -materialism
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mechanism
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Chapter 3: German universities were especially fertile ground for scientific advances because ___ -the British and the French were using scientific methods to research the mind -there was academic freedom for students and faculty alike -none of these answers are correct -anyone with independent income could be a gentleman-scientist
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there was academic freedom for students and faculty alike
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Chapter 3: Which of the following was NOT one of the research areas of Helmholtz? -perception of combination and individual tones -resonance theory of hearing -speed of neural impulse -theory of color vision -all of the choices were research areas of Helmholtz
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all of the areas were research areas of Helmholtz
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Chapter 3: The modern notion of subliminal perception rests on the idea that the threshold of perception or consciousness can be determined. The first experimental illustration of psychological threshold was demonstrated by _____ -Weber -Fechner -Wundt -Gall -Helmholtz
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Weber
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Chapter 3: Fechner's flash of insight about the mind-body connection was that there is a(n)____ relationship between a mental sensation and a material stimulus. -one-to-one -qualitative -unobservable -null -quantitative
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quantitative
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Chapter 4: Wilhelm Wundt is the ____ of psychology as a discipline. -founder -originator and founder -forerunner -antecedent -orginator
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founder
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Chapter 4: Wundt established psychology as distinct from philosophy primarily in terms of its _____ -use of the experimental method -use of the deduction and induction method -subject matter -focus on behavior
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use of the experimental method
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Chapter 4: Wundt's term voluntarism reflects his emphasis on the ____ -power of the will to organize the contents of the mind -ability of the individuals to "make the nonconscious conscious" -idea that a stimulus in the environment can force us to pay attention -individual's choice to apply his/her knowledge base to a situation -elements of consciousness
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power of the will to organize the contents of the mind
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Chapter 4: In Wundt's laboratory, introspection was used to assess _____ -immediate experience -mediate experience -sensations -feelings -stimulus intensities
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immediate experience
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Chapter 4: The Gestalt psychologists' best-known tenet is that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. This same tenet was alleged in Wundt's principle of _____. -apperception -sensations -feelings -emotions -the tridimensional theory of feelings
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apperception
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Chapter 4: Which of the following is NOT a reason for decline of Wundt's approach to psychology? -Wundt's theories were difficult to understand. Therefore, he attracted very few students to his work -Wundt's approach represented a pure science of psychology with little opportunity for practical application -German universities did not have the economic resources to support scientific psycholgy -Wundt's approach was overshadowed by the development of the Gestalt psychology in Germany and psychoanalysis in Austria -the pragmatic culture of the United States precluded Wundt's system
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Wundt's theories were difficult to understand. Therefore, he attracted very few students to his work.
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Chapter 4: While Wundt had argued that learning and memory could not be studied experimentally, who soon proved him wrong? -Ebbinghaus -Titchener -Kulpe -Brentano -Galton
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Ebbinghaus
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Chapter 4: The significance of Ebbinghaus' work is in his _____ -rigorous use of experimental control and quantitative analysis of data -finding that longer material takes more time to learn -tolerance for boredom -use of large numbers of subjects to replicate his experiments -ability to further the approach and findings of Wundt
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rigorous use of experimental control and quantitative analysis of data
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Chapter 4: This popular lecturer at the University of Vienna influenced many students including von Ehrenfels and Freud, and was the intellectual antecedent of Gestalt psychology and humanistic psychology. -Franz Brentao -Edward Titchener -Hermann Ebbinghause -Oswald Kulpe -Carl Stumpf
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Franz Brentano
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Chapter 4: Which of the following methods is defined as "the examination of experience as it occurred without any attempt to reduce experience to elementary components." -phenomenology -epiphenomenology -voluntarism -introspection -imageless thought
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phenomenology
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Chapter 5: Who scolded Titchener for still practicing "a very old fashioned standpoint" in excluding women from psychology meetings? -Dallenbach -Comte -Washburn -Friedline -Ladd-Franklin
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Ladd-Franklin
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Chapter 5: Titchener's defintion of the appropriate subject matter of psychology is _______ -both consciousness and unconscious experiences -mental and behavioral events -conscious experience -anything that could be observed scientifically
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conscious experience
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Chapter 5: Titchener vigorously cautioned experimental psychologists about the stimulus error, that is, about ____ -assuming one-to-one correspondence between the stimulus and its perception -describing the observed object rather than the experience of it -assuming a logarithmic relationship between the strength objective stimulus and the intensity of the psychological experience of the stimulus -describing feelings instead of sensations -describing qualities of the stimulus instead of quantities
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describing the observed object rather than the experience of it
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Chapter 5: The sum of our experiences as they exist at a particular moment is Titchener's definition of ______ -apperception -consciousness -perception -mind -apperception -conscious experience
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consciousness
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Chapter 5: The influence of mechanism on Titchener is exemplified in his _____ -use of chemistry term reagents instead of observers -use of the dehumanizing term subjects rather than observers -elementism -determinism -atomism
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use of the chemistry term reagents instead of observers
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Chapter 5: Which of the following is NOT one of the three essential problems for psychology, according to Titchener? - To study how conscious process components were synthesized into higher-level processes - To reduce conscious processes to their simplest components - To connect these elements with their physiological correlates - To determine laws by which these elements of consciousness were associated - None of the answers are correct
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To study how these components were synthesized into higher-level processes (Titchener was NOT concerned with organization).
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Chapter 5: Substantial doubts about and attacks on introspection ____. - None of the answers are correct - Began when Titchener started using it as a method of study and were unknown before the work of Titchener - Began when Titchener started using it as a method of study - Existed long before Titchener used the method - Were unknown before the work of Titchener
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Existed long before Titchener used the method
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Chapter 5: If one of Titchener's introspectionists reported seeing a table, this report would not be accepted because ____. - This would be a stimulus error and involve using a meaning word - This would be stimulus error - This would involve using a meaning word - A table would be an objective, quantitative report - A table would be a subjective, qualitative report
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This would be a stimulus error and involve using a meaning word
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Chapter 5: In addition to introspection, another criticism of Titchener's system was its _____. - Difficulty of use - Artificiality and sterility - Ease of use - Genuineness and productiveness - Practicality
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Artificiality and sterility
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Chapter 5: The two most important contributions of Titchener's system to modern psychology are: - Facilitating the transition from a focus on self-report to a focus on the objective observation of behavior and insisting on pure research - The insistence on pure research and the focus on normal individuals as subjects - His version of introspection and the experimental method - The delineation of a single dimension of affect and the identification of three (not two) elements of consciousness - His experimental method and a strong position to protest
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His experimental method and a strong position to protest
