PSYC 241 Test Ch.5-8 - Flashcards

Q: Bernie is a 5-year-old who has never visited a dentist, even though his family has dental insurance that allows for free regular checkups. His parents say that they will start taking him to the dentist when his first permanent tooth erupts. What should his parents know about delayed dental care?

Untreated decay in \"baby\" teeth can harm permanent teeth

Q: Which of the following is most likely the difference between the brain of Tarik, a 2-year-old, and Terrence, his father?

Tarik\'s brain is about 75 percent of the weight of Terrence\'s

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Between the ages of 2 and 6, a child's appetite _________

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decreases

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To ensure adequate nutrition and vitamin intake, what is recommended?

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eat well-balanced meals with a variety of foods

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A common food allergy for young children is

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soy

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Bernie is a 5-year-old who has never visited a dentist, even though his family has dental insurance that allows for free regular checkups. His parents say that they will start taking him to the dentist when his first permanent tooth erupts. What should his parents know about delayed dental care?

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Untreated decay in "baby" teeth can harm permanent teeth

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Which of the following is most likely the difference between the brain of Tarik, a 2-year-old, and Terrence, his father?

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Tarik's brain is about 75 percent of the weight of Terrence's

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Juan is left-handed and always kicks with his left foot when playing soccer. This preference demonstrates which advances with the development of the corpus callosum

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lateralization

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The left side of the brain notices _____, while the right side grasps_______

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the details; emotions

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The ability to generate several thoughts in rapid succession is most specifically related to

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myelination

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Nicoli suffered a stroke in the left hemisphere of his brain. Which of the following skills is most likely to have been affected

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speech

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An imbalance between the left and right sides of the prefrontal cortex and abnormal growth of the corpus callosum seem to underlie

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ADHD

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The area of the brain that is crucial in expressing and regulating emotions is the

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limbic system

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Because the amygdala responds to comfort but not logic, which of the following is the best strategy for a parent to adopt when their preschooler has had a scary dream?

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Ask them what was scary about the dream, and then convincingly pretend to scare off that content.

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The hippocampus is a structure in the brain that processes

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memories

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Piaget called the stage of human cognitive development between the ages of 2 and 6 "preoperational intelligence" because children do not yet.

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use logical operations

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A magician's goal is to get the audience to focus on one aspect of his demonstration while he manipulates another. This is easy to do with preoperational children, as they are fooled by their tendency to

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demonstrate centration

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Rose and her mother were shopping for a birthday gift for Rose's older brother. "How about this? My brother would love it!" Rose exclaimed, showing her mother a pink and purple toy horse with flowing mane and tail. Beverly's belief that her teenage brother would enjoy a toy that she herself would enjoy is an example of.

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egocentrism

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Seeing his third-grade teacher in the grocery store shocks Armand because he is used to seeing her only in school. This is likely due to Armand's

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static reasoning

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Evelyn dropped ketchup on her pants during lunch. Although her teacher was able to remove the stain completely, Evelyn cries hysterically, saying that she wants to go home because her outfit is ruined. Her behavior demonstrates the characteristic of preoperational thought known as

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irreversibility

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Four-year-old Mac is sitting at the lunch counter next to his sister Tori. They are having hot dogs for lunch. When his Mom cuts his hot dog into five pieces and Tori's into six pieces, Mac protests, "Tori has more than me!" Which ability does Mac not yet demonstrate?

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conservation

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According to Vygotsky, guided participation requires that a child

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interacts with a mentor to accomplish a task

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Researchers now believe that Piaget cognition in infancy and cognition in early childhood

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underestimated; underestimated

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According to Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development, ______

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children can master some tasks with the help of others

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According to Vygotsky, a teacher who carefully plans each child's participation in the learning process within the zone of proximal development uses.

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scaffolding

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Benjy is 5 years old. He can put a dish into the microwave and press the "2" button to cook for 2 minutes. One day, he sees his mother wipe the front of the microwave with a damp paper towel before she presses a number button. After that, Benjy rubs the front of the microwave with a napkin before he presses the number button. Why

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he is overimitating his mother

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A few days ago, Hester's parents disciplined her because she refused to eat her green beans. Today, when her parents announced that they were going to get a divorce, Hester cried, "Is it because I was bad? I'll be good!" Hester's conclusion that her failure to eat her green beans is the reason her parents are getting divorced displays Hester's

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theory-theory

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According to theory-theory, why do children imitate irrelevant adult behaviors?

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They theorize that the irrelevant behavior must be important.

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Britney understands that her father is crying because his best friend died. This shows that Britney has developed.

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theory of mind

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Children typically understand the basics of grammar by the.

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age of 2

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Christopher's mother is considering different wallpapers for decorating his room. She asks him, "Which one do you like better: the striped or the plaid?" Christopher's vocabulary doesn't include the word "plaid," but he's able to figure out what the word must mean based on the context. Christopher is using to add a new word to his vocabulary.

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fast-mapping

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Caitlin, age 4, visited the city zoo, pointed to a zebra, and exclaimed, "Look at the horse with stripes!" In describing the zebra, she used

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logical extension

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When shown a novel object and told that it is called a "wug," preschoolers know that two of those objects would be two "wugs." This ability to correctly add an -s when pluralizing is evidence of their proper use of_____

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grammar

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"I catched two mouses in a trap" is an example of.

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overregulation

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Overregularization occurs because children___

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assume their language always follows the rules they already know

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Jane and her 4-year-old daughter, Michele, are visiting at a friend's house when Michele blurts out, "This house is dirty." Michele clearly does not fully understand the of polite speech yet

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pragmatics

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Which early-childhood method has been found to aid reading later on?

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code-focused teaching

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Jessica is reading a story aloud to her 3-year-old daughter, Abigail. Abigail's father says, "Why are you bothering? It's not like she's going to learn to read from that." What would you tell Abigail's father about reading to preschoolers?

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He's wrong; children whose parents read to them as preschoolers tend to be better readers in elementary school.

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In terms of early-childhood learning, research has found that if the home learning environment is poor, then

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a quality preschool will help health, cognition, and social skills

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Sunnymont Preschool has plenty of opportunities for the children to play dress-up, dance, build with blocks, finger-paint, and be creative. Sunnymont is most likely a program

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child-centered

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Learning Circle Preschool emphasizes individual pride and achievement while focusing on teaching young children literacy-related tasks. Learning Circle's approach seems to most closely resemble a(n) program

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montessori

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Micah's preschool has a high teacher/child ratio and ample opportunity for creative expression. He has chosen to make dinosaurs out of clay as his long-term art project. Which child-centered approach does Micah's preschool most closely resemble?

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reggio emilia

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The goal of most teacher-directed preschools is to.

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make all children ready to learn when they enter elementary school

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In the United States, low-income children are offered a free preschool education through

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head start

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The preeminent psychosocial accomplishment between the ages of 2 and 6 is learning when and how to

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regulate emotions

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Because emotional regulation requires practice, maturation, and work, it is referred to as.

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effortful control

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Erikson called the psychosocial developmental stage that occurs between 3 and 6 years of age

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iniative vs. guilt

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Two-year-old Julia repeatedly exclaims, "Me do it!" when her mother tries to help her. Although this behavior is frustrating, her mother understands that doing things independently will develop Julia's sense of

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iniative

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According to Erikson, children have______, and thus believe that they can achieve any goal

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an optimistic concept

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Emotional regulation is influenced by maturation, learning, and

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culture

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Charlotte spends hours at a time playing with her doll, Emma. She gives Emma a bath, dresses her, feeds her, and pretends to change her diaper. Charlotte is to play with Emma

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intrinsically motivated

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Jaspreet frequently plays the piano whenever her family has guests because she enjoys the praise and attention she receives. When alone, however, Jaspreet rarely plays the piano, practicing only before company comes. Jaspreet's motivation

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is mostly extrinsic

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Research has found that children are less happy and less able to learn if play is prevented

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social

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Billy and Rodney are both building with construction bricks. They are sitting apart, each with his own set of bricks. What type of play is this?

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parallel play

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Children who have peers to actively play with tend to ______

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develop physical skills

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Active social play correlates with peer acceptance and a healthy self-concept and may help.

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regulate emotions

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Rough-and-tumble play has been associated with the development of the area of the brain because it helps children to regulate their emotions, practice social skills, and strengthen their bodies

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prefrontal cortex

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Rough-and-tumble play between boys and fathers may prevent at a later age

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antisocial behavior

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Tiara, Molly, and Maria are playing dress-up. They are all princesses and have built a castle out of cardboard boxes and colored paper. What type of play are the three girls engaging in?

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sociodramatic play

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Sociodramatic play helps children develop____ when they act out fear, bravery, and fury

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emotional regulation

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Jose demonstrates warmth and nurturance toward his children. He does not believe in punishment of any sort and does not have any rules for his children. His parenting style is.

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permissive

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As a father, Aahil rates low on nurturance and communication and high on maturity demands. He exhibits the style of parenting

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authoritiarian

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Parents who set limits, enforce rules, and listen receptively to their children are exhibiting the pattern of parenting.

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authoritative

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The individual most likely to have grown up with permissive parents is___

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Paul, who is unhappy and lacks self-control

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The individual most likely to have grown up with authoritative parents is ___

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Raquel, who is happy and successful

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According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, a typical 5-year-old child is in the ___ stage of development

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phallic

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According to Freud, boys in the third psychoanalytic stage of development.

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secretly wants to replace their fathers

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According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, little boys cope with the guilt of wanting to kill their fathers by

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identifying with their fathers

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Which theory focuses on how children learn acceptable behaviors for their gender?

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behavioral theory

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Developmentalists who focus on children's thinking about sex roles as opposed to their observable behaviors are ____ theorists

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cognitive

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When Delilah, age 3, sees a little boy fall and hurt himself, a look of concern appears on her face. She is probably experiencing _____

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empathy

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Which scenario best illustrates prosocial behavior?

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Bethany feeds her baby brother because her mother is sick.

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Which scenario is an example of antisocial behavior?

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. Mark intentionally knocks over Simon's blocks

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Of the following types of aggression, which tends to be most characteristic of 2-year-old children?

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reactive

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Roderick hits or kicks Edwin on the playground nearly every day. He also encourages other children to laugh at Edwin's attempts to kick a ball. Roderick is using _________ aggression against Edwin.

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bullying

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Karlene has just required her 4-year-old daughter to sit quietly, without toys or any form of play, for a few minutes after her daughter deliberately poured juice on the floor. This is an example of

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a time-out

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When would a time-out be the most effective discipline strategy?

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the child enjoys being with other people

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A discipline technique that involves the parent talking to the child and helping the child to understand what he or she did wrong is known as ____

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induction

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Intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18 years of age is considered

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child maltreatment

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Putting a person in the care of someone other than the parents to prevent further harm is referred to as _______

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foster care

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______ is a form of foster care in which a relative of a maltreated child, usually a grandparent, becomes the approved caregiver.

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kinship care

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Children between the ages of 6 and 11 are within the developmental stage referred to as

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middle childhood

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The health habits that children develop during the middle childhood years are

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related to their health in adolescence and adulthood

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Which factor contributes to the decline in neighborhood play among children?

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a scarcity of vacant lots and empty fields

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Research suggests that classrooms deprived of _____ are often considered harder to manage

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recess

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At Charlie's recent check-up, her doctor told her that she is obese. Charlie's BMI is most likely in the percentile

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97th

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During middle childhood, children themselves contribute to weight gain by getting adults to do what they want, such as buying them candy or junk food. The ability of children to get adults to do what they want has been referred to as power.

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pester

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Adults living in the United States but born elsewhere have lower rates of obesity than do the native born, and the children of these immigrants have obesity rates.

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higher

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Lindsay brought her 10-year-old son to see the doctor because he was having problems breathing. The doctor informed Lindsay that her son had inflammation of the airways. Lindsay's son was diagnosed with

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asthma

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The belief that children's immune systems need to be exposed to viruses and bacteria in order to strengthen them, but that children are overprotected from this exposure, is called the

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hygiene hypothesis

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Which child is more likely to develop asthma?

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a child who lives in a city

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Piaget believed that in middle childhood, children are in the cognitive period of thought.

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concrete operational

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A child is shown a large box and a small box. The large box contains a 5-pound weight and the small box contains a 10-pound weight. The child picks up the boxes and looks at them closely, and then is asked which weighs more. The child is no longer focused only on appearances, so he answers that the small box weighs more. Piaget would say that this child is in the stage of cognitive development.

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concrete operational

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According to Piaget, which ability do children gain during middle childhood?

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logic

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When capable of concrete operational thought, children

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can apply their reasoning to real, tangible situations

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Nine-year-old Pete sorted screws, bolts, and nails into three piles by type. He is able to correctly sort the objects into separate piles because of the logical principle of

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classification

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Seven-year-old Hannah can arrange 10 buttons in order from smallest to largest. Her understanding of _____ allows her to accomplish this

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seriation

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Vygotsky viewed_____ as being crucial to children's development of skills and knowledge

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instruction

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In one study of reading and math ability in third- and fifth-grade children, the researchers found that high-scoring children usually had three sources of cognitive stimulation. Which was NOT a source of cognitive stimulation?

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media

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Eight-year-old Ava is able to listen to her teacher and concentrate on what she is saying even when her friends are talking around her. Ava is able to do this because of an improvement in

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selective attention

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Siegler has studied the details of children's cognition in math. He has found that children

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gradually acquire math knowledge and strategies

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Within an information-processing perspective, the three major steps of the memory process are affected by ___

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maturation and experience

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Tony walked next door to José's house so they could go to school together. When José saw Tony's notebook in his backpack, he rushed back into his house to retrieve his own notebook, which contained his homework. José's sensation upon seeing Tony's notebook became a perception, which triggered José'

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working memory

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By the end of middle childhood, the capacity of long-term memory is ________

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very large

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Emma studied for the spelling test all week; on the test, she spelled all the words correctly. Emma's ability to do well on her spelling test was based on her ability to

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retrieve the correct spelling of words from long-term memory

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Which of the following is one of the factors that contribute to increases in a child's knowledge base?

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personal motivation

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Control processes improve with

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age and experience

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Zoey is just learning to read. It takes a lot of work for her to read even one sentence because she needs to sound out every word. After a while Zoey will be able to read without thinking about the words. She will then be able to concentrate on the concepts of the text allows Zoey to become a more skilled reader.

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automatization

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Nine-year-old Devon writes, "My brother eats like a hungry pig." This statement demonstrates his understanding of

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metaphors

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When Kitana wants her teacher to repeat a question, she asks, "Would you please repeat the question?" but when she needs a classmate to repeat himself, she says, "Huh?" This example shows that Kitana understands ______

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pragmatics of language

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A child's achievement seems more influenced by _____ in the United States than in other nations

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income and ethnicity

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Carlos attends a school in which the teachers often work longer hours than other schools. They tend to be more ethnically and economically segregated, with small classes. He knows that the school sets its own standards and receives private money and sponsors. Carlos is attending a _______ school.

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charter

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According to the text, children who are home-schooled may struggle in which of the following areas?

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social

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Treatment of childhood disorders can be difficult because

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symptoms can change with age

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Kristen is tested on her mastery of college physics. She is taking a(n)

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achievement test

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Joseph's aggressive behavior could be due to genetic inheritance, exposure to violent media, or living in a violent neighborhood. This reflects the developmental principle of _____

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equifinality

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Xavier runs around the classroom, can't seem to sit still or concentrate, and is easily excited. Xavier might be diagnosed as having _____

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attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

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In the United States, more than______ children and adolescents under the age of 18 take prescription drugs to regulate their emotions and behavior.

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2 million

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Ben has struggled with reading throughout his school experience and has fallen far behind his peers. Based on this, his teacher recommends that he be evaluated for ____

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a specific learning disorder

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Jane is in the third grade but reads at the level of a preschooler. Jane's teacher thinks that she may have _____

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dyslexia

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Allen is 3 years old. He ignores people when they are in the room, and if people speak to him, he does not make eye contact. He also will not initiate communication, but rather just repeats what someone has said. Finally, Allen plays with a spinning top for hours. He just spins it, watches it, and when it stops spins it again. Allen may be showing signs of _____

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autism spectrum disorder

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Children who are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder can vary in the type and range of symptoms they display, but all children with autism spectrum disorder have _______.

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difficulty relating to others

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In 1975, the Education of All Handicapped Children Act stipulated that children with special needs must be educated in the _______

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least restrictive environment

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A document for children with special needs that specifies their educational goals is known as a(n) _________

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IEP

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Each U.S. state selects and educates gifted and talented students. Across the country _____

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the selection and education processes can be different

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Nine-year-old Akashia announces to her mother, "I am smart, nice, and friendly and I am so good at painting that one day I am going to sell lots of pictures." Akashia is referring to her _______

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self-concept

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Because schoolchildren judge their own talents and limitations more realistically than preschoolers, _______.

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their tendency to overestimate their ability or judgments decreases

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What is Erikson's fourth stage of psychosocial development?

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industry vs inferiority

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Sara is in the third grade. She spends many hours rehearsing her math skills, reading books, and collecting bugs. According to Erikson, Sara is developing a healthy sense of ____ through these tasks.

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industry

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Who described middle childhood as a time of latency?

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Freud

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The child who weathers severe family problems, even abuse, and yet emerges from those experiences unscathed is said to be ______.

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resilient

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Children acting as parents and trying to take care of everyone is called _____ .

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parentification

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Brian is an adopted child who lives with three siblings, all biological children of his adoptive parents. Brian's math skills are far better than those of his adoptive parents or his adoptive siblings. This provides evidence that ______.

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genes may have a stronger effect than familial environment on talents

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family structure refers to _______

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the legal and genetic relationships of people in a household

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Developing self-respect, nurturing friendships with peers, and encouraging learning are three of the ________

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functions of a family

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Which family function is especially crucial in middle childhood?

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harmony and stability

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Maxwell and Rose are brother and sister who live with their biological parents. They live in a(n) ______

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nuclear family

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Tony has been married before and has two biological children. He has just married Natalia, who has also been married before and has a biological son. Their family is an example of a ___________ .

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stepparent family

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To reduce the impact of divorce on children, which of the following should take place?

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transitions should be minimized

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The particular rules and behaviors that are passed down to younger children from older children are what define _________ .

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child culture

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School-age children would most admire __________ .

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Marla, who was punished for not telling the teacher who threw a paper airplane

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What is a hallmark of close friendships during middle childhood?

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same age

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Children with these personality traits become popular around fifth grade.

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outgoing, friendly, dominant, aggressive

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Some unpopular children are _____ rather than rejected

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neglected

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The best example of an aggressive-rejected child is __________ .

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Laura, who is disliked because she tells others they are stupid

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Bullying differs from ordinary aggression because bullying attacks are ___________

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repeated

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Girls who bully typically _________

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use words to attack

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According to the text, what method has been effective in stopping bullying in schools?

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using a whole-school strategy

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What period is the prime time for moral development?

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middle childhood

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Preconventional morality involves ________ .

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seeking pleasure and avoiding pain

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Alexys is usually good because she is afraid that she will be punished if she isn't. Alexys is at which level of Kohlberg's view of moral development?

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preconventional

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Oussama is asked whether a person should steal food if he or she is starving. Oussama says no because it is against the law. Oussama is in Kohlberg's moral reasoning level, in the stage called ____________

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conventional; law and order

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When child culture conflicts with adult morality, children will ____________ .

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align themselves with their peers

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Restitution as a punishment for a transgression involves

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restoring what was lost

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Retribution as a punishment for a transgression involves

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hurting the transgressor

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When 9-year-old children were asked to choose between retribution and restitution for a punishment

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about half chose restitution and half chose retribution

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Ms. Corrina had a good conversation about the fairness of restitution and retribution with 9-year old Nicolette. The next day, Nicolette still thought retribution was most fair. Scientific study shows us that this MOST likely means that talking about moral values with children

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will not bring about immediate change

PSYC 241 Test Ch.5-8 – Flashcards

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