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Acquisition

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The process whereby people notice and pay attention to information in the environment. (because people cannot perceive everything around them, they acquire only a subset of the information available)

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Storage

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The process by which people store in memory information they have acquired from the environment

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Retrieval

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The process by which people recall information stored in their memories

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Own-Race Bias

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The fact that people are better at recognizing faces of their own race, than other races

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Reconstructive Memory

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The distortion of memories of an event by information encountered after the event ocurred

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Source Monitoring

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The process whereby people try to identify the source of their memories Misleading questions can cause a problem with this

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Recovered Memories

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Recollections of a past event, such as sexual abuse, that have been forgotten or repressed

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False Memory Syndrome

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Remembering a past traumatic experience that is objectively false but is nevertheless accepted by the person as true

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Story Order

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Where lawyers present the evidence in the sequence in which the events occurred, corresponding as closely as possible to the story they want the jurors to believe

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Witness Order

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Where lawyers present witnesses in the sequence they think will have the greatest impact, even if this means that events are described out of order

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Randall Adams was convicted largely because of the _________

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Eyewitnesses

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Foils

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People added to a lineup that did not commit the crime

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Independent View of the Self

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A way of defining oneself in terms of one's own internal thoughts, feelings, and actions and not in terms of the thoughts, feelings, and actions of other people

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Interdependent View of the Self

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A way of defining oneself in terms of one's relationships to other people, recognizing that one's behavior is often determined by the thoughts, feelings, and actions of others

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Introspection

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The process whereby people look inward and examine their own thoughts, feelings, and motives

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Self-Awareness Theory

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The idea that when people focus their attention on themselves, they evaluate and compare their behavior to their internal standards and values

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Causal Theories

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Theories about the causes of one's own feelings and behaviors; often we learn such theories from our culture (eg: "absence makes the heart grow fonder")

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Reasons-Generated Attitude Change

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Attitude change resulting from thinking about the reasons for one's attitudes; people assume that their attitudes match the reasons that are plausible and easy to verbalize

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Conformity

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Changing one's behavior due to the real or imagined influence of others

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Informational Social Influence

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The influence of other people that leads us to conform because we see them as a source of information to guide our behavior; we conform because we believe that others' interpretation of an ambiguous situation is more correct than ours and will help us choose an appropriate course of action

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Private Acceptance

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Conforming to the behavior of others out of genuine belief that what they are doing or saying is right

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Autokinetic Effect

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A visual illusion where if you stare at a bright light in a dark environment, the light will appear to move back and forth (though it doesn't actually move)

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Public Compliance

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Conforming publicly without necessarily believing in what the group is saying or doing

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Contagion

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The rapid spread of emotions or behaviors through a crowd ie - War of the Worlds broadcast - people looking to each other to see if it was real, then panicking depending on their reactions too Can lead to serious inaccuracies because other people may be no more knowledgeable to the situation that you are

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Mass Psychogenic Illness

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The occurrence in a group of people of similar physical symptoms with no known physical cause "Mysterious Illness"

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People conform to Information Social Influence when the situation is ______ and a ______, and when other people are ______

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Ambiguous, a crisis, experts Ambiguity is the most crucial variable for determining how much people use each other as a source of information Crisis often occurs simultaneously with ambiguity. The needing to act immediately, usually basing behavior on others Experts - because they are more experienced, however not so reliable either (the police thought the War of the Worlds alien invasion broadcast was real too!!)

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Social Norms

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Conforming so that we will be liked and accepted by others; the implicit or explicit rules a group has for the acceptable behaviors, values, and beliefs of its members

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Hikikomori

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a phenomenon in Japan where teenagers (mostly male) have withdrawn from all social interaction - most likely the victims of severe bullying

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Normative Social Influence

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The influence of other people that leads us to conform in order to be liked and accepted by them; this type of conformity results in public compliance with the group's beliefs and behaviors but not necessarily in private acceptance of those beliefs and behaviors. Research shows normative social influence occurs because people feel negative emotions, such as discomfort and tension, when they go against the group

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Asch Line-Judgment Studies

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Study exploring the power of normative social influence The experimenter shows 2 cards, one with a single line on it, the other with 3 lines labeled 1, 2, & 3 - Asch asked the students to judge and announce which of the 3 lines was the closest length of the line on the 1st card. ... 76% conformed and said wrong answer on at least one trial, following what the confederates answered

question

The more important the decision or choice a person must make, the more the person _______

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Conforms

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Social Impact Theory

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The idea that conforming to social influence depends on the group's importance (Strength), its immediacy (Closeness of group to you), and the number of people in the group

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Idiosyncrasy Credits

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The tolerance a person earns, over time, by conforming to group norms; if enough idiosyncrasy credits are earned, the person can, on occasion, behave deviantly without retribution from the group (choosing mexican food over chinese food - which is what the rest of the group chose)

question

Participants from collectivistic cultures showed ______ rates of conformity on the line task than participants from individualistic cultures

answer

Higher

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Minority Influence

answer

The case where a minority of group members influences the behavior or beliefs of the majority - the key is Consistent behavior though. Minorities exert their influence on the group via: Information Social Influence - because the minority is introducing new and unexpected information to the group which causes the group to carefully examine this new information

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Intrinsic Motivation

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The desire to engage in an activity because we ENJOY IT or find it interesting, not because of external rewards or pressurs

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Extrinsic Motivation

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The desire to engage in an activity because of external rewards or pressures, NOT because we enjoy it task or find it interesting

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Overjustification Effect

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The tendency for people to view their behavior as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, making them underestimate the extent to which it was caused by intrinsic reasons

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Task-Contingent Rewards

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Rewards that are given for performing a task, regardless of how well the task is done

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Performance-Contingent Rewards

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Rewards that are based on how well we perform a task

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Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

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The idea that emotional experience is the result of a two-step self-perception process in which people first experience physiological arousal and then seek an appropriate explanation for it

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Misattribution of Arousal

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The process whereby people make mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do (beautiful girl taking questionnaire on scary bridge, and writing her number for "more info")

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Fixed Mindset

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The idea that we have a set amount of an ability that cannot change

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Growth Mindset

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The idea that our abilities are malleable qualities that we can cultivate and grow

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Social Comparison Theory

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The idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people

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Upward Social Comparison

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Comparing ourselves to people who are better than we are with regard to a particular trait or ability

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Downward Social Comparison

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Comparing ourselves to people who are worse than we are with regard to a particular trait or ability

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Social Tuning

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The process whereby people adopt another person's attitudes

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Impression Management

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The attempt by people to get others to see them as they want to be seen (John F Kennedy - presented himself as a healthy, vigorous man, when he in fact suffered from degenerative bone disease)

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Ingratiation

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The process whereby people flatter, praise, and generally try to make themselves likable to another person, often of higher status

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Self-Handicapping

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The strategy whereby people create obstacles and excuses for themselves so that if they do poorly on a task, they can avoid blaming themselves

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Self-Esteem

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People's evaluations of their own self-worth - that is, the extent to which they view themselves as good, competent, and decent

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Terror Management Theory

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The theory that holds that self-esteem serves as a buffer, protecting people from terrifying thoughts about their own mortality

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Narcissism

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The combination of excessive self-love and a lack of empathy toward others

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Injunctive Norms

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People's perceptions of what behaviors are approved or disapproved of by others

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Descriptive Norms

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People's perceptions of how people actually behave in given situations, regardless of whether the behavior is approved or disapproved of by others

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Obedience Study - who?

answer

Milgram

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Line Study - who?

answer

Asch

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Reason's why we obey:

answer

Conforming to the Wrong Norm Self-Justification The loss of Personal Responsibility

question

What was the structure of the self proposed by William James?

answer

Material, Social, & Spiritual Self

question

Which of the following statements most accurately describe the history of the research on the self in psychology? a. it was popular until 1920s, but then became unpopular until around 1970s b. it was popular until around 1970s, then became unpopular until 1990s c. it has always been popular since James d. it has been not very popular since 1920s

answer

a. it was popular until 1920s, but then became unpopular until around 1970s

question

According to Roy Baumeister, what were the key factors that ignited the historical shift in the salient aspect of the self from the public to the private self? a. Residence: destabilized b. Religion: trivialized c. Marriage: destabilized d. Social Rank: trivialized e. All of the above

answer

e. all of the above

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Which of the following statements is LEAST true, according to research on self-knowledge? a. the best way to "know thyself" is to look inward, introspecting about ourselves b. sometimes the best way to know ourselves is to see what we do c. we often try to figure out ourselves by comparing ourselves to others d. one way we know ourselves is by using theories we learn from our culture e. the way in which we know ourselves is often similar to the way in which we come to know other people

answer

a

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Your friend Jane is interning at a law firm. When you ask her how it's going, she says, "Fine. I'm doing much better than the intern who started a month after me" What kind of social comparison is Jane making? a. upward social comparison b. downward social comparison c. impression comparison d. self-knowledge comparison

answer

b

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Suppose you meet Jessica, a student in your psychology class who is very friendly, and you like her immediately. She tells you about her recent trip to France and how much she loved it. Later on at a study-abroad session, you find yourself drawn to a program in Paris. This would be an example of: a. reasons-generated attitude change b. self-perception theory c. social tuning d. misattribution of arousal e. upward social comparison

answer

c

question

According to Shelly Taylor and Johnathan Brown, what is the hallmark of good mental health?

answer

Positive Illusion

question

Impressions of self-enhancers?

answer

Warm at first, cold in long run

question

Walter found in his marshmallow experiment:

answer

Positive correlation between "Exposed" marshmallows and SAT scores

question

In the "epinephrine" experiment, which group felt the "happiest"? Angriest?

answer

The misinformed group Misinformed also

question

Yale Attitude Change Approach

answer

"Who, What, to Whom"

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Central Route to Persuasion

answer

where people are motivated to pay attention to the facts in a communication - paying attention to what they hear and carefully thinking about and processing the content of the communication

question

Peripheral Route to Persuasion

answer

people are swayed by things peripheral to the message itself - how long it is, who is giving the speech "surface characteristics"

question

Jane is torn between choosing sociology or psychology as her major. She has heard great things about both. So she attends a seminar regarding social psychology and behavior. She is engaged, and very interested in what the speaker has to say. Afterwards she has made the decision to major in psychology. What type of persuasion was used?

answer

Central Route to Persuasion "Long term attitude change"

question

What are heuristics?

answer

Mental shortcuts "experts are always right"

question

When does an individual use heuristics in persuasive communication?

answer

Peripheral Route to Persuasion

question

Attitude Inoculation

answer

making people immune to attempts to change their attitudes by initially exposing them to small doses of the arguments against their position

question

Reactance Theory

answer

the idea that when people feel their freedom to perform a certain behavior is threatened, an unpleasant state of reactance is aroused, which they can reduce by performing the threatened behavior Parents FORBID the teen to smoke = teen goes and smokes

Psyc 2600 (2nd midterm) – Flashcards

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