Psyc – 1060 words – Flashcard
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What does the science of human development seek to understand?
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how and why people change over time
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The first step in the scientific method involves
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posing a question
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Empirical evidence is based on
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observation, experience, or experiment
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The science of develpoment focuses on
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all of this information
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Developmentalists who carefully observe the behavior of schoolchildren during recess are using a research method known as
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scientific observation
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A hypothesis is a
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prediction that can be tested
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In the science of human development, "nurture" refers to
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environmental influences
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Most developmental psychologist believe that development is the result of
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nature and nurture acting together
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The lifespan perspective takes into account development from
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conception to death
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The ecological-systems approach was proposed by
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Bronfenbrenner
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Which developmentatlist was the first to describe the interaction between culture and education?
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Vygotsky
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Which developmentalist theory emphasized the influence of unconscious drives and motives on behavior?
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psychoanalytic
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An American psychologist who explained complex human behaviors in terms of operant conditioning was
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Skinner
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Psychoanalytic theory originated with
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Freud
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Behaviorists believe that psychologists should focus on
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observable behaviors
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Any consequence that follows a behavior and makes the person likely to repeat the behavior is called
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reinforcement
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Social learning theory indicates that learning comes from
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observing and imitating others
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Who would be the most likely to agree with the statement "Anything can be learned"?
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Watson
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2 to 6 years old
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preoperational stage
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The so-called "new" theories, draws on theology, political science, and history
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Humanistic
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According to Abraham Maslow, all people
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have the same basic needs or motivations
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The theories that have brough an understanding of intellectual processes and how our thoughts and beliefs affect every aspect of our development are __________ theories
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cognitive
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When a sperm and ovum merge, a one-called________ is formed
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zygote
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The name of the full set of genes that provides the instruction for making living organisms is the
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genome
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Genes are segments of molecules of
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DNA
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Justin and Jacob are identical twins. They are the result of
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one ovum fertilized by one sperm that split into two zygotes
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In vitro fertilization is technique
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in which sperm are mixed with ova that have been surgically removed from a woman ovary
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Monozygotic twins have ______ of their genes in common
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100 perecent
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The ______ is the person appearance, behavior, and brain and body functions
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phenotype
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Almost every trait is _________ which means it is affected by many genes
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polygenic
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Epigenetic's means that a trait
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is determined by genes and the environment
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Knowing that nature and nurture affect every human trait and disorder means all of the following EXCEPT
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nurture can always override the potential influence of nature
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An individual with an extra chromosome on the 21st pair of chromosomes has
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down syndrome
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Cindy
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germ, embro, and fetal
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The third through the eighth week after conception is called the
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embryonic period
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An important nutrient that many women do not get in adequate amounts from the typical diet is
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folic acid
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The third period of gestation is the _______ period
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fetal
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Among the characteristics of babies born with fetal alcohol syndrome are
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slowed physical growth and behavior problems
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The birth process begins
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when the uterus begins to contract at regular intervals to push the fetus out
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When healthy babies are born, they usually _______
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breathe and cry on their own immediately
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A teratogen is any agent or condition that increases the risk for
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prenatal abnormalities
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When there is a strong parental alliance
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all of the above
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A baby whose birthweight is significantly lower than expected given the time since conception is referred to as:
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small for gestation age
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Julia had a baby there weeks ago
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postpartum depression
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A basic nerve cell in the central nervous system is called
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Neuron
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Compared with growth during the first year, growth during the second year
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proceeds at a slower rate
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The last part of the brain to mature is the
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prefrontal cortex
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The human body is equipped to protect the brain when malnutrition temporarily affects body growth. This protective feature is known as
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head-sparing
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Which of the following is true of motor-skill development in healthy infants
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all of these statements are true
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Brain functions that depend on babies having things to see and hear, and people to feed and carry them, are called
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experience-expectant
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Pruning is the process by which
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unused connection between neurons are eliminated
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Synapses are
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intersections between the axon
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A life-threatening condition that occurs when infants are shaken back and forth sharply and quickly is called
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shaken baby syndrome
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Gross motor skills are
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large movements
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Why are breast-fed babies less likely to contact infectious diseases than bottle-fed babies?
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breast milk contains antibodies
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Based on research about SIDS, caregivers are advised that babies should be
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put to sleep on their backs
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Piaget called an infants first period of cognitive development
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sensorimotor intelligence
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During the sensorimotor stage, the child's main task is to
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use senses and motor skills to understand the world
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Sensorimotor intelligence begins with a babys first
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reflexes
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When an infant begins to understand that objects exist even when they are out of sight, she or he has begun to understand the concept of object
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permanence
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For Chomsky, the language acquisition device (LAD) refers to
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the human predisposition to acquire language
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According to Skinner, children acquire language
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through reinforcement and other aspects of conditioning
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Research on infant long-term memory has shown that infants can remember if the researchers
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use special measure to aid memory retrieval, such as reminders
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6 and 12 months
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implicit, explicit
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Newborns prefer
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their mothers language more than any other language
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_________ believed that children learn language by receiving adequate parental attention
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Skinner
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The distinct language form known as " baby-talk" is a
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simplified language that adults use when talking to babies
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Newborns have two identifiable emotions
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pleasure and pain
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An infants fear of being left by the mother or other caregiver
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separation anxiety, 9 to 14 months
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An infants distress at seeing an unfamiliar person is called
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stranger wariness
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Which characteristics must be present before an infant can experience pride, shame, or guilt
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social awareness
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The more physical play of fathers has been described as
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proximal parenting
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Freud;s oral stage corresponds to Erikson's crisis of
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trust versus mistrust
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Adam is playful
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hard to classify
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Infant-caregiver interaction that are marked by inconsistency are usually classified as
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disorganized
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The attachment pattern marked by anxiety and uncertainty is
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insecure- resistant/ambivalent
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Like Freud, Erikson believed that:
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a problem arising in early infancy last a lifetime
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Attachment in infants is definitely evident by the age of
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1 year
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Which scenario portrays a secure attachment
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a child being willing to explore a new environment in the presence of the caregiver
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Which child shows a secure attachment
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one who makes contact with the caregiver after the caregiver re-enters the room
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When playing with their children, fathers are more likely than mothers to
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engage in physical play
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Freud's stage that takes place in the second year is called
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the anal stage
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During early childhood, the most common disease of young children in developed nations is
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tooth decay
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Skills that involve large body movements, such as running and jumping, are called
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gross motor skills
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Which of the following is TRUE of the corpus callosum
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it connects the two halves of the bran
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The leading cause of death in childhood is
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accidents
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A childs passion for continuity and sameness is normal at about ___years of age
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3
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The center for appreciation of music, art, and poetry is usually located in the brains
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right hemisphere
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Which of the following is an example of a fine motor skill
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drawing with a pencil
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Which of these acts would be considered child maltreatment
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a caregiver leaving a child alone while going the store
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Nicole suffered a stroke
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speech
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How do abused children come to view other people
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as hostile and ready to take advantage of them
