Psy Test and Measurement Exam 3 Notes – Flashcards

In the two-factor theory of intelligence, ____ represents the portion of intelligence that all tests have in common.

Adult intelligence is highly ______; that is, variance in this trait is largely accounted for by genetic factors.

The ________ (two words) refers to the tendency of normed intelligence tests to rise, on average, from the date when the test was first normed.

A culture ____ test seeks to minimize the influence of culture with regard to various aspects of the evaluation procedures, such as administration instructions, item content, responses required of test takers, and the culture loading of tests.

A _____ item is designed to illustrate the task required and assure the examiner that the examinee understands

The WAIS-IV consists of _____ subtests and supplemental subtests.

In the _________ model, a learning disability is identified when an individual's academic achievement is markedly lower than their intellectual ability.

________ tests attempt to measure abilities gained through informal learning or life experiences.

In _________assessment, multiple tools and multiple sources of information are used to create a case formulation for a given testtaker.

______ (last name only) developed the concept of a schema.

A test ______ contains items reflective of the lowest level of functioning on a particular ability.

________ tests are used to make judgments.

A personality ____ is a constellation of traits that define or describe a personality.

The ______ approach is characterized by efforts to learn how a limited number of personality traits can be applied to all people.

________ personality assessments attempt to infer personality traits from test taker's detailed, specific responses about vague or ambiguous stimuli.

________ is a Big-5 personality characterized by the tendency to be careful, responsible, and self-disciplined.

A(n) ______ personality test typically consists of a self-report questionnaire with standardized administration and scoring procedures.

Both clinical and counseling psychology focus on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of _______ behaviors.

_____ functioning is the level of psychological and physical performance prior to the development of a disorder, illness, or disability.

Assessing appearance, thought content, insight, and judgment are all elements of a ______ status exam

One instance in which confidentiality must be broken is when a clinician believes there is ________ risk of harm to the client or another person.

The MMPI is an example of a ________ inventory that is used to aid in making clinical diagnoses.

________ prediction is the application of empirically demonstrated statistical rules and probabilities to the computer generation of findings and recommendations.

________ assessment is the theory and application of psychological evaluation and measurement in a legal context.

1970s-Definition of specific learning disability (SLD) established(to identify and assist children with LDs) -looked for a clear discrepancy between achievement and intellectual ability

Essentially students are tested to be placed into a certain level of intervention, based on their needs, as opposed to waiting for learning problems to develop and then doing a test to figure it out Examples 2006-Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Multilevel prevention framework

Focus on informal learning or life experiences E.g., o is to O as x is to ______ GRE is one such test The example is not something you'd learn—just a reasoning process, so more of an informal skill -Use these to establish how good you are without support/opportunity per se

Designed to measure accomplishment in a subject area or mastery of learned skills (Achievement tests help tell us where someone should probably fall in the RTI framework. If their achievement is substantially lower than their perceived ability, we may need a higher level of intervention.) Examples: Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT) Woodcock-Johnson Test of Achievement (WJ) Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT)

Used to make judgments (pass-fail, admit-reject sorts of decisions)(Example:SAT, grade level admittance) Note:SAT is an example of getting an idea of a person's intellectual ability

Used to identify areas of deficit to be targeted for intervention(Example:Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)) Note:CBCL is used as evidence that a person has an emotional or behavioral disorder.

Multidisciplinary, multi-tool approach

Breaking the rules to undercover true potential or illuminate problems

Psychoeducational batteries -Tests of cognitive abilities (e.g., IQ) -Tests of academic achievement Examples -Woodcock Johnson the test of Cognitive Abilities and the Achievement Test -Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children

Individual's unique constellation of psychological traits that is relatively stable over time. (One problem with this definition is that much research shows that traits like honesty, punctuality, conformity, atitudes to authority, and introversion/extraversion are often inconsistent over time. -So, it may be more helpful to think of things as tendencies that are malleable based on the environment, life circumstances, etc)

Constellation of traits that define a personality

Narrative description, graph, table, or other representation of the extent to which a person has demonstrated certain targeted characteristics on the basis of a personality assessment

based on what Kant described as a tendency to generalize, and is typical for the natural sciences. It describes the effort to derive laws that explain objective phenomena in general.

based on what Kant described as a tendency to specify, and is typical for the humanities. It describes the effort to understand the meaning of contingent, unique, and often subjective phenomena.

a type of personality test in which the individual offers responses to ambiguous scenes, words or images. This type of test emerged from the psychoanalytic school of thought, which suggested that people have unconscious thoughts or urges. Example:Rorschach Test

Assessment methods that use a restricted response format (ordinal scale ratings or true/false questions), and which contain extensively tested validity scales to determine whether the person taking the test is responding truthfully. Example:The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a well-known objective personality test.

CANOE(Universal, cross-cultural organization) -Conscientiousness -Agreeableness -Neuroticism -Openness to experience -Extraversion

Tendency to be careful, responsible, self-disciplined.

-Involves interpersonal tendencies -Reflect individual differences in concern for cooperation and social harmony

Lack of emotional adjustment

Those high in openness tend to be more curious, imaginative, playful, and artistically inclined than others.

Involves interpersonal tendencies, gregariousness of an individual

Based on Five factor Model: OCEAN Developed by Costa & McCrae Available in two parallel forms (one for self-report, one for outside observers) Also version for young population available (NEO-PI3) 240 items on 5 point Likert scale (short form: NEO-FFI) Substantial validity Widely used in research and industry but also promising as a measure of clinical psychopathology

The most widely used objective test of personality is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - Second Edition (MMPI-2) Used an empirical criterion keying approach Create a large pool of items Administer items to two groups Group 1 is known to possess trait of interest Group 2 is randomly selected Conduct item analysis to select items that discriminate between groups Future test takers evaluated against norms developed from Group 2 (or some similar random sample)

-True-false statements -Based on theory (Murray's personality needs)

-measure the fundamental dimensions of personality and attributes in adults -Developed by Raymond Cattell

to make the theory of psychological types described by C.G. Jung understandable and useful in people's lives. Developed by Isabel Myers and her mother Katherine Briggs

Eysenck Personality Inventory -Psychoticism, Neuroticism, Extraversion Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire -Negative Emotionality, Positive Emotionality, Control -California Psychological Inventory 20 personality scales

-Both focus on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of abnormal behavior -Clinical focuses more on clinical level diagnoses/problems -Counseling focuses more on "everyday" concerns, like those involving marriage, career, academics, and family

Diagnosis -Danger, dysfunction, deviance DSM-5 -Benefits -Criticisms

Environmental -Social support, financial situation, family background, etc. Personal -Personality, coping skills, worldview, etc.

Clinical prediction -is a type of medical research study in which researchers try to identify the best combination of medical sign, symptoms, and other findings in predicting the probability of a specific disease or outcome. Mechanical prediction -Mechanical prediction 10% more accurate -Also may be less costly

Imminent risk of harm to self or others Abuse, neglect, or abandonment of a minor, elderly individual, or person with a disability When required by a court order or subpoena

Ideation -Frequency Plan Means Intent Risk factors Protective factors

Unstructured psychosocial history Structured diagnostic interview Personality inventory Specific inventories

Demographic data Reason for referral Medical history and current medical status Family history Psychological history Treatment history

SCID-IV was the gold standard for making clinical diagnoses Has rule-out questions, followed by questions about each criterion for a diagnosis Separate interview for PDs

Extremely similar to the SCID, except more designed for research purposes Good to excellent reliability and validity

MMPI, MMPI-2, MMPI-2-RF Good to excellent reliability and validity BUT may overpathologize 34% of adults have at least one elevated scale

344-item personality test 4 validity scales 11 Clinical Scales Each clinical scale has 3 subscales

Exist for just about every imaginable disorder or problem Used to get more specific information on a particular disorder, deficit, or strength

Involuntary hospitalization -Mental illness -Danger to self or others OR inability to care for self Competency to stand trial -Understand charges -Able to assist in own defense Not guilty by reason of insanity -Mental disease or defect -Lacks capacity to understand right from wrong OR unable to conform conduct to the law

the branch of medicine or biology that deals with the anatomy, functions, and organic disorders of nerves and the nervous system.

the study of the relationship between behavior, emotion, and cognition on the one hand, and brain function on the other.

Neurons Nervous system -Central -Peripheral -Contralateral control

Purpose is to understand how damage or dysfunction in the NS might be affecting cognitive and behavioral functioning Lesions -Focal -Diffuse (Purpose is to "to draw inferences about the structural and functional characteristics of a person's brain by evaluating an individual's behavior in defined stimulus-response situations.)

Psychosocial history and estimate of premorbid functioning Mental status examination Neurobehavioral examination General intellectual ability

Very similar to a typical clinical interview -Memory -Speech -Activities of daily living (ADLs) -Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) -Head injuries -Planning/organization -Education Also may integrate findings from other practitioners (e.g., MRI, EEG, or endocrine testing)

-May be estimated from education and occupation -May be estimated from a more formal test

Similar to what we discussed in the clinical assessment section -Mini Mental Status Exam -Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA)

Similar to a mental status exam, but more extensive

Intelligence Test WAIS, WASI, Stanford-Binet -Overall intelligence -Verbal comprehension -Processing speed -Working memory -Visuospatial skills

-Rapid sequencing (connect the dots) -Coding (matching letters to symbols) -Rapid reading (read a series of color words as quickly as possible)

Functional impairments may be due to poor motor functioning -Could be brain or bodily injury Examples: -Bender-Gestalt Visual Motor Test -Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure -Grooved pegboard

Procedural Declarative -Semantic -Episodic

Tested by ability to recall and/or recognize of previously learned information -List recall/recognition (declarative/episodic) -Story recall/recognition (episodic memory) -Figure recall/recognition (declarative/episodic) -Immediate and delayed recall (immediate and delayed memory) Working memory -Digit span backwards -Verbal word problems

Reasoning and construction with nonverbal, visual stimuli -Making shapes with blocks -Recognizing patterns with shapes

Higher order cognitive functioning Includes planning, organization, working memory, inhibition, and set shifting (changing the rule) -Wisconsin Card Sort -Stroop

Most neuropyschologists develop their own battery of tests that they believe will fit the unique needs of their clients But batteries that cover several areas exist -Halstead-Reitan Battery -Luria-Nebraska Neuropsycholgoical Battery -Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neurological Status