Psy 241 Ch 2 – Flashcards
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A list of the most influential psychoanalytic theorists would include the name
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Erikson
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Jerome believes that development proceeds through a series of developmental stages, each of which represents distinct changes. He might best be called a(n) _____ theorist.
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discontinuity
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Miley is a strong believer in the power of nature in determining the way her son Cyrus acts. As a result, she is most likely to agree that Cyrus's aggression is the result of
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inheriting genes for violence.
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Lisa and Lyle both want to stay up past their bedtimes to watch a show on TV. When their parents say "No," Lisa throws a fit, while Lyle says, "Please? I'll brush my teeth and get into PJs and be all ready, so I can just pop into bed the minute the show is over!" From a Freudian perspective, Lisa is responding from her _____, while Lyle is communicating through his _____.
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id; ego
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Freud believed that human infants were born with
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only an id.
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Five-year-old Greta envies the fact that her father has something she doesn't, a penis. Freud referred to what Greta is experiencing as a(n) _____ complex.
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Electra
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According to Freud, I am the component of personality that is impulsive, irrational, and driven to satisfy instincts. I am the
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id
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Anthony believes that his daughter Cleopatra acts the way she does because of the unconscious workings of her mind. This belief best matches with the _____ theory of development.
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psychoanalytic
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In comparison to Freud, Erikson placed greater emphasis on
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social relationships.
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Bob is currently questioning himself. Which question would indicate that Bob is currently in Erikson's integrity versus despair stage of life?
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Has my life been worthwhile?
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Erikson used the phrase "_____" to characterize the key element of adolescence.
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identity crisis
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The preschool-aged child is typically in which of Erikson's psychosocial stages?
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Initiative versus guilt
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Watson believed that
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how a person turns out depends entirely on the environment in which he or she grows up
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Which theoretical camp suggests that we should study only what we can directly observe and measure (i.e., overt behaviors)?
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Behaviorism
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Which question provides the best example of the concept of generativity versus stagnation?
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Will my work benefit the next generation?
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Polly is attending her first birthday party, where she sees her first balloon. While playing with the balloon, she accidentally pops it with a pin. When the balloon pops, she screams, drops her drink, and starts to cry when she sees it stain the carpet. In this situation, the noise produced by the popping balloon would represent a(n)
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unconditioned stimulus.
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Hank is upset with his son for keeping his room so messy. His neighbor, Boomhauer, suggests that Hank give his son a dollar for cleaning his room on Saturday mornings, because he believes that doing so will increase the probability of his son cleaning his room in the future. Hank's approach is most similar to research conducted by which of the following theorists?
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Skinner
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Joy comes home from work exhausted and is surprised to find that her daughter, Michelle, has set the table and started dinner. Joy is thrilled. She praises Michelle and spends an extra half-hour reading with her before bed (something that Michelle likes). The same thing happens the next day, and soon this has become a daily event. This is an example of
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operant conditioning.
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In operant conditioning terms, _____ occurs when something unpleasant is removed and the result is an increased response rate.
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negative reinforcement
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Elizabeth tells her daughter Taylor, "I will stop this nagging, which you find unpleasant, as soon as you clean your room today and continue to clean it in the future." This description indicates that Elizabeth is trying to use
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negative reinforcement
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How did Bandura demonstrate the existence of "observational learning" in the famous "Bobo" doll study?
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He showed that children would model an adult they saw in a film.
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One of the elements that distinguished social cognitive theory from operant conditioning theory was the social cognitive theory emphasis on
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observational learning.
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Which statement best exemplifies the perspective held by most 21st century developmentalists?
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Humans and their environments mutually interact to influence development.
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Reciprocal determinism refers to a continuous back and forth interaction between
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a person, his or her behavior, and the environment.
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For Piaget, conservation is the ability to recognize that
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certain properties of an object do not change, even when its appearance is altered in a superficial way.
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Molly has just entered the stage of formal operational thought. Something she can do now that she could not do before is
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deal effectively with purely hypothetical situations.
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A major criticism of Piaget's theory is that it
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underestimates the cognitive abilities of young children.
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A theorist with a(n) _____ perspective would be most likely to focus on the interaction between a changing environmental context and a person who is producing changes in the environment.
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systems
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Because Rooney has a strong belief in a sociocultural view of cognitive development, he would be most likely to say, "_____."
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You have to consider the important impact of historical context on development
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Which type of theorist would be most likely to describe the human mind in terms of "mental hardware and software"?
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Information-processing
