PSY Chapter 1 – Flashcards
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systematic, objective study of our mental activity and our behavior
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psychology
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lets us perceive the world- sight, smell, taste, hearing, and touch
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mental activity
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all our actions that result from sensing and interpreting information
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behavior
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systematically evaluating information to reach reasonable conclusions best supported by evidence
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critical thinking
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learning about psychology's major issues, theories, and controversies will help you succeed in your academic work
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academic success
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supposed ability to receive information directly through the mind, not through the physical senses such as vision or hearing
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ESP
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What am i being asked? What is provided? What is the reasonable conclusion?
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steps to critical thinking
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studying psychology will prepare you for success in your professional life
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professional success
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genetics
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nature
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environment, how you were raised
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nurture
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both influence our psychological developent
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nature/nurture
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are the mind and the body separate and distinct
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mind/body
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the mind and the body are separate yet intertwined
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dualism
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father of psychology
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Wilhelm Wundt
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the time it takes to complete a psychological task
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Reaction time
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measure peoples conscious experiences, participants had to reflect and report on thoughts
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introspection
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based on the idea that conscious experience can be broken down into underlying parts
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structuralism
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pioneered a school of thought that became known as structuralism, components of the conscious mind
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titchener
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school of psychology concerned with the adaptive purpose, or function, of mind and behavior
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Functionalism
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founder of functionalism, said the mind is much more complex than its elements and could not be broken down
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William James
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the idea that those who inherit characteristics that help them adapt to their environments have a selective advantage over those who do not
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natural selection
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proposed the theory of evolution, called natural selection
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Charles Darwin
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natural selection aids survival
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Evolutionary Theory
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unconscious conflicts, used to treat unconscious mental forces that conflicted with acceptable behavior and produced psychological disorders
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psychoanalytic theory
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psychoanalytic theory, goal was to understand how unconscious thoughts cause psychological disorders
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Freud
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the idea that the whole of personal experience is different from simply the sum of its parts, opposed structuralism
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Gestalt theory
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a psychological approach that emphasizes the role of environmental forces in producing behavior
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behaviorism
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the study of how people think, learn, and remember
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cognitive psychology
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the study of how people are influenced by their interactions with others
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social psychology
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littler Albert experiment, behaviorism
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John B Watson
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cognitive psychology
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Miller and Neisser
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social psychology
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Kurt Lewin
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how the body influences our thoughts and behaviors
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biological level of analysis
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the beliefs, values, rules, and customs that exist within a group of people who share a common language and environment and that are transmitted through learning from one generation to the next
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culture
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individual difference in personality and mental processes that affect perception and understanding
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individual level of analysis
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investigating how groups affect peoples interactions and peoples influence on each other
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social level of analysis
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how peoples thoughts, feelings, and actions are similar or different across cultures
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cultural level of analysis
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groups of people responsible for reviewing proposed research to ensure that it meets that accepted standards of science and provides for the physical and emotional well being of research participants
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IRBs institutional review boards
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privacy, confidentiality, informed consent, deception, risk
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5 issues for ethical research
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a systematic procedure of observing and measuring phenomena to answer questions about what happens, when it happens, what cause it ad why. this process involves a dynamic interaction between theories, hypotheses, and research methods
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scientific method
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a model of interconnected ideas of concepts that explains what is observed and makes predictions about future events
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theory
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a specific prediction of what should be observed if a theory is correct
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hypothesis
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a research method that provides a systematic and objective description of what is occuring
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descriptive methods
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a specific type of descriptive method involving systematically assessing and coding observable behavior
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observational study
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a descriptive method that consists of obtaining self reports from research participants
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self report
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involve intensive examination of a few unique people or organization
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case studies
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a research method that examines how variables are naturally related in the real world. the researcher makes no attempt to alter the variables or assign causation between them.
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correlational methods
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a research method that tests causal hypotheses by manipulating independent variables and measuring the effects on dependent variables
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experimental methods
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in an experiment the variable that the experimenter manipulates to examine its impact on the dependent variable
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independent variable
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in an experiment, the variable that is affected by the manipulation of the independent variable
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dependent variable
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in an experiment a comparison group of participants that receives no intervention or receives an intervention that is unrelated to the independent variable being investigated
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control group
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in an experiment one or more treatment groups of participants that receive the intervention of the independent variable being investigated
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experimental group
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placing research participants into the conditions of an experiment in such a way that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any level of the independent variable
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random assignment
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a sample that fairly represents the population because each member of the population had an equal chance of being included
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random sample
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anything that affects a dependent variable and that may unintentionally vary between the study's different experimental conditions
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confound
