Psyc 102 Ch 1-5 – Flashcards
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Behaviorists dismissed the value of: Question options: a) science. b) replication. c) introspection. d) empiricism.
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c) introspection.
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Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of people's: Question options: a) genetic predispositions. b) potential for healthy growth. c) childhood memories. d) unconscious thought processes.
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b) potential for healthy growth.
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A hypothesis is a(n): Question options: a) unprovable assumption about the unobservable processes that underlie psychological functioning. b) set of principles that organizes observations and explains newly discovered facts. c) observable relationship between specific independent and dependent variables. d) testable prediction that gives direction to research.
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d) testable prediction that gives direction to research.
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In order to discover the extent to which economic status can be used to predict political preferences, researchers are most likely to employ: Question options: a) correlational measures. b) naturalistic observation. c) experimental research. d) the case study approach.
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a) correlational measures.
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Illusory correlation refers to: Question options: a) a correlation attributable to random sampling. b) a correlation that exceeds the value of +1.00. c) a relationship due solely to a placebo effect. d) the perception of a relationship between two variables that does not exist.
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d) the perception of a relationship between two variables that does not exist.
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A negative correlation between degree of wealth and likelihood of suffering from a psychological disorder would indicate that: Question options: a) psychological disorders usually prevent people from accumulating wealth. b) the poor are more likely to have a psychological disorder than the wealthy. c) all the above are true. d) poverty makes people vulnerable to psychological disorders.
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b) the poor are more likely to have a psychological disorder than the wealthy.
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Dr. Mills engages in basic research on why individuals conform to the behaviors and opinions of others. Which specialty area does his research best represent? Question options: a) clinical psychology b) cognitive psychology c) social psychology d) developmental psychology
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c) social psychology
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Researchers use experiments rather than other research methods in order to distinguish between: Question options: a) case studies and surveys. b) random samples and representative samples. c) facts and theories. d) causes and effects.
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d) causes and effects.
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In an experimental study of the effects of anxiety on self-esteem, anxiety would be the ________ variable. Question options: a) dependent b) correlational c) experimental d) independent
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d) independent
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The relief of pain following the ingestion of an inert substance that is presumed to have medicinal benefits illustrates: Question options: a) the placebo effect. b) the hindsight bias. c) illusory correlation. d) random assignment.
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a) the placebo effect.
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In which type of research is a representative random sample of people asked to answer questions about their behaviors or attitudes? Question options: a) the survey b) naturalistic observation c) the case study d) experimentation
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a) the survey
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The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to: Question options: a) overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions. b) exaggerate their ability to have foreseen the outcome of past events. c) reject any ideas that can't be scientifically tested. d) dismiss the value of replication.
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b) exaggerate their ability to have foreseen the outcome of past events.
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To accurately infer cause and effect, experimenters should use: Question options: a) random assignment. b) correlation coefficients. c) case studies. d) naturalistic observation.
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a) random assignment.
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In order to assess the influence of self-esteem on interpersonal attraction, researchers either insulted or complimented college students about their physical appearance just before they went on a blind date. In this research, the dependent variable consisted of: Question options: a) interpersonal attraction. b) insults or compliments. c) physical appearance. d) feelings of self-esteem.
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a) interpersonal attraction.
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Correlational research is most useful for purposes of: Question options: a) control. b) prediction. c) explanation. d) replication.
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b) prediction.
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In the context of debates over the origins of psychological traits, nature is to nurture as: Question options: a) Aristotle is to Plato. b) Skinner is to Watson. c) Watson is to Skinner. d) Plato is to Aristotle.
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d) Plato is to Aristotle.
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In a written report of their research, psychologists specify exactly how anxiety is assessed, thus providing their readers with a(n): Question options: a) case study. b) independent variable. c) hypothesis. d) operational definition.
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d) operational definition.
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In order to learn about the TV viewing habits of all the children attending Oakbridge School, Professor DeVries randomly selected and interviewed 50 of the school's students. In this instance, all the children attending the school are considered to be a(n): Question options: a) independent variable. b) population. c) representative sample. d) control condition.
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b) population.
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In which type of research would an investigator manipulate one factor in order to observe its effect on some behavior or mental process? Question options: a) experimentation b) the survey c) naturalistic observation d) the case study
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a) experimentation
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Psychologists who carefully watch the behavior of chimpanzee societies in the jungle are using a research method known as: Question options: a) naturalistic observation. b) experimentation. c) the case study. d) the survey.
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a) naturalistic observation.
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Which perspective is most directly concerned with assessing the relative impact of both nature and nurture on our psychological traits? Question options: a) behavior genetics b) psychodynamic c) cognitive d) social-cultural
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a) behavior genetics
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Several weeks after a political election, voters often exaggerate their ability to have predicted the election outcome. This best illustrates: Question options: a) the hindsight bias. b) the placebo effect. c) illusory correlation. d) random assignment.
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a) the hindsight bias.
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In a psychological experiment, the potentially causal factor that is manipulated by the investigator is called the ________ variable. Question options: a) control b) dependent c) experimental d) independent
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d) independent
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The case study is a research method in which: Question options: a) a single individual is studied in great depth. b) a representative sample of people are questioned regarding their opinions or behaviors. c) organisms are carefully observed in a laboratory environment. d) an investigator manipulates one or more variables that might affect behavior.
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a) a single individual is studied in great depth.
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Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have received a placebo. This investigation involves the use of: Question options: a) naturalistic observation. b) the double-blind procedure. c) replication. d) random sampling.
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b) the double-blind procedure.
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The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it: Question options: a) may be unrepresentative of what is generally true. b) overestimates the importance of operational definitions. c) is based on naturalistic observation. d) leads us to underestimate the causal relationships between events.
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a) may be unrepresentative of what is generally true.
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The cognitive perspective in psychology focuses on how: Question options: a) people try to understand their own unconscious motives. b) behavior is influenced by environmental conditions. c) feelings are influenced by blood chemistry. d) people encode, process, store, and retrieve information.
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d) people encode, process, store, and retrieve information.
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Participants in an experiment are said to be blind if they are uninformed about: Question options: a) which experimental treatment, if any, they are receiving. b) whether the experimental findings will be statistically significant. c) what experimental hypothesis is being tested. d) how the dependent variable is measured.
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a) which experimental treatment, if any, they are receiving.
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Contemporary psychology is best defined as the scientific study of: Question options: a) behavior and mental processes. b) observable responses to the environment. c) maladaptive and adaptive behaviors. d) conscious and unconscious mental activity.
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a) behavior and mental processes.
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Correlation refers to the extent to which two variables: Question options: a) are random samples. b) vary together. c) influence each other. d) show statistically significant differences.
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b) vary together.
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The biopsychosocial approach provides an understanding of social-cultural influences integrated within the larger framework of: Question options: a) humanistic psychology. b) multiple levels of analysis. c) introspection. d) SQ3R.
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b) multiple levels of analysis.
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Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association? Question options: a) Margaret Floy Washburn b) Mary Whiton Calkins c) Jean Piaget d) Rosalie Rayner
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b) Mary Whiton Calkins
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Which of the following methods is most helpful for revealing cause-effect relationships? Question options: a) the survey b) correlational research c) the experiment d) naturalistic observation
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c) the experiment
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In a study of the effects of alcohol consumption, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted like alcohol. This nonalcoholic drink was a: Question options: a) replication. b) dependent variable. c) placebo. d) double blind.
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c) placebo.
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Information is carried from the central nervous system to the body's tissues by: Question options: a) the limbic system. b) motor neurons. c) interneurons. d) sensory neurons.
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b) motor neurons
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The motor cortex is located in the ________ lobes. Question options: a) temporal b) occipital c) frontal d) parietal
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c) frontal
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Schizophrenia is most closely linked with excess receptor activity for the neurotransmitter: Question options: a) serotonin. b) acetylcholine. c) dopamine. d) epinephrine.
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c) dopamine.
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The speed at which a neural impulse travels is increased when the axon is encased by a(n): Question options: a) synaptic vesicle. b) myelin sheath. c) association area. d) stem cell.
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b) myelin sheath.
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The somatic nervous system is a component of the ________ nervous system. Question options: a) sympathetic b) peripheral c) parasympathetic d) central
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b) peripheral
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The minimum level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse is called the: Question options: a) reflex. b) synapse. c) action potential. d) threshold.
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d) threshold.
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Endorphins are: Question options: a) morphine antagonists. b) neurotransmitters. c) endocrine glands. d) sex hormones.
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b) neurotransmitters.
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To identify which specific brain areas are most active during a particular mental task, researchers would be most likely to make use of a(n): Question options: a) hemispherectomy. b) brain lesion. c) ACh agonist. d) fMRI.
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d) fMRI.
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A biological psychologist would be most interested in conducting research on the relationship between: Question options: a) self-esteem and popularity. b) neurotransmitters and depression. c) skull shape and character traits. d) genetics and eye color.
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b) neurotransmitters and depression.
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Hormones are the chemical messengers of the: Question options: a) limbic system. b) reticular formation. c) autonomic nervous system. d) endocrine system.
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d) endocrine system.
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A synapse is a(n): Question options: a) junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron. b) chemical messenger that triggers muscle contractions. c) automatic response to sensory input. d) neural cable containing many axons.
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a) junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron.
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Question 12 1 / 1 point Neurotransmitters are released from vesicles located on knoblike terminals at the end of the: Question options: a) axon. b) myelin sheath. c) dendrites. d) cell body.
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a) axon.
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The vast majority of neurons in the body's information-processing system are: Question options: a) stem cells. b) interneurons. c) motor neurons. d) sensory neurons.
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b) interneurons.
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Sensory neurons are located in the: Question options: a) thalamus. b) reticular formation. c) sensory cortex. d) peripheral nervous system.
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d) peripheral nervous system.
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The function of dendrites is to: Question options: a) release neurotransmitters into the spatial junctions between neurons. b) coordinate the activation of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. c) receive incoming signals from other neurons. d) control pain through the release of opiatelike chemicals into the brain.
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c) receive incoming signals from other neurons.
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Endorphin agonists are likely to _______ one's immediate pain, and endorphin antagonists are likely to _______ one's immediate pain. Question options: a) decrease; increase b) increase; decrease c) increase; increase d) decrease; decrease
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a) decrease; increase
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The central nervous system consists of: Question options: a) the brain and the spinal cord. b) sympathetic and parasympathetic branches. c) sensory and motor neurons. d) somatic and autonomic subsystems.
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a) the brain and the spinal cord.
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A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus is called a(n): Question options: a) action potential. b) neural network. c) reflex. d) neurotransmitter.
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c) reflex.
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Alzheimer's disease is most closely linked to the deterioration of neurons that produce: Question options: a) endorphins. b) epinephrine. c) dopamine. d) acetylcholine.
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d) acetylcholine.
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The two major divisions of the nervous system are the central and the ________ nervous systems. Question options: a) autonomic b) peripheral c) sympathetic d) somatic
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b) peripheral
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Dendrites are branching extensions of: Question options: a) neurons. b) endorphins. c) stem cells. d) endocrine glands.
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a) neurons.
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The corpus callosum is a wide band of axon fibers that: Question options: a) controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs. b) transmits information between the cerebral hemispheres. c) directs the muscle movements involved in speech. d) enables the left hemisphere to control the right side of the body.
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b) transmits information between the cerebral hemispheres.
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Reuptake refers to the: Question options: a) reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending neuron. b) release of hormones into the bloodstream. c) movement of neurotransmitter molecules across a synaptic gap. d) inflow of electrically charged atoms through an axon membrane.
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a) reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending neuron.
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A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called the: Question options: a) synapse. b) action potential. c) refractory period. d) agonist.
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b) action potential.
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An axon is: Question options: a) an antagonist molecule that blocks neurotransmitter receptor sites. b) a cell that serves as the basic building block of the nervous system. c) the extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body. d) a layer of fatty tissue that encases the fibers of many neurons.
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c) the extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body.
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The chemical messengers released into the spatial junctions between neurons are called: Question options: a) hormones. b) genes. c) neurotransmitters. d) synapses.
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c) neurotransmitters.
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José has just played a long, bruising football game but feels little fatigue or discomfort. His lack of pain is most likely caused by the release of: Question options: a) dopamine. b) acetylcholine. c) glutamate. d) endorphins.
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d) endorphins.
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Messages are transmitted from your spinal cord to muscles in your hands by the ________ nervous system. Question options: a) sympathetic b) parasympathetic c) peripheral d) autonomic
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c) peripheral
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A drug that mimics the effects of a particular neurotransmitter or blocks its reuptake is called a(n): Question options: a) steroid. b) glutamate. c) opiate. d) agonist.
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d) agonist.
