PSYC 101D Developmental – Flashcards
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Development is... a. universal with no individual variation b. dependent on temporary states c. change with some endurance d. happening in childhood only e. universal fluctuations
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c. change with some endurance
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What is adaptation and in which ways do humans have an advantage over most animal species in this regard? (State at least 2 characteristics of adaptation and give 2 examples of human advantage in adaptation, each of these can earn you 1 point for a total of 4 points)
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Adaptation is the change in one's functioning to fit with the enviornment. Humans have an advantage over most animal species due to their non-fixed behavior, their long life-phase of immaturity, extensive development potential, and their ability to adapt to different enviornments.
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Robert Havighurst proposed a life-span theory of... Select one: a. Midlife crisis b. Developmental tasks Correct c. Late life vitality d. Individual engagement e. Societal restrictions
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developmental tasks
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Development is comprised of...
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gains and losses
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An advantage of the human species is Select one: a. innate reflexes b. capacity to adapt c. behaviors are fixed d. short life-phase of immaturity e. no need for extensive learning
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capacity to adapt
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What was John Locke's theory proposing about human nature? Select one: a. Humans are born with innate propensities. b. Human minds are like blank slates at birth. c. Human minds are not influenced much by experience. d. Humans take an active role in their own development. e. Human minds are shaped by their own activity.
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humans are like blank slates at birth
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Which of the following is an example of an individual's genes influencing his/her environment in human development? Select one: a. only those abused children lacking the high MAOA gene develop aggressive behavior in adolescence b. shy youth do not fit in large state universities c. People who select friends and environments to fit with their preferences stabilize their personality d. teenage girls who grew up in a hostile environment are getting pregnant earlier e. irritable babies elicit irritated behavior from their parents
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irritable babies elicit irritated behavior from their parents
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In life-span developmental psychology, the term plasticity refers to the capacity of an individual to ______. Select one: a. adapt to the environment. b. recover from adversity. c. always perform at one's peak level of performance. d. Both A and B Correct e. All of the above
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d. A&B, recover from adversity and adapt to the enviornment
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In lecture 2, Professor Heckhausen discusses 4 ways for nature and nurture to interact. Please describe at least two in terms of the general process (what influences what and how) and give one example for each type of interaction you discuss (write about half a page; about 5 sentences). (can earn you up to 4 points, one point each for describing the ways in which nature and nurture interact and 1 point each for a correct example)
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Nature and nurture can interact in several different ways which shape a person's development. A person's genes and the environment can interact, meaning that the environment responds to a person's genetically determined dispositions. An example of this interaction is when babies that are difficult to calm down ellicit abusive behavior in parents. Biological characteristics can also evolve in response to enviornmental influences when the enviornment and gene activation interact. This type of interaction occurs when children who experience abuse in early life develop a stronger response to faces with hostile expressions.
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Which of the following is NOT one of Glen Elder's principles: Select one: a. Historical time and place b. Timing in lives c. Linked lives d. Lived lives e. Both A and B
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d. lived lives
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The Berlin wall coming down in 1989 did not have a positive effect on everyone. In particular, individuals who were _______ when the wall came down reported the most depressive symptoms. Select one: a. in adolescence b. in childhood c. in old-age d. in infancy e. in middle-age
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e. middle aged
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Across adulthood, crystallized (pragmatic) intelligence _____, and fluid (mechanic) intelligence ______. Select one: a. increases, decreases b. decreases, remains stable c. increases, increases d. decreases, decreases e. decreases, increases
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a. increases, decreases
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Waddington's epigenetic landscape shows us how: Select one: a. people can easily change their paths in life b. differences between people become larger as we age c. changes are stable throughout the life course d. infants become canalized at birth e. differences between people become smaller as we age
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b. differences bw people come larger as we age
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Learning a second language tends to become increasingly difficult with age. This is a good example of _______. Select one: a. a sensitive period of development. b. a critical period of development. c. the role of parents in an individual's development. d. individual differences in verbal intelligence. e. the role of the school system in an individual's development.
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a. a sensitive period of development
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Studies involving Romanian orphans have theorized that children will not develop optimally without warm, nurturing caregiving during the first year of life. This research explores the __________ aspect of lifespan development. Select one: a. nature b. discontinuity c. plasticity d. quality
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plasticity
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Which of the following gives the BEST description of how life-span psychologists describe "development"? Select one: a. growth and decline in skills and processes b. how the fetus grows and develops in the womb c. growth and improvement in skills and processes d. growth in muscles that leads to improvement in skills
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growth and decline in skills and processes
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Although maximum life span of humans has not changed, during the 20th century life expectancy in the United States has: Select one: a. decreased for Hispanic individuals. b. increased for women but not for men. c. increased by 30 years. d. decreased because of the numbers of individuals killed in war.
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c. increased by 30 years
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Which of the following is an example of the plasticity of development? Select one: a. The same person may develop differently depending on environment. b. The potential and limits of one's IQ are set by heredity. c. Someone who goes blind may develop better hearing as a result. d. Intelligence has many components—nonverbal, abstract, social, and so on.
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c. someone who goes blind may develop better hearing as a result
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According to a recent research, which age group reports the highest life satisfaction in the United States? Select one: a. middle adulthood b. adolescence c. oldest old d. No particular age group reports more happiness or satisfaction than any other age group.
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oldest old
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Each stage in Erikson's theory presents a crisis that must be resolved. These crises are: Select one: a. opportunities to further the healthy development of personality. b. marker events that signal new stages but have little long-term effect on personality development. c. negative events that toughen the individual for future crises. d. opportunities to repair relations with others.
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a. opportunities to further the healthy development of personality
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It is believed that many genes interact to influence a psychological characteristic. This is the concept of: Select one: a. dominant-recessive inheritance. b. sex-linked inheritance. c. genetic imprinting. d. polygenic inheritance.
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polgygenic inheritance
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Hannah is an "easy" child. She rarely cries and is cooperative and pleasant. As a result, she receives much attention and nurturing. This is an example of which type of genotype-environment correlation? Select one: a. evocative b. passive c. active d. suggestive
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a. evocative
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Natural selection favors individuals of a species that are best able to __________ and __________. Select one: a. survive; reproduce b. survive change; adapt c. find food; hide d. change; adapt
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survive & reproduce
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Which of the following is the BEST explanation for an extended childhood period in human development? Select one: a. Rebellion against authority is a necessary step in the evolutionary development of independent behavior. b. During this time, humans develop a large brain and gain experience required to master the complexities of human society. c. A long childhood period is a "left over" adaptation from the time when the human life span was considerably shorter than it is today. d. During this time, a human's immune system reaches its full potential.
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b. During this time, humans develop a large brain and gain experience required to master the complexities of human society.
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Maria is a social drinker but has vowed that she will stop drinking as soon as she gets pregnant. Maria may be unaware that: Select one: a. moderate drinking of alcohol during pregnancy does not affect the fetus. b. even moderate use of alcohol will decrease her chance of becoming pregnant. c. many developmental problems can occur even before a woman knows she is pregnant. d. pregnancy will cause her to crave alcohol.
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c. many developmental problems can occur even before a woman knows she is pregnant.
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All of a person's genetic material makes up the __________, whereas the __________ consists of only observable characteristics. Select one: a. dominant genotype; recessive genotype b. dominant phenotype; recessive phenotype c. phenotype; genotype d. genotype; phenotype
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genotype, phenotype
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An individual's genes may influence the type of environment he/she is exposed to. This is called a(n): Select one: a. correlation coefficient. b. reaction range coefficient. c. heredity-environment correlation. d. environment canalization.
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c. heredity-environment correlation.
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In their theory of adaptive mental modules, Cosmides and Tooby use the metaphor of the Swiss Army Knife. Explain what adaptive mental modules are (2 pts), and give two examples of adaptive mental modules (2 pts.) (write no more than half a page) Adaptive behaviors and mental patterns are called mental modules. Examples are the attachment behaviors of infants and mothers who make sure that the infant gets necessary attention and support. Other examples are language and social cognition that are adaptive throughout evolution.
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...
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The evolution of the human mind is the result of... Select one: a. changes in brain size. b. changes influenced by cultural development. c. changes in the maximum life capacity. d. A and B are correct. e. A, B, and C are correct.
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d. changes in brain size, changes influenced by cultural development
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Teratogens have their most damaging effect Select one: a. During the first phase of pregnancy when the cells start to divide and become implanted in the uterus. b. During the embryonic period in the first two months of pregnancy when most major organs develop. c. During the fetal period in the pregnancy weeks 9 to 36 when the main organs developing is the brain, sensory organs and genitalia. d. Both A and B is correct. e. All of the above.
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b. During the embryonic period in the first two months of pregnancy when most major organs develop.
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The "grandmother effect" refers to the fact that: Select one: a. Grandmothers have a greater chance of survival compared to older women without grandchildren. b. Children with grandmothers have a greater chance of survival compared to children without grandmothers. c. Women have longer life expectancies than men. d. Natural selection plays a special role for grandmothers. e. The offspring of old grandmothers live longer because they have better genes.
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b. Children with grandmothers have a greater chance of survival compared to children without
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Which of the following is based on a theory of aging? Select one: a. Damaged mitochondria produce wear and tear in the cell system. b. With each cell division telomeres protecting the genetic information become shorter. c. Cells can only divide by mitosis so many times, then they must switch to meiosis. d. Free-radicals build up in the system and clog arteries. e. Telomeres contained in the middle of free-radicals become shorter over time.
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b. With each cell division telomeres protecting the genetic information become shorter.
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If a researcher is studying both how personality changes over the lifespan and how it may be different depending on an individual's generation or cohort, the most appropriate method is ____________. Select one: a. an experimental design b. a field-study design c. a sequential design d. a history-graded design e. a longitudinal design
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c. sequential design
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In adolescent brain development_____ Select one: a. the frontal cortex neurons first show a pruning and then a growth spurt b. the frontal cortex develops after the prefrontal cortex c. the frontal cortex regulates judgment d. the frontal cortex neurons first grow and then are pruned e. judgment capacities develop before intellectual capacities
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d. the frontal cortex neurons first grow and then are pruned
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When placed in the visual cliff experiment, infants generally will not want to cross the "cliff" and/or will show distress if placed on the "cliff" after they have reached which development milestone? Select one: a. Crawling b. Seeing c. Rolling over d. Hearing e. Sitting upright
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a. crawling
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Justine is a 5-month-old infant. Which of the following is likely true about Justine? Select one: a. Justine cannot tell the difference between musical rhythms of different cultures. b. Justine has experienced perceptual narrowing. c. Justine looks longer at familiar monkey faces than novel monkey faces. d. Justine performs as poorly as adults at recognizing Lemur faces. e. Justine can detect phonemes not present in her native language.
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e. Justine can detect phonemes not present in her native language.
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Researchers who use a common cause theory to understand developmental changes in cognition during old age argue that sensory and cognitive abilities ________ with age. Select one: a. show greater individual variability b. become less important c. become increasingly stable d. become less similar e. become more similar
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e. become more similar
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If a researcher is interested in examining memory development and has participants come into a lab and perform a digit-sequence memory test without training or optimizing the conditions of the test, the researcher will be measuring ________. Select one: a. Developmental reserve capacity b. Developmental capacity c. Baseline reserve capacity d. Baseline capacity e. Reasoning reserve capacity
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d. baseline capacity
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Please explain how researchers used the strategy of "Testing-the-Limits" to study older adults' cognitive capacities. Explain how testing-the-limits works (2 points) and what researchers found (2 points).
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Researchers used the "Testing the Limits" strategy to exploit developmental research capacity and demonstrate the scope of cognitive plasticity. They revealed performance asymptotes in subjects at different ages, finding that relearning is more difficult than learning. Another finding is that age differences in new learning can be compensated by longer processing intervals.
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Myrtle McGraw's Study of twins Jimmy and Jonny shows that Select one: a. Major milestones of development are roughly timed similarly in different babies b. Special training can accelerate the development of special skills c. With special training a child can accelerate motor development so much that normative timing is no longer valid d. Constraints of neurological development can be overridden by targeted coaching e. Both and A and B are correct.
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e. Both and A and B are correct. Major milestones of development are roughly timed similarly in different babies b. Special training can accelerate the development of special skills
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In Eleanor and James Gibson's Ecological Theory of Perception, an affordance is _________. Select one: a. The possible actions an individual can perform with an object, or within an environment. b. How much money one has budgeted for an activity. c. How much time it takes to perform an activity. d. The youngest age one can perform an activity. e. Both A and D are correct.
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a. The possible actions an individual can perform with an object, or within an environment.
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The global term for a neurological disorder in which the primary symptom is deterioration of mental functioning is: Select one: a. dementia. b. senility. c. neurological degradation. d. Alzheimer's disease.
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a. dementia
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Which growth pattern sequence indicates that growth progresses from the top of the body to the bottom? Select one: a. lateralization b. proximodistal c. paradistal d. cephalocaudal
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d. cephalocaudal
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Research shows that living in a deprived environment: Select one: a. depresses brain activity. b. promotes greater brain development as compensation for impoverished conditions. c. is not reversible regardless of future experiences in better conditions. d. does not significantly affect brain development.
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a. depresses brain activity.
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What is the leading cause of death in U.S. middle-aged adults? Select one: a. arthritis b. cancer c. cardiovascular disease d. osteoporosis
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cancer
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Rodin and Langer (1977) conducted a study in which one group of nursing home patients was given increased control over daily routines, while another group was not. The main finding in this study was that: Select one: a. many patients began to feel they no longer needed the nursing home care. b. more responsibility caused debilitating anxiety in the patients. c. more perceived control improved the lives of the patients. d. patients responded better to nurturing staff and administrators than to the additional control.
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c. more perceived control improved the lives of the patients.
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Which of the following statements about growth spurts is TRUE? Select one: a. It occurs approximately two years earlier for girls than for boys. b. It occurs at approximately the same time for boys and girls. c. It is highly variable and occurs at a range of ages during adolescence. d. It occurs approximately two years earlier for boys than for girls.
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a. It occurs approximately two years earlier for girls than for boys.
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James is going through puberty quite early. Research indicates that James is likely to: Select one: a. have a negative self-image. b. be highly successful in his later career. c. have a positive self-image. d. be rejected by his peers.
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c. have a positive self image
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In Schaie's Seattle Longitudinal Study, processing speed began to decline in: Select one: a. late adulthood. b. middle adulthood. c. early adulthood. d. adolescence.
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d. middle adulthood
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A significant achievement in an infant's interactions with the environment is the: Select one: a. grasping reflex. b. the sucking reflex. c. Babinski reflex. d. onset of reaching and grasping.
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d. onset of grapsing and reaching
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What mechanisms help infants survive before they have an opportunity to learn adaptive behavior? Select one: a. reflexes b. dynamic systems c. vision and hearing d. motor skills
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reflexes
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According to Siegler, which three mechanisms work together to create changes in children's cognitive skills? Select one: a. encoding, decoding, and recall b. assimilation, accommodation, and thinking c. encoding, automatization, and strategy construction Correct d. attention, memory, and thinking
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c. encoding, automatization, and strategy construction
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Baby Jacci is shown four drawings—a blue square, a white oval, a drawing of a face, and a black-and-white bull's-eye. Based on Fantz's work, which will she probably prefer to look at? Select one: a. the oval b. the square c. the face d. the bull's-eye
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c. the face
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In which areas do young children make the most advances in attention? Select one: a. executive attention; join attention b. executive attention; sustained attention c. joint attention; sustained attention d. directed attention; executive attention
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b. executive attention; sustained attention
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Which of the following impacts an adolescent's decision to engage in risk-taking behaviors? Select one: a. the presence of peers b. being emotionally aroused c. lack of life experience d. all of these
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d. all of these
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Micro-genetic research showed that at any given time, an individual may draw on a range of more or less advanced strategies to solve a problem. Which of the following models/theories of cognitive development best characterizes this? Select one: a. Gopnik's Neo-Piagetian Stage Theory b. Cosmides Evolutionary Theory c. Vygotsky's Social Constructivist Theory d. Siegler's Overlapping Waves Model e. Rozin's Multiple Strategies Model
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d. Siegler's Overlapping Waves Model
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Imagine you wake up and find yourself on a distant planet with different physical conditions and laws. Using concepts of the Piagetian constructivist approach, describe the processes of cognitive development that you will experience and engage in as you come to understand your new surroundings (maximum of 4 points).
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If I were to wake up on a foreign planet, much of Piaget's theory of constructivism would apply. My knowledge would depend completely on my surroundings in a progression of self regulated learning. Since the physical enviornment would pose challenges to my existing cognitive schema, I would apply schema to the new phenomena of the planet. I would reach an equilibrium between assimilation and accomodation.
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According to Vygotsky, the difference between a child's task performance without help and her or his performance with help is called the ________. Select one: a. scaffold b. zone of proximal development c. zone of interest d. area under the curve e. range of need
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b. zone of proximental development
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Piaget's theory of cognitive development can best be described as _______. Select one: a. a continuous theory b. a nativist theory c. a stage theory d. a step theory e. a nurture theory
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c. stage theory
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What are the most important critical arguments about Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development? Select one: a. The theory does not take into account social interaction. b. Cognitive abilities actually emerge at much later ages than Piaget proposed. c. Piaget's theory is too domain-specific, actual development is more generalized. d. Assimiliation and accommodation are defined too narrowly. e. The theory allows for too much intraindividual variation at a given point in development.
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a. The theory does not take into account social interaction.
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Which of the following BEST characterizes cognitive development according to Jean Piaget? Select one: a. Genetics plays an important role in cognitive development. b. Children construct their own understandings about how the world works. c. Children learn about the world from watching the actions and consequences of adults and older children. d. Children can store an infinite amount of information in their long-term memories. e. Answers b and c are correct.
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b. Children construct their own understandings about how the world works.
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The Theory of Mind illustrates that an important developmental hurdle children proceed through is understanding that ________. Select one: a. puppets can't be trusted b. culture shapes perceptions c. a dog is a dog and a cat is a cat d. people have a conscience e. other people think about things from their own personal point of view
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e. other people think about things from their own personal point of view Correct
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Becoming an expert in a given field is hard work. Researchers have keyed in on about 10,000 hours or 10 years worth of ________ being a key determining factor in whether one is considered an expert in their chosen field. Select one: a. decisive practice b. dedicated practice c. dedicated study d. decisive study e. deliberate practice Correct
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e. deliberate practice
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In Simonton's work on greatness in different domains of expertise, which of the following is NOT true: Select one: a. The ratio of all works to high quality works is stable over time. b. The optimum of productivity is reached around 40 years of age. c. Annual productivity shows a steep increase in the first 20 years of production. d. Careers that start late experience interference from age-related declines. e. Annual productivity shows a steep drop after age 50.
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e. Annual productivity shows a steep drop after age 50.
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According to Paul and Margaret Baltes' Selection, Optimization, and Compensation (SOC) model, compensation refers to which of the following? Select one: a. Choosing the best activity to pursue b. Withdrawing time and effort to reinvest into a more suitable activity c. Distancing oneself from one's failures d. Investing additional time and effort e. Allowing obstacles to determine if one should still pursue a goal
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d. Investing additional time and effort
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According to the Motivational Theory of Life-Span Development, goal engagement is ________. Select one: a. adaptive when the goal is set at a high level b. adaptive when it matches one's opportunities c. adaptive when attainment of the goal will produce positive rewards d. always adaptive e. never adaptive
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b. adaptive when it matches one's opportunities
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Which trajectory describes primary control potential over the life-span? Select one: a. Quadratic function b. S-shape c. Linearly increasing d. U-shape e. Inverted U-shape
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e. Inverted U-shape
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When pursuing goals that have a deadline (e.g., childbirth), being _______ with the goals before the deadline, and _________ after the deadline has passed is associated with the most positive mental health outcomes. Select one: a. disengaged, disengaged b. disengaged, engaged c. resigned, ambitious d. engaged, disengaged e. engaged, engaged
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d. engaged, disengaged
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Discuss one of the studies on deadline-related goal behavior which were done by Heckhausen and her colleagues. Discuss how the study uses existing populations at certain ages to compare pre- and post-deadline conditions (2 points). Discuss the findings (1 point) and the possible problems with such a study design (1 point).
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In the Biological Clock study by Heckhausen and her colleagues, two cross sectional reports of 222/143 childless women were compoed. The pre-deadline age was 27-35 and the post deadline was 40-55 years. The results found that for engagement adaptive before deadline depression decreases with goal engagement. Possible problems with a study design are problems assocaited with longitudinal studies.
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Trent watches his mother hide a block under one of two cups and lifts the correct cup to retrieve the block. When his mother hides the block under the other cup, he still lifts the original cup to search for the block. Trent has demonstrated a(n): Select one: a. A-not-B error b. lack of object permanence. c. cognitive delay in memory processing. d. habituation to the block.
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a. A-not-B error.
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A bright child's __________ age is considerably above his or her __________ age. Select one: a. chronological age; mental b. social; academic c. academic; social d. mental; chronological
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d. mental; chronological
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The cognitive process of assimilation occurs when individuals: Select one: a. ignore information contradicting previous knowledge. b. adjust old schemes to fit new information. c. use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences. d. try to balance conflicting information.
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c. use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences.
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A child who understands that the amount of clay does not differ when it is stretched into a long strip or rolled into a large ball has grasped the concept of: Select one: a. horizontal decalage. b. conservation. c. formal operations. d. animism.
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b. conservation.
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Which of the following is true of the formal operational stage? Select one: a. The concept of a personal fable occurs in a very small percentage of adolescents. b. Adolescent egocentrism often remains well into middle adulthood. c. Many American children reach this stage before the age of 12. d. Many American adults never become formal operational thinkers.
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d. Many American adults never become formal operational thinkers.
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Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's cognitive developmental stages? Select one: a. preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational, sensorimotor b. concrete operational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational c. preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor d. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
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d. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
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What are the content areas of the current Stanford-Binet intelligence test? Select one: a. mental age and chronological age b. musical aptitude, numerical ability, and visual-perceptual skill c. verbal IQ, performance IQ, and full scale IQ d. fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial reasoning, and working memory
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d. fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial reasoning, and working memory
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Which of the following statements about language development is true? Select one: a. Infants speak words before they understand them. b. Infants understand words before they speak them. c. Infants use verbal communication before nonverbal communication. d. Infants don't understand words unless they are received in a "baby talk" tone of voice.
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b. Infants understand words before they speak them.
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Which of the following is NOT a stressor associated with the transition to middle or junior high? Select one: a. concerns about body image b. entry into a larger, more impersonal school structure c. increased responsibility d. increased independence from direct parental monitoring
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d. increased independence from direct parental monitoring
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Which of the following emphasizes the child's active role in building knowledge and understanding through exploration and discovery? Select one: a. social constructivism b. behaviorism c. direct instruction d. constructivism
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d. constructivism
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Compared with younger counterparts, older workers have: Select one: a. more accidents. b. lower job satisfaction. c. lower absenteeism. d. more promotions.
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c. lower absenteeism.
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Children who are fluent in two languages perform better than their monolingual counterparts on tests in which of the following areas? Select one: a. analytical reasoning b. concept formation c. cognitive flexibility and complexity d. all of these
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d. all of these
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The most common problem that characterizes children with a learning disability involves: Select one: a. rote memorization. b. reading. c. critical thinking. d. math.
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b. reading
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The fact that changes in word order can change the meaning of a sentence is an example of: Select one: a. semantics. b. syntax. c. phonology. d. pragmatics.
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b. syntax.
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Describe at least 2 common myths about bereavement (2 points) and discuss their validity in the light of empirical evidence (2 points).
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Regarding bereavement, some believe that the majority of people in all groups manage to move on and experience happiness in everyday life. However, for many, loss never makes sense and there is no resolution. Another myth is that in order to work through the loss you must focus and process the loss. Empirical evidence shows that distress is inevitable after the loss.
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When is loneliness at its peak? Select one: a. Midlife b. Childhood c. Adolescence/Young adulthood d. The old old (85 and beyond) e. The elderly
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c. Adolescence/Young adulthood
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What is our current understanding of bereavement? Select one: a. The majority of individual move on to be happy. b. Many individuals cannot find meaning in the loved one's death. c. Working through the loss significantly helps with grieving. d. A & B are correct Correct e. B & C are correct
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a. The majority of individual move on to be happy. b. Many individuals cannot find meaning in the loved one's death.
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Attachment patterns in adulthood are influenced by ________. Select one: a. Internal influences that buffer against environmental influences. b. Early-life interactions with one's primary caregivers. c. Lifetime experiences that change one's attachment pattern. d. A & B e. A, B, & C
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e. A, B, & C
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According to Mary Carstensen's Socioemotional Selectivity Theory, as individuals move through mid-adulthood and into old age their social interactions become _______. Select one: a. more focused on emotional aspects, and less focused on gaining knowledge b. less focused on emotional aspects, and less focused on gaining knowledge c. less focused on emotional aspects, and more focused on gaining knowledge d. more self-focused, and less other-focused e. more focused on emotional aspects, and more focused on gaining knowledge
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a. more focused on emotional aspects, and less focused on gaining knowledge
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Individuals with an avoidant attachment style are more likely to _______, whereas individuals with an anxious attachment style are more likely to _______. Select one: a. inhibit negative emotions; appraise self as unrealistically independent b. have a fear of intimacy; inhibit negative emotions c. be vulnerable and over-reactive to rejection; maximize self-reliance d. maximize self-reliance; emphasize difference between self and others e. emphasize difference between self and others; seek closeness to others
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e. emphasize difference between self and others; seek closeness to others
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Attachment refers to: Select one: a. A close emotional bond between infants and their preferred caregiver. b. A close emotional bond that develops within an hour after birth. c. A close emotional bond between infants and caregivers. d. A close emotional bond that infants feel toward their caregivers. e. A close emotional bond that caregivers feel toward their infants.
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c. A close emotional bond between infants and caregivers.
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Describe the process of gender socialization in peer groups and what kind of behavior preferences it creates that last into adulthood. Include how gender segregation starts and is maintained, how girls and boys differ in play and interaction, and which differences can be observed among adults. (4 points)
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Gender segregation consists throughout the entire lifespan. Boys and girls both make conscious decisions to play with the same sex while avoiding the other. This gender segregation leads to selective socialization which creates developmental canalization for gender-differential interaction styles that remain stable into adulthood. For example, male adults tend to dominate interaction and females often experience loss of control.
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What do children do when an adult is present with a group of children? Select one: a. Girls move towards adult when boys are present b. Boys move toward adult when boys are present c. Boys move away from adult when girls are present. d. Both B and C are correct. e. Girls move away from adult when girls are present
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d. Both B and C are correct.
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Gender-segregation in children... Select one: a. socializes children to adhere to gender-specific behavioral norms. b. Does not have any meaningful basis. c. has few consequences because peer groups become mixed-gender in adolescence d. has no major consequences for gender development e. is a consequence of adults setting it up.
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a. socializes children to adhere to gender-specific behavioral norms.
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Children tend to segregate themselves into gender-homogeneous groups. What are the likely causes for that according to research? Select one: a. Girls are afraid of boys b. Gender-stereotypes c. Imitating adult behavior d. Boys find it hard to influence girls e. Girls and boys like different types of play
answer
e. Girls and boys like different types of play
question
What is part of the concept of gender constancy? Select one: a. None of the above b. Realizing that one has a certain gender (gender identity) c. All of the above d. Recognizing that one's gender does not change over time (gender stability) e. Realizing that gender stability is not affected by changes in appearances or activities.
answer
c. All of the above
question
How do women and men behave in mixed-gender discussion groups? Select one: a. Men wait longer for their turn to speak than women b. Women agree less with men than with women c. Women speak softer and less assertively in mixed compared to same-gender groups d. Men are more interested in women's utterances than in men's e. Women interrupt more in mixed groups than in same-gender groups
answer
e. Women interrupt more in mixed groups than in same-gender groups
question
When children are in a large play group, which kinds of groups show the most gender-typed behavior? Select one: a. Groups of boys b. Groups of girls c. Both A and C are correct. d. Mixed groups of girls and boys e. All groups show similar levels of gender-typed behavior
answer
d. Mixed groups of girls and boys
question
In a recent national study of 15,000 6th-9th graders, how many had been involved (as a perpetrator or victim) in bullying? Select one: a. 25 % b. 50 % c. 10 % d. 33 %
answer
d. 33%
question
To whom are children most likely to turn in times of stress? Select one: a. peers b. teachers c. parents d. grandparents
answer
c. parents
question
Which peer status group includes children who do not have best friends and who are actively disliked by peers? Select one: a. controversial b. neglected c. average d. rejected
answer
d. rejected
question
When does conformity to peers tend to peak? Select one: a. 9th grade b. 5th grade c. 6th grade d. 7th grade
answer
a. 9th grade
question
Which of the following is the BEST way to deal with impending death? Select one: a. Individuals should learn to recognize each stage of grief and try to progress through them as quickly as possible until they are at peace with the inevitable. b. There is no single "best" way; adaptive coping differs according to personal circumstances and personality. c. Biological life should be prolonged as long as possible until the individual comes to peace with the inevitable. d. denial
answer
b. There is no single "best" way; adaptive coping differs according to personal circumstances and personality.
question
Older and middle-aged adults differ in their views on death in that middle-aged adults: Select one: a. accept death more readily. b. think about death more. c. fear death more. d. talk about death more.
answer
c. fear death more
question
Robert Kastenbaum and John Bowlby agree that young children are: Select one: a. heavily influenced by media and so believe that death is reversible. b. unable to emotionally deal with death. c. able to cognitively comprehend death but not express this knowledge. d. acutely aware and concerned about separation and loss.
answer
d. acutely aware and concerned about separation and loss.
question
Which theory of gender emphasizes the role of peers in gender typing? Select one: a. psychoanalytic theory of gender b. gender schema theory c. social cognitive theory of gender d. evolutionary psychology
answer
c. social cognitive theory of gender
question
The parenting style that encourages a child to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions is termed by Baumrind as: Select one: a. indulgent b. authoritarian c. neglectful d. authoritative
answer
d. authoritative
question
When reviewing factors related to school achievement, such as class participation, attention, and academic success: Select one: a. males are superior to females. b. females outrank males in the area of class participation only. c. there is no difference between males and females. d. females are superior to males.
answer
d. females are superior to males
question
Gary complains, "When I was young, people stayed married to each other. Nowadays everyone's divorced." Gary is comparing: Select one: a. chronosystems. b. mesosystems. c. microsystems. d. exosystems.
answer
a. chronosystems.
question
Subtle changes in a culture can have significant influence on the family. What is one effect of increased urbanization and mobility in our society? Select one: a. Child rearing has become inconsistent and lackadaisical. b. Older parents and grandparents have lost some of the socializing role in the family. c. There has been an increase in heavy drinking, demoralized attitudes, and health disabilities. d. Young parents depend more than ever on insight and help from their own parents in raising a family.
answer
b. Older parents and grandparents have lost some of the socializing role in the family.
question
Gender typing is the: Select one: a. set of expectations that prescribe how females and males should act, think, and feel. b. biological aspects of being female or male. c. process by which children acquire the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are considered appropriate for being female or male in a particular culture. d. social and psychological dimensions of being female or male.
answer
c. process by which children acquire the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are considered appropriate for being female or male in a particular culture.
question
Researchers have found links between hormone levels and certain behaviors. Which of the following is a documented correlation? Select one: a. High levels of cortisol are correlated with sexual behavior during puberty. b. Violent criminals have above-average levels of estrogens. c. High levels of testosterone are linked with aggressive and sexual behavior. d. High levels of estrogens are linked with aggressive and sexual behavior.
answer
c. High levels of testosterone are linked with aggressive and sexual behavior.
question
What is the meaning of the "corresponsive principle"? Select one: a. Implicit personality traits correspond to explicit personality traits. b. Personality traits that predict an individual's focusing on a developmental context also change as a result of experience in that context. c. Early personality predicts later personality. d. Early temperament corresponds to later personality. e. Adaptive personality traits enable people to be agreeable.
answer
b. Personality traits that predict an individual's focusing on a developmental context also change as a result of experience in that context.
question
What is required and what facilitates the development of self-evaluative reactions? Select one: a. stern punishment for failure, strong praise for success b. parental scaffolding, concept of self c. strong praise, stern punishment d. strong motivation to please, strong motivation to excel e. concept of self, parental scaffolding
answer
e. concept of self, parental scaffolding
question
In her lecture Professor Heckhausen presented a study on temperament development in early childhood, which showed that children developed high activation (impulsivity) when Select one: a. they had experienced early life stress and had a genetic predisposition b. they spent too much time in daycare c. they had a genetic predisposition and experienced poor parenting d. they were treated badly by their siblings e. they had the genetic predisposition from their parents
answer
c. they had a genetic predisposition and experienced poor parenting
question
Why is the "midlife crisis" a myth? Select one: a. Midlife adults have developed skills and mastery to appropriately meet challenges. b. There are challenges in midlife, but they can be anticipated. c. Although midlife adults experience challenges, these challenges are also rewarding. d. Empirical evidence has found no age group differences in midlife crisis symptoms. e. All of the above are plausible reasons.
answer
e. All of the above are plausible reasons.
question
Which of the following statements is true? In older adulthood... Select one: a. negative affect declines and positive affect stays relatively stable. b. positive affect declines and negative affect stays relatively stable. c. positive affect and negative affect decline. d. positive affect increases and negative affect stays relatively stable. e. negative affect increases and positive affect stays relatively stable.
answer
c. positive affect and negative affect decline.
question
All of the following are true of the "maturity principle" EXCEPT: Select one: a. As we age, we become more conscientious. b. As we age, we become more agreeable. c. As we age, we become more dominant. d. All of the options given here are true. e. As we age, we become more neurotic
answer
e. As we age, we become more neurotic.
question
Jane grew up in a poverty-stricken and violent neighborhood. For Jane, adapting to her environment is... Select one: a. A decision that is made by her parents. b. A decision she must consciously make. c. Disadvantageous d. Dangerous e. Advantageous
answer
e. Advantageous
question
The idea of differential susceptibility implies that Select one: a. only a subset of children is genetically predisposed to respond to their early social environment b. some children are genetically predisposed to be robust and non-responsive to early family environment c. a genetic predisposition to sensitivity can make a child vulnerable to harsh environments and also responsive to favorable environments d. Low sensitivity is good in unfavorable or only moderately favorable environments. e. All of the above
answer
e. All of the above
question
The developmental psychopathology model assumes that risky/harsh environments ___________ development, whereas the evolutionary approach proposes that risky/harsh environments __________development. Select one: a. optimize, canalize b. disturb, disrupt c. canalize, disturb d. canalize, optimize e. disturb, canalize
answer
e. disturb, canalize
question
Epigenesis is the interaction between: Select one: a. the child and his/her mother at a certain time in development b. genes and environment at a certain time in development c. the child and his/her parents over developmental time d. genes and environment over developmental time e. Both B and D are correct
answer
d. genes and environment over developmental time
question
In a study presented in Professor Heckhausen's lecture preschoolers' self-regulation was predicted by Select one: a. number of adults who exited the child's home in early life b. parents' income level chronically below poverty line c. number of shootings in the neighborhood d. Both A and B are correct e. Both A and C are correct
answer
d. Both A and B are correct
question
The fast and high risk differs from the slow and low risk life history strategy in terms of Select one: a. many versus few offspring b. fast versus slow sexual maturation c. low versus high investment in each offspring d. unstable versus stable pair bonding e. All of the above
answer
e. All of the above
question
When caregivers soothe a crying infant in distress: a. the level of stress hormones is increased and mood swings are produced in the infant. b. they curtail the infant's ability to express himself during the middle childhood years. c. they help the infant to regulate his own emotions. d. they make the infant too dependent upon others and unable to regulate his own emotions.
answer
c. they help the infant to regulate his own emotions.
question
According to Kagan, what shows considerable stability from infancy though early childhood? a. coping style b. extroversion c. emotional competence d. inhibition
answer
d. inhibition
question
Beth has fewer friends than she did when she was younger, but each relationship is deeply satisfying and enjoyable to her. This is an example of Laura a. a. socioemotional selectivity. b. generativity. c. psychosocial developmental stages. d. socioecological discrimination.
answer
a. socioemotional selectivity.
question
Erik Erikson's concept of trust is similar to Mary Ainsworth's notion of: a. secure attachment. b. love. c. independence. d. oral satisfaction.
answer
a. secure attachment.
question
Which of the following categories do Rothbart and Bates use to classify infant temperament? Select one: a. extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control b. inhibited, intermediate inhibition, and uninhibited c. emotionality, social ability, and activity level d. easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up
answer
a. extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control
question
East Asian parents encourage their children to be emotionally __________, whereas Western parents encourage their children to be emotionally __________. a. expressive; reserved b. stable; unstable c. unstable; stable d. reserved; expressive
answer
d. reserved; expressive
question
Which of the following is one conclusion of the NICHD longitudinal study? Select one: a. High-quality day care influences cognitive ability. b. Family income is negatively correlated with securely attachment. c. Children in day care are less socially competent. d. Parents' influence is diminished with increased time in day care.
answer
a. High-quality day care influences cognitive ability.
question
When describing herself, Cali says that she is the oldest child in her family, is president of the honor society at school, has a few close friends, and is on the student council. These aspects of Cali's self-understanding are based on? Select one: a. representations of the self b. self-concepts c. roles and membership categories d. personal memories
answer
c. roles and membership categories
question
What do most researchers believe regarding the concept of a midlife crisis? a. Midlife crises are to blame for most divorces occurring in middle adulthood. b. The concept of a midlife crisis is usually attributed to men, but the women navigate these conflicts as well. c. The idea of midlife crisis has been exaggerated. d. A midlife crisis lasts approximately 5 years.
answer
c. The idea of midlife crisis has been exaggerated.
question
Paul Baltes and colleagues believe that successful self-regulation in aging is linked with which of the following factors? Select one: a. self, identity, and personality b. self-awareness, self-esteem, and self-concept c. identity foreclosure, diffusion, and achievement d. selection, optimization, and compensation
answer
d. selection, optimization, and compensation
question
When children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world that are out of the control of people, they are displaying: Select one: a. autonomous morality. b. relativistic justice. c. homonomous morality. d. heteronomous morality.
answer
d. heteronomous morality.
question
A mayoral candidate advocates that juvenile offenders be treated as adults in the criminal justice system. Does research support or refute this idea? Select one: a. Support. Juveniles treated as adults are likely to reform. b. Support. Other teens are deterred from crime when they see juveniles punished harshly. c. Refute. Juveniles are more likely to be repeat offenders when penalized as adults. d. No clear evidence has been gathered to support or refute his idea.
answer
c. Refute. Juveniles are more likely to be repeat offenders when penalized as adults.
question
Many people involved in the civil rights protests of the 1960s were stage 4 moral thinkers. Which of the following statements MOST likely represents their reasoning? a. "The harm of these government policies can't be justified by any law." b. "It is time to show that some laws just aren't good for society." c. "Somebody has to point out that what the government is doing is illegal." d. "The government is interfering with my right to happiness."
answer
c. "Somebody has to point out that what the government is doing is illegal."
question
According to Marcia, adolescents who are in the midst of a crisis and whose commitment levels are either absent or only vaguely defined are in a state of identity: Select one: a. moratorium. b. achievement. c. foreclosure. d. diffusion.
answer
a. moratorium.
