PSY-425 Study Guide: Chapter 13 Speech Perception (Cohen) – Flashcards
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Worse than human speech recognition.
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Computer speech recognition is...
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Considered an Articulator
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The Soft Plate
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A sound spectrogram is a plot of ______________ as a function of _____________, with darker areas representing greater intensity.
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Frequency; Time
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The consonant sound "____" is produced by placing your bottom lip against your upper front teeth and then pushing the air between the lips and the teeth.
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F
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Formants at 500 Hz, 1700 Hz, and 2500 Hz.
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The vowel sound /ae/ (as in "had") has
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The shortest segment of speech that if changed, changes the meaning of the word.
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Phonemes
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There are _____ phonemes that have vowel sounds in the English language.
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Thirteeen
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No clear pauses or breaks between words.
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Spectrograms of sentences show
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Listening to someone speak a foreign language is used as an example of
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The segmentation Problem
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Humans perceive the sound of the /b/ sound to be the same, when the coarticulation of the sound can be different.
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Perceptual Constancy
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When you say "bat" and "boot," the /b/ sound is articulated differently. This is an example of...
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Coarticulation
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a. the pitch differences in different people's voices. b. the different accents of different speakers. c. the speed at which the speaker talks. d. all of these. ** (pages 315-316; factual)
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The problem of variability from the way different people speak can be demonstrated by
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Major differences between the two phrases, especially in the middle of the spectrograms.
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The ubiquitous "Whazzup!" is a sloppy pronunciation of "What's up?" The spectrograms of each of these two spoken phrases would indicate
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Has been demonstrated using discrimination experiments.
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The existence of phonetic boundaries
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The voice onset time (VOT) for the sound /da/ is 17 ms, and the VOT for the sound /ta/ is 91 msec. When a computer produces a sound with a VOT of 55 msec, listeners report hearing...
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The /ta/ sound
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The McGurk effect illustrates the importance of ___________ on speech perception.
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Vision
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Ventriloquists
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The McGurk effect is most similar to which of the following performers?
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Jessica looks at Ashlee on a videotape. Ashleigh's lips are making the movement for the sound /ga-ga/, but the sound that is actually presented is the acoustic signal for /ba-ba/. What sound is Jessica most likely to report hearing?
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/da-da/
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Both the FFA and STS
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If a listener is asked to pay attention to speech provided by familiar voices, the _____ is activated, as shown by fMRI studies.
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Rubin et al. (1976) asked participants to respond when they heard a word that started with the /b/ sound. The average response time when real words were used was ____; and ______ when non-words were used.
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580 msec; 631 msec
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Both the cough and the /s/ sound, but the position of the cough could not be correctly identified.**
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Warren showed that when a cough sound replaced the sound of the first /s/ in the word "legislatures," listeners reported hearing
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Top-down processing
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Your ability to read the sentence "H*V* A N*C* D*Y" is used as an example of the importance of
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Highest for the grammatical condition, followed by anomalous, and then ungrammatical.
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Miller and Isard presented listeners with grammatical sentences ("Gadgets simplify work around the house"); ungrammatical word strings ("Between gadgets highways passengers the steal"), and anomalous sentences ("Gadgets kill passengers from the eyes"). The results showed that the listener's ability to accurately report the phrase was...
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Meaning on segmentation.
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A fan of science fiction television shows would be more likely to make sense of the phrase "Start Wreck In Tore Prize." This demonstrates the importance of...
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Segment acoustic signals, recognize phonemes, and recognize words.
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Top-down processing can help...
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8 months old
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Saffron et al. (1996) found that the ability to use transitional probabilities to segment sounds develops around
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Part word; statistical
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Saffron et al. (1996) found that 8-month-old infants listened to ______ test stimuli longer, providing evidence that infants are capable of __________ learning.
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Palmeri et al. had participants listen to a word list that was spoken by (1) the same speaker, or (2) different speakers. In a subsequent recognition memory test, participants were...
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More accurate when one speaker said all of the words.
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Sarcasm as a type of indexical characteristic.
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The joke in the textbook with the punch line "Yeah, right" is used as an example of
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Link et al. (2003) studied the perceived meaning of listeners' to the phrase "Let's do lunch sometime," based on the speaker's inflection and emotional state. These are examples of
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Indexical characteristics
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Damage to Broca's area in the frontal lobe results in difficulty...
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Speaking
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Produces fluent speech, but in nonsensical "word salads."
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A person with Wernicke's aphasia
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Some of these patients could still understand words.
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Micelli et al. (1980) found that brain damage to the parietal lobe caused the patient to have difficulty discriminating between syllables. Micelli et al found that
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what" (ventral) stream; "where" (dorsal) stream
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Brain scanning research has shown that the ________ is responsible for identifying sounds, and the _____ is responsible for locating sounds.
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6 months old
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Japanese children at the age of _______ can tell the difference between the /r/ sound and the /l/ sound just as well as American children.
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Experience-dependent plasticity.
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The research by Rivera-Gaxiola on the effect of Spanish speech sounds on the electrical potentials of American infants shows that speech perception involves
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Audiovisual mirror neurons
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The discovery of ______ is used as support for the motor theory of speech perception.
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Both heard speech sounds and watched someone else's lips make speech sound.
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Watkins, using transcranial magnetic stimulation, found that motor-evoked potentials were highest when the participant
