PSYC 127A CH. 9 – Flashcards
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What is a core aspect of your personality?
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-your identity -sense of self=stable, sense of meaning/purpose in life and able to pursue important goals
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personality
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-enduring, relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving across situations
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What is the Five-Factor model of personality?
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-neuroticism vs. emotional stability -extraversion vs. introversion -openness vs. closedness -agreeable vs. antagonistic -conscientiousness vs. undependability
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neuroticism vs. emotional stability
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-tendency to experience unpleasant emotions or not
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extraversion vs. introversion
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-energy, positive emotions, seek stimulation in company of others
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openness vs. closedness
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-dreamers, adventure, open-minded, variety of experience
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agreeable vs. antagonistic
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-compassionate, cooperative, empathetic, trusting
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conscientiousness vs. undependability
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-disciplined, planned behavior, efficient, reliable
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personality trait
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-prominent aspect of personality that is relatively consistent across time and across situations ex. outgoing, hostile
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personality disorder
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-enduring, stable pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving -must be evident by early adulthood -clinically significant distress/functional impairment
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What are some deviations of personality disorder?
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-thinking about self/others -emotional functioning -interpersonal functioning -impulse control
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cluster A:odd-eccentric personality
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-symptoms similar to schizophrenia -inappropriate/flat affect, odd thought, speech patterns and paranoia -maintain their grasp on reality -"schizophrenia spectrum"
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cluster B: dramatic-emotional personality disorders
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-tend to be manipulative, volatile and uncaring in social relationships -prone to impulsive, sometimes violent behaviors that show little regard for own/others' safety
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cluster C: anxious-fearful personality disorders
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-extremely concerned about being criticized/abandoned -dysfunctional relationships with others
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paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder and schizotypal personality disorder are part of which cluster?
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-cluster A
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paranoid personality disorder
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-suspiciousness and mistrust of others -hyperviligant for evidence confirming suspicions -notice details many people miss ex. mistaken wife's cheerful for having an affair
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What do studies say about paranoid personality disorder?
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-0.7-5.1% of general population -increased risk for clinical disorders, such as major depression, anxiety disorder, substance abuse and psychotic episodes -intensifies under stress
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What are some theories of paranoid personality disorder?
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-more common in families with schizophrenia -belief people are malevolent and deceptive, combined with lack of self-confidence aout being able to defend oneself against others
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What are some treatments for paranoid personality disorder?
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-often feel they don't need treatment because do not trust therapists
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schizoid personality disorder
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-inability and lack of desire to form attachments to others -uninterested in people; prefer attention inward that the outside world -detachment from social relationships -restricted range of emotional expression with others
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What is the prevalence for schizoid personality disorder?
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-0.8-1.7% of adults -uncommon -males outnumber females
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Can people with schizoid personality disorder function in the real world?
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-can function in society -can even have jobs that require less interactions with people
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What are the theories for schizoid personality disorder?
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-evidence for heritability is indirect -link between schizophrenia and schizoid is not clear
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What are the treatments for schizoid personality disorder?
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-not motivated for therapy and interactions with therapist could be stressful instead of helping -goal: increase the person's awareness of own feelings, social skills (role-play)
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schizotypal personality disorder
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-peculiar thought patterns -oddities of perception and speech that interferes with communication and social interaction -emotionless around people -socially isolated and restricted range of emotions -tend to have speech tangential, circumstantial, vague or overelaborate -easily distracted/fixated
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what is the prevalence of schizotypal personality disorder?
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-3.9%% of general population -more in males than females -increased risk for depression, schizophrenia or isolated psychotic episodes
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People with schizotypal personality disorder tend to believe what?
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-believe random events and circumstances have particular meaning just for them ex. people think they know what they are thinking
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what are the four categories of schizotypal personality disorder?
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-paranoia/suspiciousness -ideas of reference -odd beliefs and magical thinking -illusions that are just short of hallucinations
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How are schizoid and paranoid personality disorders alike?
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-they both see others are deceitful and hostile
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What are the theories of schizotypal personality disorder?
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-through genetics -mild form of schizophrenia -gene that regulates NMDA receptor is related to schizophrenia and schizotypal -difficulties in verbal fluency and memory -dysregulation of dopamine in brain -no abnormalities in prefrontal=less severe than schizophrenia
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_______ is a less severe verison of schizophrenia.
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-schizotypal personality disorder
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What are the treatments for schizotypal disorder?
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-same drugs as schizophrenia; less dosage -antidepressants -therapy: establish good relationship w/therapist, help increase social interactions; group therapy is helpful -teaching them to look for evidence to support bizarre thoughts
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Borderline personality disorder
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-impulsiveness; drastic mood shifts, sense of emptiness -attempts at self-mutilation or suicide -instability of self-image
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People w/ borderline personality disorder tend to what?
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-be in dissociative states: feelings unreal, lose track of time and forget who they are
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Borderline personality disorder's interpersonal relationships are what?
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-extremely unstable -can idealize then switch to despising -worry about abandonment/misinterpretation
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What are the symptoms of borderline personality disorder?
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-out-of-control emotions -unstable interpersonal relationships -concerns about abandonment -self-damaging behavior -impulsivity -frequently accompanied by depression, anxiety or anger
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What is the prevalence of borderline personality disorder?
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-5.9% of general population -more common in females than males -more in white cultures
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What are the theories of borderline personality disorder?
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-have instability in childhood history: neglect and parental psychopathology -history of sexual/physical abuse
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What does the term splitting mean?
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-the idea that people are either all good or all bad; waver between the two
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Which parts of the brain are smaller in borderline personality than a normal brain?
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-amygdala(emotion) and hippocampus(stress and memory) -also abnormal metabolic in prefrontal cortex (impulsive behaviors)
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Does borderline personality disorder run in the family?
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-yes, genetics -also maltreatment and abuse are part of the growth of brain structures
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What are the treatments for borderline personality disorder?
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-dialectical behavior therapy -systems training for emotional predictability and problem solving (STEPPS) -transference-focused therapy -mentalization-based treatment
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dialectical behavior therapy
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-focuses on helping gain more realistic/positive sense of self, learn adaptive skills for solving problems and regulate emotions; correct dichotomous thinking
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systems training for emotional predictability and problem solving (STEPPS)
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-group intervention for people w/ borderline -combines cognitive techniques challenging irrational and maladaptive cognitions -addressing self-management -greater improvement in negative effect, impulsivity and functioning
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transference-focused therapy
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-uses relationship between patient and therapist to help patients develop more realistic and healthier understanding of themselves and their interpersonal relationships -show reduction in suicidality, implusivity, aggression and anger
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mentalization-based treatment
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-have difficulty understanding mental states of themselves and others because of traumatic experiences in childhood -provide validation and support -help learn to appreciate alternatives sense of self by using relationships -improvement in mood and functioning and less medication -fewer suicide attempt
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What are the medications used in borderline personality disorder?
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-mood stabilizers -atypical antipsychotics (SSRI lacks evidence of effectiveness)
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histrionic personality disorder
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-self-dramatization; tendency of irritability and temper outbursts if attention seeking is frustrated -similar to borderline w/unstability -draws attention to self across situations -wants flattering nuturance/preferential attention -overly trusting -more medical visits than necessary
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What do people with Histrionic personality disorder pursue?
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-attention of others by being highly dramatic
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What is the prevalence of histrionic personality disorder?
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-1.84% of population -mostly women -more likely to be separated/divorced
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What are the theories of histrionic personality disorder?
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-unclear; could be genetics or family/environment
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What are the treatments for histrionic personality disorder?
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-help tone down dramatic situations -plan goals -promote appropriate behavior in daily life
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narcissistic personality disorder
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-grandiosity; preoccupation with receiving attention; lack of empathy -shallow in expressions and relationships
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What are the similarities and differences of narcissistic and histrionic disorders?
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similar: dramatic, seek admiration and shallow with expressions and relationships differences: histrionic-seek approval narcissistic-rely on own self-evaluation; think dependency is weak
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How can narcissistic be successful and fail?
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successful: environment that encourages self-confidence fail: overestimate their abilities
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What are the prevalence for narcissistic personality disorder?
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-7.7% of men and 4.8% of women -more common in younger adults -high rates of substance abuse, more and anxiety disorders -physical and sexual aggression, suicidal behaviors, impulsivity
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What are the theories of narcissistic personality disorder?
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-believe that they are not bound to rules -raised by praise and dominance of others -grandiose vs vulnerable -problems with abused parents and neglect
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What are the treatments for narcissistic personality disorder?
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-tend to not seek treatment until depressed -challenging them to self-aggrandizing ways of interpreting situations
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Grandoise view of self, self-centered, feeling entitlement and arrogance, envious of others, sensitive to criticism and seeks out high status partners sound like which personality disorder?
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-Narcissistic personality disorder
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Overly dramatic and attention seeking behavior, emotionally shallow despite strong displays of emotions, craves attention, easily influnced by others, seductive and overly concernted with physical attractiveness sound like which personality disorder?
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-histrionic personality disorder
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antisocial personality disorder
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-lack of moral/ethical development; inability to follow approved models of behavior -disregard/violation of rights of others; criminal, impulsive; deceitful; lack of remorse
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failure to conform to social norms, decitful, failure to plan ahead, irritability and aggressive, reckless disregard for self and others' safety, irresponsible and lack of remorse sounds like which personality disorder?
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antisocial personality disorder
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What is the prevalence of antisocial personality disorder?
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-heriability -family environment: lack warmth, proverty, exposure to violoence negativity
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what biologically happens in antisocial personality disorder?
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-hypoarousal in amygdala--> lack of sensitivity to emotional stimuli -reduction in volume and activation in prefrontal cortex-->executive control, planning, impulse control
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What is the relationship between antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy?
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-lack of fear or anxiety -low baseline levels of skin conductance -make it difficult for them to avoid behavior that leads to punishment -lack empathy
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avoidant personality disorder
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-hypersensitivity to rejection/social derogation; shyness -social inhibition, feeling inadequate, fear of being criticized; leads to avoidance of social interactions and nervousness -might crave relationships but fear of doing something embarrassing/feel unworthy for relationships -tend to be depressed and lonely
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What are the two pathological personality traits that describe avoidant personality disorder?
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-negative affectivity and detachment
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What is the prevalence of avoidant personality disorder?
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-2.4% of general population -more common in women -prone to persistent depressive disorder/major depression/anxiety
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There is an overlap of ________ and ________. But people with _______ tend to ahve more severe and generalized anxiety about social situations than ________.
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-avoidant personality; social anxiety -avoidant personality; social
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fears criticism, rejection or disapproval, avoids interpersonal situations, feelings of inadequacy, avoids taking risks or trying new activities sound like which type of disorder?
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-avoidant personality disorder
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what are the theories of avoidant personality disorder?
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-genetics play a role -does not have a strong relationship to sexual/physical abuse in childhood -high rate of emotional neglect -develop dysfunctional beliefs about worthlessness by rejection in early life
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What are treatments for avoidant personality disorder?
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-exposure to social setting, social skill training, and challenging negative automatic thoughts about self and situations -increase in range of social contacts, comfort and satisfaction; decrease in avoidance behaviors,
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dependent personality disorder
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-difficulty in separating in relationships; subordination of needs in order to keep others involved in a relationship -submissive and clinging behavior; highly dependent of others -anxious about interpersonal interactions
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difficulty making decisions without advice/reassurance from others, need for others to take responsibility for major areas of life, difficulty disagreeing, doing things because lack of self-confidence sounds like which personality disorder?
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-dependent personality disorder
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What is the prevalence of dependent personality disorder?
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-runs in the family -children and adolescents with history of separation anxiety disorder/chronic physical illness are more prone -exaggerated and inflexible beliefs of needs
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What are the treatments for dependent personality disorder?
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-frequently seek treatment -techniques designed to increase assertive behaviors, relaxation skills to overcome anxiety -marital/family therapy can help
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obsesssive-compulsive personality disorder
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-excessive concern with order, rules, and trivia -details; perfectionism; rigidity -based self-esteem on their productivity and meeting unreasonably high goals
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perfectionist; preoccupied with rules, details, schedules and organization; overly focused on work, little time for lesiurel reluctant to make decisions and are "control freaks" sound like which personality disorder?
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-obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
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How do people perceive obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?
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-stubborn, stingy, possessive, moralistic and officious
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What is the prevalence for obsessive compulsive personality disorder?
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-7.9% of US population -no gender differences -prone to depressive, anxiety and eating disorders
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What are the theories of obsessive compulsive personality disorder?
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-believes that flaws, mistakes or defects are intolerable -appears to be genetic -has history of physical neglect
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What are the treatments for obsessive complusive personality disorder?
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-no controlled psychological treatment -help decrease compulsive behaviors -alteration to their schedules -SSRI
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epidemiology and comorbidity of personality disorders
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-9.1% of population -39% receiving treatment -79% meet Axis I diagnosis ~50% meet for two PD diagnosis
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which personality disorders are more common in women?
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obsessive compulsive, avoidant and borderline
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What are the limitations of DSM PD diagnosis?
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-spectrum from normal to abnormal behavior -weaker reliability and validity over time -PD frequently co-occur
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What are the dimensions of PD?
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-negative affectivity, detachment, atagonism, disinhibition, psychoticism
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What are the steps of diagnosing PD?
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1)determining individual's level of functioning in terms of sense of self 2)whether individual has any athological personality traits 3) determine whether individuals meet the criteria for any disorders
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histrionic personality disorder
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-self-dramatization; tendency of irritability and temper outbursts if attention seeking is frustrated
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histrionic personality disorder
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-self-dramatization; tendency of irritability and temper outbursts if attention seeking is frustrated
