psy 240 set 2 - Flashcards

question

By 2 years of age, a typical toddler's height is ______ percent greater than at birth and birth weight has __________.

answer

75; quadrupled

question

Infants and toddlers grow

answer

in little spurts.

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Maggi is concerned because her 8-month-old daughter has gained 10 pounds since birth and has transformed into a round, plump baby. You can assure Maggi that her daughter's rise in "baby fat"

answer

helps her keep a constant body temperature.

question

During infancy, __________. These sex differences will __________ during adolescence.

answer

girls are slightly shorter and lighter than boys; be greatly magnified

question

The best way of estimating a child's physical maturity is to use ________ age.

answer

skeletal

question

Skeletal age is determined by

answer

X-raying the long bones of the body to see the extent to which soft, pliable cartilage has hardened into bone.

question

When skeletal ages are examined,

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girls are considerably ahead of boys.

question

Which of the following is consistent with the cephalocaudal trend of body growth?

answer

During the prenatal period, the head develops more rapidly than the lower part of the body.

question

Which of the following is consistent with the proximodistal trend of body growth?

answer

During childhood, the arms and legs continue to grow somewhat ahead of the hands and feet.

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At birth, the brain is

answer

nearer to its adults size than any other physical structure.

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________ are nerve cells that store and transmit information.

answer

Neurons

question

The human brain has _________ neurons.

answer

100 to 200 billion

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_______ are tiny gaps where fibers from different neurons come close together but do not touch.

answer

Synapses

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Neurons send messages to one another by releasing chemicals called

answer

neurotransmitters.

question

A surprising aspect of brain growth is that

answer

as synapses form, many surrounding neurons die.

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As neurons form connections, stimulation

answer

becomes vital to their survival.

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Neurons that are seldom stimulated soon lose their synapses in a process called

answer

synaptic pruning.

question

In all, about _____ percent of synapses are pruned during childhood and adolescence to reach the adult level.

answer

40

question

During synaptic pruning,

answer

neurons not needed at the moment return to an uncommitted state.

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_______ are responsible for myelination.

answer

Glial cells

question

Coating the neural fibers with an insulating fatty sheath during the process of _________________ improves the efficiency of message transfer.

answer

myelination

question

Which of the following is true about brain development?

answer

Gains in neural fibers and myelination are responsible for the extraordinary gain in overall brain size.

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__________ provide(s) the most precise information about which brain regions are specialized for certain capacities.

answer

Neuroimaging techniques

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The __________ is the largest, most complex brain structure.

answer

cerebral cortex

question

The cerebral cortex accounts for ______ percent of the brain's weight.

answer

85

question

Which of the following is true about the cerebral cortex?

answer

It is sensitive to environmental influences for a longer period than any other part of the brain.

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The cortical regions with the most extended period of development are responsible for

answer

thought.

question

Which of the following is true about the frontal lobes?

answer

They are responsible for consciousness, inhibition of impulses, memory, and integration of information.

question

For most people, the left hemisphere of the brain is largely responsible for __________ and the right hemisphere handles _____________.

answer

verbal abilities and positive emotion; spatial abilities and negative emotion

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The specialization of the two hemispheres of the brain is called

answer

lateralization.

question

Nadia calls her son "right-brained" because he is analytical and calls her daughter "left-brained" because she is artistic. What can you tell Nadia about her notions?

answer

Her daughter is actually "right-brained" and her son is "left-brained."

question

Which of the following is true about brain plasticity?

answer

Many areas of a highly plastic cerebral cortex are not yet committed to specific functions.

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Which of the following provides evidence that the brain hemispheres have already begun to specialize at birth?

answer

Most neonates show greater ERP brain-wave activity in the right hemisphere while listening to nonspeech sounds.

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_________ greatly influences the organization of the cerebral cortex.

answer

Early experience

question

Research on brain development shows that

answer

toddlers advanced in language development show greater left-hemispheric specialization for language than their agemates.

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Animal studies on early sensory deprivation

answer

verify the existence of sensitive periods in brain development.

question

Michael was born with cataracts in both eyes. What can you tell his parents about the possibility of recovery as it relates to sensitive periods in brain development?

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If Michael has corrective surgery within four to six months, his vision can improve substantially, except for subtle aspects of face perception.

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In the first few years of life, the brain is

answer

highly plastic.

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Research on children with injuries to the cerebral cortex that occurred before birth or in the first six months of life shows that

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delays in language development persist until about 3½ years of age.

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Reorganization in the brain can occur

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even in adulthood.

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Sharon's 46-year-old husband suffered a traumatic brain injury in an automobile accident. What information about brain plasticity can you provide to Sharon?

answer

The adult brain can produce a small number of new neurons and generate new synapses.

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Which of the following is true about Romanian orphans adopted into British homes?

answer

Most children who had been institutionalized for more than the first six months displayed at least three serious mental health problems.

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The chronic stress of early, deprived orphanage rearing

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disrupts the brain's capacity to manage stress, with long-term physical and psychological consequences.

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In the study of Romanian orphans adopted into Canadian homes, the longer the children spent in orphanage care, the

answer

higher their cortisol levels.

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_______ seems to help protect the young brain from excessive or inadequate stress-hormone exposure.

answer

Sensitive adult care

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_________ brain growth refers to the young brain's rapidly developing organization, which depends on ordinary experiences.

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Experience-expectant

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________ brain growth consists of additional growth and refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific, varied learning experiences.

answer

Experience-dependent

question

Which of the following is an example of a learning experience that would promote experience-dependent brain growth?

answer

playing a computer game

question

Which of the following is true regarding a sensitive period for mastering musical performance skills?

answer

No evidence exists for a sensitive period in the first few years of life for mastering skills that depend on extensive training.

question

The average 2-year-old needs _____ hours of sleep.

answer

12 to 13

question

Between the ages of ________, napping subsidies.

answer

3 and 5 years

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What advice can you give Paul, who wants to help his 4-month-old daughter sleep better at night?

answer

Take her on regular early-afternoon outings, exposing her to more bright sunlight.

question

Parent-infant "cosleeping" is the norm for approximately _____ percent of the world's population.

answer

90

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One possible explanation for the high frequency of bedtime struggles in Western homes is that

answer

young children feel stressed when they are required to fall asleep without assistance.

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Research suggests that cosleeping children

answer

are no different from other children in any aspect of adjustment.

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Rachel is concerned that she might accidentally suffocate her baby if she shares a bed with him. What information can you share with Rachel about precautions taken in cultures where cosleeping is widespread?

answer

Parents and infants usually sleep on hard surfaces, such as floor mats, firm mattresses, or wooden planks.

question

When _______ are adequate, height is largely determined by heredity.

answer

diet and health

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_______ growth is a return to a genetically influenced growth path once negative conditions improve.

answer

Catch-up

question

The weights of adopted children

answer

correlate more strongly with those of their biological than of their adoptive parents.

question

Pound for pound, an infant's energy needs are __________ those of an adult.

answer

twice

question

The World Health Organization recommends breastfeeding until age ______, with solid foods added at ______.

answer

2 years; 6 months

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Breastfeeding for just a few weeks

answer

offers some protection against respiratory and intestinal infections.

question

Today, most developing countries

answer

have banned the practice of giving free or subsidized formula to new mothers.

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The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services advises exclusive breastfeeding for ________ and inclusion of breast milk in the baby's diet until _____.

answer

6 months; 1 year

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Breastfed and bottle-fed children in industrialized nations

answer

do not differ in emotional adjustment.

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Most chubby babies

answer

thin out during toddlerhood and early childhood.

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In interviews with more than 3,000 U.S. parents of infants and toddlers, results indicated that _____ ate no fruits or vegetables.

answer

one-third

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Research indicates that about _____ of the world's children suffer from malnutrition before age 5.

answer

one-third

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Shay suffers from a wasted condition of the body caused by a diet low in all essential nutrients. Shay most likely has

answer

marasmus.

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______ is caused by an unbalanced diet very low in protein.

answer

Kwashiorkor

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When the diets of severely malnourished children improve, they

answer

are far more likely to be overweight than their nonstunted agemates.

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Today, inadequate nutrition

answer

is not confined to developing countries.

question

An estimated 17 percent of U.S. children suffer from ________ because government-supported supplementary food programs do not reach all families in need.

answer

food insecurity

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Baby Edda's body looks wasted, and she is withdrawn and apathetic. However, she is offered enough food and there is no biological cause for her condition. She most likely has

answer

nonorganic failure to thrive.

question

Newborn reflexes make ___________ possible in the young infant.

answer

classical conditioning

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In classical conditioning, once a baby's nervous system makes a connection between two stimuli, the

answer

neutral stimulus produces the behavior by itself.

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In classical conditioning, if the conditioned stimulus is presented alone enough times, without being paired with the unconditioned stimulus,

answer

extinction will occur.

question

Before Jack's mother leaves for work every morning, she takes her car keys off of a hook on the wall. Now, as soon as she unhooks her car keys, Jack begins to cry. In this example, __________ is the conditioned response.

answer

crying

question

Young children can be classically conditioned most easily when

answer

the association between two stimuli has survival value.

question

Some responses, such as __________, are very difficult to classically condition in young babies because they do not yet have the motor skills needed to deal appropriately with stimuli.

answer

fear

question

In ________, infants act on the environment, and stimuli that follow their behavior change the probability that the behavior will occur again.

answer

operant conditioning

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A stimulus that increases the occurrence of a response is called a(n)

answer

reinforcer.

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Removing a desirable stimulus or presenting an unpleasant one to decrease the occurrence of a response is called

answer

punishment.

question

When baby Brad gazes at his mother, she smiles at him, and then Brad gazes and smiles, too. This contingent responsiveness is an example of

answer

operant conditioning.

question

At first, baby Mario was easily awakened every night by a barking dog in his neighborhood. Several weeks later, Mario's sleep is not bothered by the dog's barks. This is an example of

answer

habituation

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________ refers to a gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation.

answer

Habituation

question

Following habituation, when a new stimulus causes responsiveness to return to a high level, the increase is called

answer

recovery.

question

Researchers investigating infants' understanding of the world rely on ____________ more than any other learning capacity.

answer

habituation and recovery

question

Dr. Eden studies a fetus's sensitivity to external stimuli by measuring changes in fetal heart rate when various repeated sounds are presented. Dr. Eden is probably using

answer

habituation and recovery.

question

Recovery to a new stimulus, or ____________, assesses infants' recent memory.

answer

novelty preference

question

Which of the following statements about imitation is true?

answer

Babies several months old often do not imitate an adult's behavior right away because they first try to play familiar social games.

question

Human adults have especially elaborate ___________, which enable them to observe another's behavior while simulating the behavior in their own brains.

answer

mirror neurons

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__________ refers to control over actions that help infants get around in the environment, whereas ___________ has to do with smaller movements, such as reaching and grasping.

answer

Gross-motor development; fine-motor development

question

Which of these is an example of a fine-motor skill?

answer

grasping

question

Which motor activity typically develops first?

answer

sits alone

question

Children acquire motor skills

answer

in highly individual ways.

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According to the ___________ of motor development, mastery of motor skills involves acquiring increasingly complex systems of action.

answer

dynamic systems theory

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The dynamic systems theory provides convincing evidence that the development of motor skills

answer

is profoundly influenced by the physical environment.

question

Dennis's cross-cultural research illustrates how _________ and a stimulating environment contribute to motor development.

answer

early movement opportunities

question

Kipsigi and Jamaican infants walk considerably earlier than North American infants because

answer

their parents incorporate direct walking instruction and formal handling routines that encourage early motor development.

question

Of all motor skills, ________ may play the greatest role in infant cognitive development.

answer

voluntary reaching

question

Newborn Sam's poorly coordinated swipes or swings toward an object in front of him is called

answer

prereaching.

question

The clumsy motion in which a baby's fingers close against the palm to hold an object is called

answer

the ulnar grasp.

question

A baby's ability to manipulate objects greatly expands with the development of the __________, use of the thumb and index finger opposably.

answer

pincer grasp

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Six-month-old Marta holds a pacifier in each hand and shakes them vigorously. She is probably using

answer

the ulnar grasp.

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Dr. Sardoza is interested in research on the organization and interpretation of what we see. Dr. Sardoza studies

answer

perception.

question

ERP brain-wave recordings reveal that around 5 months, babies

answer

become sensitive to syllable stress patterns in their own language.

question

Around 7 to 9 months, infants

answer

begin to divide the speech stream into wordlike units.

question

Which of the following is true about speech stream patterns?

answer

When presented with controlled sequences of nonsense syllables, babies listen for statistical regularities.

question

For exploring the environment, humans depend on _______ more than any other sense.

answer

vision

question

Visual acuity is

answer

the fineness of visual discrimination.

question

At first, babies are sensitive to virtually all speech sounds, but around 6 months, they

answer

narrow their focus, limiting the distinctions they make to the language they hear and will soon learn.

question

Research suggests that there is a sensitive period, ________________, when babies are biologically prepared to "zero in" on socially meaningful perceptual distinctions.

answer

in the second half of the first year

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__________ is the ability to judge the distance of objects from one another and from ourselves.

answer

Depth perception

question

________ is the first depth cue to which infants are sensitive.

answer

Motion

question

Which of the following is true about depth cues?

answer

Changes in texture and overlapping objects are examples of pictorial depth cues.

question

Infants with a lot of crawling experience

answer

are more likely than their inexperienced agemates to remember object locations.

question

Which of the following is true about pattern perception?

answer

Contrast sensitivity continues to increase during infancy and childhood.

question

Which picture is newborn Alex most likely to prefer to look at?

answer

a black-and-white checkerboard with a few large squares

question

One surprising finding of infant face perception is that infants will look longer at

answer

attractive faces than unattractive ones.

question

Lana understands that an object's shape is the same whether she sees it or touches it; that breaking a glass causes a sharp, crashing sound; and that the patter of footsteps signals the approach of a person. This understanding is called

answer

intermodal stimulation

question

Babies perceive input from different sensory systems in a unified way by detecting

answer

amodal sensory properties.

question

Which of the following is true about intermodal perception?

answer

It is a fundamental ability that fosters all aspects of psychological development.

question

Which of the following is true about differentiation theory?

answer

According to the theory, babies actively seek out invariant relationships.

question

__________________ seems to make crawlers and walkers more aware of the consequences of their movements.

answer

Experience in trying to keep their balance on various surfaces

question

According to the cognitive perspective of perceptual development, babies

answer

impose meaning on what they perceive.

question

At 16 months, Brynn is in Piaget's ___________ stage of cognitive development.

answer

sensorimotor

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Piaget believed that infants and toddlers

answer

"think" with their eyes, ears, and hands.

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According to Piaget, specific psychological structures called _________ are organized ways of making sense of experience.

answer

schemes

question

According to Piaget, first schemes

answer

are sensorimotor action patterns.

question

__________ involves building schemes through direct interaction with the environment.

answer

Adaptation

question

During __________, children use their current schemes to interpret the external world, whereas in __________, children create new schemes or adjust old ones after noticing that their current ways of thinking do not capture the environment completely.

answer

assimilation; accommodation

question

According to Piaget, the balance between assimilation and accommodation

answer

varies over time.

question

Two-year-old Laura dropped a block into her toy box. She then dropped a cup, a car, and a doll into the box, throwing some objects gently, while using more force with others. Laura's modification of her dropping scheme is an example of

answer

accommodation.

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In Piaget's theory, when children are in a state of cognitive equilibrium,

answer

they assimilate more than they accommodate.

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In Piaget's theory, when children are in a state of disequilibrium,

answer

cognitive change is rapid.

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Apart from direct contact with the environment, schemes also change

answer

through organization.

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In Piaget's theory, each time the back-and-forth movement between equilibrium and disequilibrium occurs,

answer

more effective schemes are produced.

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Baby Kate now relates dropping and throwing to her developing understanding of nearness and farness. In Piaget's theory, this achievement is an example of

answer

organization.

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According to Piaget, a ___________ is a means of building schemes in which infants try to repeat chance motor behaviors again and again.

answer

circular reaction

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The circular reaction initially centers on

answer

the infant's own body.

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In Piaget's theory, _________ are the building blocks of sensorimotor intelligence.

answer

newborn reflexes

question

During the second substage of the sensorimotor period, babies

answer

start to gain voluntary control over their actions through the primary circular reaction.

question

Baby Alan started opening his mouth differently for a nipple than for a spoon. Baby Alan is probably in Stage ___ of Piaget's sensorimotor stages.

answer

2

question

According to Piaget's theory, when baby Sasha sucks her thumb, she is demonstrating a __________ circular reaction.

answer

primary

question

In Piaget's theory, through the _________ circular reaction, babies try to repeat interesting events in the surrounding environment that are caused by their own actions.

answer

secondary

question

In Piaget's theory, 8- to 12-month-olds can use ____________ to solve simple problems.

answer

goal-directed behavior

question

Baby Luigi retrieves his pacifier, which his mother has hidden behind a pillow. Baby Luigi has begun to master

answer

object permanence.

question

Compared to schemes in Substage 3 of the sensorimotor period, schemes in Substage 4

answer

are coordinated deliberately to solve simple problems.

question

Baby Hannah is shown a stuffed sheep, and then it is hidden under a blanket. Which of the following is true?

answer

Hannah must coordinate two schemes to retrieve the object: "pushing" aside the blanket and "grasping" the stuffed sheep.

question

Infants in Substage 4 of the sensorimotor period, who can better anticipate events, sometimes use __________ to try to change those events.

answer

their capacity for intentional behavior

question

Sixteen-month-old Maecy is able to repeat behaviors with variation. Maecy is demonstrating the __________ circular reaction.

answer

tertiary

question

Our most powerful mental representations include ________ and _________.

answer

images; concepts

question

In Substage 6 of the sensorimotor period, the ability to create mental representations enables toddlers to __________ and __________.

answer

engage in deferred imitation; use make-believe play

question

In the violation-of-expectation method, __________ suggests that the infant is surprised by a deviation from physical reality.

answer

heightened attention to an unexpected event

question

Some critics of the violation-of-expectation method

answer

believe that it reveals only babies' perceptual preference for novelty, not their understanding of experience.

question

Violation-of-expectation studies provide evidence that infants have some knowledge of object permanence by __________, whereas Piaget argued that this ability emerges __________.

answer

2 ½ to 3 ½ months; between 8 and 12 months

question

Consistent with Piaget's theory, searching for hidden objects is a true cognitive advance because

answer

infants solve some object-hiding tasks before others.

question

Follow-up research on infant cognitive development suggests that mastery of object permanence

answer

is a gradual achievement.

question

Follow-up research on cognitive development indicates that ________ is present as early as 6 weeks.

answer

deferred imitation

question

Unlike Piaget, who thought young babies constructed all mental representations out of sensorimotor activity, most researchers now believe that

answer

infants have some built-in cognitive equipment for making sense of experience.

question

Professor Rellinger believes that babies are born with a set of innate knowledge systems. Professor Rellinger's beliefs are consistent with the _________ perspective.

answer

core knowledge

question

According to the core knowledge perspective, each of an infant's ____________ permits a ready grasp of new, related information.

answer

core domains of thought

question

Core knowledge theorists assume that

answer

infants start out life with a set of prewired understandings.

question

According to the core knowledge perspective, babies can

answer

perform simple addition and subtraction problems.

question

Current research on infant cognition yields broad agreement on which of the following?

answer

Many cognitive changes of infancy are gradual and continuous.

question

Information-processing researchers focus on

answer

many aspects of thinking, from attention, memory, and categorization skills to complex problem solving.

question

In the information-processing system, information first enters

answer

the sensory register.

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In working memory, children actively apply ________ as they "work" on a limited amount of information.

answer

mental strategies

question

According to information-processing approach, __________ expands working memory by permitting children to focus on other information simultaneously.

answer

automatic processing

question

In the information-processing system, a special part of working memory, called the ____________, directs the flow of information.

answer

central executive

question

According to the information-processing approach, the longer a person holds information in working memory, the

answer

more likely it will transfer to the permanent knowledge base.

question

According to the information-processing framework, __________ make more complex forms of thinking possible with age.

answer

the capacity of the mental system and increases in the speed with which information can be processed

question

By ____ months, babies' attention becomes flexible due to development of structures in the cerebral cortex controlling eye movements.

answer

4

question

With the transition to toddlerhood, attraction to __________ declines and __________ improves.

answer

novelty; sustained attention

question

_____________ and ___________ provide windows into early memory by showing that retention of visual events increases dramatically over infancy and toddlerhood.

answer

Operant conditioning; habituation

question

Recall is more challenging than recognition because it

answer

involves remembering a stimulus that is not present.

question

_______________ helps infants reduce the enormous amount of new information they encounter every day so they can learn and remember.

answer

Categorization

question

By 6 months of age, babies can categorize on the basis of

answer

two correlated features.

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Infants' earliest categories are

answer

perceptual.

question

Which of the following is true about infantile amnesia?

answer

Most older children and adults cannot retrieve events that happened before age 3.

question

Research on infantile amnesia suggests that adults typically cannot remember events that happened during the first few years of life because

answer

adults cannot translate early preverbal memories into language.

question

Three-year-old Benny is presented with a toy called the Magic Shrinking Machine. An object is inserted in an opening on top of the machine, and with the turn of a crank, Benny can retrieve a smaller, identical object from behind a door on the front of the machine. Which of the following is most likely to be true?

answer

Benny will not be able to translate his nonverbal memory for the game into language six months to one year later.

question

Studies of infantile amnesia suggest that __________ contributes to the end of infantile amnesia.

answer

a clear self-image

question

Information-processing research indicates that by 3 months, infants can remember events for as long as 3 months and categorize stimuli. These findings challenge Piaget's assumption that

answer

infants are unable to mentally represent experiences.

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One of the greatest drawbacks of the information-processing approach is its difficulty with

answer

integrating information into a broad, comprehensive theory.

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Vygotsky believed that complex mental activities have their origin in

answer

social interaction.

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According to Vygotsky, children master activities through

answer

joint activities with more mature members of their society.

question

According to Vygotsky, ______________ is a range of tasks that a child cannot yet handle alone but can do with the help of more skilled partners.

answer

the zone of proximal development

question

In the form of teaching known as scaffolding, as a child's competence increases, the adult

answer

steps back, permitting the child to take more responsibility for the task.

question

When Sarah was 18 months old, her mother stood behind her, helping her throw a bean bag into a hole. As Sarah's skill improved, her mother stepped back, letting her try on her own. This example best illustrates the concept of

answer

the zone of proximal development.

question

Compared with cognitive theories, mental tests

answer

focus on the products of cognitive development rather than on the process of development.

question

Vygotsky's theory challenges Piaget's conclusion that

answer

toddlers discover make-believe play independently, once they are capable of representational schemes.

question

Research demonstrates that early make-believe play is

answer

the combined result of children's readiness to engage in it and social experiences that promote it.

question

Which of the following is true about make-believe play?

answer

Make-believe is a major means through which children extend their cognitive skills and learn about important activities in their culture.

question

The goal of mental testing is to

answer

measure behaviors that reflect development and to arrive at scores that predict future performance.

question

The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development

answer

include a cognitive scale, a language scale, and a motor scale.

question

An intelligence quotient (IQ)

answer

indicates the extent to which the raw score deviates from the typical performance of same-age individuals.

question

Dr. Ewing measured individual differences in a large sample of individuals using intelligence testing. If performances at each age level formed a normal distribution, the results were probably ______-shaped.

answer

bell

question

Knowing Niraj's IQ score helps his dad

answer

know whether Niraj is ahead, behind, or on time in mental development compared with his agemates.

question

Katie has an IQ of 100. She performed as well or better than _____ percent of her agemates.

answer

50

question

Brian has an IQ of 130. This means that he performed as well or better than ______ percent of his same-age peers.

answer

98

question

Intelligence test scores of infants and toddlers often do not reflect their true abilities because

answer

they easily become distracted, fatigued, or bored during testing.

question

Because infant scores do not tap the same dimensions of intelligence measured at older ages, they are conservatively labeled _________________ rather than IQs.

answer

developmental quotients (DQs)

question

Today, infant mental tests are largely used for

answer

screening to help identify babies who are likely to have developmental problems.

question

Research using the HOME checklist reveals that the extent to which parents __________ is especially important in facilitating toddlers' intelligence test performance.

answer

talk to their infants and toddlers

question

____________ is a much better indicator than an early mental test score of how children will do later.

answer

Warm, responsive parenting

question

In the United States today, more than ______ percent of mothers with a child under age 2 are employed.

answer

60

question

Good quality child care

answer

can reduce the negative impact of a stressed, poverty-stricken home life.

question

Research on child care in the United States shows that

answer

only 20 to 25 percent of child-care settings in the United States provide a level of care sufficient to promote healthy psychological development.

question

In contrast to the United States, most European countries

answer

nationally regulate child care to ensure its quality.

question

Child care in the United States is

answer

affected by a macrosystem of individualistic values and weak government regulation and funding.

question

Home-based early intervention for at-risk infants and toddlers

answer

teaches parents how to stimulate young children's development.

question

Which of the following is true about early intervention?

answer

The strongest effects of early intervention occur at sites that offer a mix of center- and home-based services.

question

Research showed that by age 3, children in Early Head Start

answer

demonstrated gains in cognitive and language development.

question

Professor Zettler regards language development as entirely due to environmental influences. Professor Zettler's belief is consistent with the ___________ perspective.

answer

behaviorist

question

Dr. Hahn believes that children are "prewired" to master the intricate rules of their language. Dr. Hahn endorses the ________ perspective of language development.

answer

nativist

question

According to B. F. Skinner, language is acquired as the baby babbles and parents reinforce those sounds that are most like words. This is an example of

answer

operant conditioning.

question

According to some behaviorists, children rely on _________ to rapidly acquire complex utterances.

answer

imitation

question

Reinforcement and imitation are best viewed as _________ language development.

answer

supporting, rather than fully explaining,

question

Nativist Noam Chomsky believed that

answer

the rules of sentence organization are too complex to be directly taught to or discovered by even a cognitively adept young child.

question

Chomsky's "LAD" is a

answer

device that enables children to understand and speak in a rule-oriented fashion as soon as they pick up enough words.

question

Efforts to teach language to nonhuman primates

answer

support Chomsky's assumption that the capacity for elaborate grammar is unique to humans.

question

Research on language acquisition indicates that

answer

childhood is a sensitive period for language acquisition.

question

Recent ideas about language development emphasize

answer

interactions between inner capacities and environmental influences.

question

Social-interactionsts emphasize that

answer

children's social skills and language experiences are centrally involved in language development.

question

Around 2 months, babies begin to make vowel-like noises called

answer

cooing.

question

Baby Greer says "babababababa." This is an example of

answer

babbling.

question

Babies everywhere start babbling at about the same age, but for babbling to develop further,

answer

babies must be able to hear human speech.

question

Which of the following is supported by research on babbling?

answer

A deaf infant not exposed to sign language will stop babbling entirely.

question

Infants and toddlers who often experience __________ sustain attention longer, comprehend more language, and produce meaningful gestures and words earlier.

answer

joint attention

question

Infants' play maturity and _________________ predict advanced language progress in the second year.

answer

vocalizations during games

question

The earlier toddlers _____________________, the sooner they produce two-word utterances at the end of the second year.

answer

form word-gesture combinations

question

Which of the following is true about first spoken words?

answer

They usually refer to important people, animals, or actions.

question

When toddlers first learn words, they often apply them too narrowly, an error called

answer

underextension.

question

Alice calls untying her shoelaces "opening" her shoes. This is an example of

answer

overextension.

question

Which of the following is an example of an underextension?

answer

Bonita only uses the word "kitty" to refer to her family's cat.

question

Which of the following is true about overextension?

answer

Children often overextend deliberately because they have difficulty recalling or have not acquired a suitable word.

question

At all ages, __________ develops ahead of __________.

answer

comprehension; production

question

Young toddlers add to their spoken vocabularies at a rate of

answer

one to three words per week.

question

Once toddlers produce about _____ words, they start to combine two words.

answer

200

question

Miranda says "more apple." This two-word utterance is an example of

answer

telegraphic speech.

question

Which of the following is true about telegraphic speech?

answer

It emerges once the child has learned a dozen or so words.

question

Compared with referential children, toddlers who use an expressive style

answer

produce many more social formulas and pronouns.

question

Object words are particularly common in the vocabularies of __________ toddlers

answer

English-speaking

question

In which of the following cases should the parents be concerned about their child's language development?

answer

A 16-month-old has not yet begun to babble.

question

________________ is a form of communication made up of short sentences with high-pitched, exaggerated expression, clear pronunciation, distinct pauses between speech segments, and repetition of new words in a variety of contexts.

answer

Child-directed speech

question

Which of the following parent-child activities strongly predicts academic success during the school years?

answer

reading and talking about picture books

question

Child-directed speech and parent-child conversation

answer

create a zone of proximal development in which children's language skills expand.

question

Research on deaf children shows that

answer

deaf children of deaf parents are on a par with hearing children in language and play maturity.

question

The quality of interaction between deaf children and deaf parents is

answer

similar to that of hearing children and hearing parents.

question

Chang is profoundly deaf, whereas his parents are hearing. What advice can you offer Chang's parents based on research in your text?

answer

Chang needs access to language models—deaf adults and peers—to experience natural language learning.

question

Which of the following is true about the role of psychoanalytic theory in modern human development research?

answer

One of the lasting contributions of psychoanalytic theory is its ability to capture the essence of personality during each period of development.

question

In Erikson's theory, the psychological conflict of basic trust versus mistrust is resolved on the positive side when

answer

the balance of care is sympathetic and loving.

question

According to Erikson's theory, a mistrustful baby

answer

protects herself by withdrawing from people and things around her.

question

In Erikson's theory, the conflict of toddlerhood, _______________, is resolved favorably when parents provide suitable guidance and reasonable choices.

answer

autonomy versus shame and doubt

question

According to Erikson, a mother who __________ is likely to promote autonomy in toddlerhood.

answer

gives a child an extra five minutes to finish playing before they leave the park

question

Adults who __________ may not have fully mastered the tasks of trust and autonomy during infancy and childhood.

answer

are overly dependent on a loved one

question

Emotions

answer

energize development.

question

__________ offer the most reliable cues regarding which emotions infants are experiencing.

answer

Facial expressions

question

Basic emotions are

answer

universal in humans.

question

Some basic emotions are happiness, fear, sadness, and

answer

disgust.

question

Which of the following is true about basic emotions?

answer

Babies' earliest emotional life consists of attraction to pleasant stimuli and withdrawal from unpleasant stimuli.

question

During the first few weeks of life, newborns are most likely to smile

answer

when they are full.

question

The social smile first appears between __________ of age.

answer

6 and 10 weeks

question

Laughter reflects

answer

faster processing of information than smiling.

question

Laughter first appears around

answer

3 to 4 months.

question

As infants understand more about their world, they laugh

answer

at events with subtler elements of surprise.

question

Around the middle of the first year, infants smile and laugh more

answer

when interacting with familiar people.

question

When 10-month-old Delia's mother greets her, Delia is likely to display a ____________ smile.

answer

broad, "cheek-raised"

question

Newborn babies respond with generalized distress

answer

to changes in body temperature

question

Expressions of _______ are less frequent than _________.

answer

sadness; anger

question

Which of the following is supported by research on infant anger?

answer

The rise in anger among older infants is adaptive because new motor abilities enable them to defend themselves or overcome obstacles.

question

Which of the following is supported by research on infant fear?

answer

The most frequent expression of fear is stranger anxiety.

question

Stranger anxiety is

answer

less common in cultures where babies are frequently passed from one adult to another.

question

The rise in fear after 6 months is adaptive because it

answer

keeps newly mobile babies' enthusiasm for exploration in check.

question

Once wariness of strangers develops after 6 months,

answer

babies use the familiar caregiver as a secure base from which to explore.

question

Monica experienced depression that emerged or strengthened after she gave birth to her son but failed to subside as Monica adjusted to hormonal changes in her body and the demands of motherhood. As a result, Monica's son probably

answer

sleeps poorly.

question

About _______ percent of new fathers report symptoms of depression after the birth of a child.

answer

3 to 5

question

Research on maternal depression shows that

answer

depressed mothers view their infants more negatively than independent observers do.

question

Which of the following is true about paternal depression?

answer

Paternal depression is linked to frequent father-child conflict as children grow older.

question

Some researchers claim that infants respond in kind to others' emotions through a fairly automatic process of

answer

emotional contagion.

question

Around 3 to 4 months of age,

answer

when infants gaze, smile, or vocalize, they expect their social partner to respond in kind.

question

Infants use __________ by actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation.

answer

social referencing

question

Orson's parents smile and say "Yummy!" when he tries new vegetables. His parents are using _________ to try to influence Orson's food preferences.

answer

social referencing

question

Eighteen-month-old Joey is asked to share spinach or graham crackers with his mom in a social referencing experiment. Even though Joey prefers graham crackers, he might offer the spinach to his mom if she

answer

uses her voice and facial expressions to convey a preference for the spinach.

question

Which of the following is true about social referencing?

answer

An adult's voice is more effective than a facial expression in guiding a baby's behavior.

question

Humans are capable of a higher-order set of feelings beyond basic emotions called __________ emotions.

answer

self-conscious

question

Twenty-month-old Steffy is firmly aware of herself as a separate, unique individual. Which of the following emotions is Steffy likely to display?

answer

embarrassment

question

Self-conscious emotions typically appear

answer

between 18 to 24 months.

question

Besides self-awareness, self-conscious emotions require

answer

adult instruction in when to feel proud, ashamed, or guilty.

question

Sayuri, who lives in a collectivist culture, wins a game. Her parents will probably encourage Sayuri to feel

answer

embarrassed by the individual attention.

question

Maks, who lives in an individualistic culture, gets an "A" on his test. His parents will probably encourage Maks to feel

answer

pride in his personal achievement.

question

Emotional self-regulation refers to

answer

the strategies children use to adjust their emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity.

question

Emotional self-regulation requires

answer

effortful management of emotions.

question

Joan decides not to see a scary horror film. Joan is using

answer

emotional self-regulation.

question

Effortful control is

answer

considered a major dimension of temperament.

question

Infants whose parents ___________ tend to be less fussy.

answer

"read" and respond contingently and sympathetically to their emotional cues

question

_______ have a harder time regulating ________ emotion.

answer

Boys; negative

question

Which of the following is true regarding emotional self-regulation?

answer

By the end of the first year, Chinese and Japanese infants smile and cry less than American infants.

question

Thomas became angry after a playmate took his truck away. How can Thomas's father help him to regulate his emotion?

answer

Label Thomas's feelings, encourage him to describe his internal state, and offer a comforting hug.

question

____________ is early-appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation.

answer

Temperament

question

Reactivity refers to the

answer

quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity.

question

Thomas and Chess's New York Longitudinal Study demonstrated that

answer

temperament can protect a child from the negative effects of a highly stressful home life.

question

Josh is irregular in daily routines, is slow to accept new experiences, and tends to react negatively and intensely. In Thomas and Chess's research, Josh would be classified as a(n) _________ child.

answer

difficult

question

Bindi quickly establishes regular routines, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess's research, Bindi would be classified as a(n) ________ child.

answer

easy

question

In Thomas and Chess's New York Longitudinal Study, _____ percent of the children did not fit any category and showed unique blends of temperamental characteristics.

answer

35

question

Most children classified by Thomas and Chess fell into the ________ category.

answer

easy

question

According to Thomas and Chess's research, __________ children are at high risk for anxious withdrawal and aggressive behavior in early and middle childhood.

answer

difficult

question

Which dimension of temperament was identified by Mary Rothbart?

answer

irritable distress

question

A key concept in Rothbart's model of infant temperament is

answer

effortful control.

question

Temperament is assessed through

answer

parental reports, observations, and physiological measures.

question

Biologically based reactivity

answer

differentiates children with inhibited and uninhibited temperaments.

question

Which of the following is true about Jerome Kagan's research on the development of shyness and sociability?

answer

Most children's dispositions became less extreme over time.

question

Four-month-old Max is easily upset by new sights and sounds. According to Kagan's research, Max probably has __________ than a social baby when faced with novelty.

answer

a higher heart rate and a higher cortisol level

question

Heritability research indicates that genes ______________ to shyness and sociability.

answer

contribute only modestly

question

To acquire effective social skills, inhibited children need

answer

parenting tailored to their temperaments.

question

Overall stability of temperament is

answer

only low to moderate.

question

Long-term prediction of temperament can best be achieved after age 3 because

answer

temperament itself develops with age.

question

Research on temperament indicates that

answer

the ease with which children manage their reactivity in early childhood depends on the type and strength of the reactive emotion involved.

question

On average, ________ of individual differences in temperament and personality have been attributed to differences in genetic makeup.

answer

half

question

Research on temperament indicates that

answer

consistent ethnic and sex differences in early temperament exist.

question

Persistent nutritional and emotional deprivation ___________ temperament.

answer

profoundly alters

question

Which of the following is true about the influence of the environment on temperament?

answer

Temperament and personality can be understood only in terms of complex interdependencies between genetic and environmental factors.

question

____________ involves creating child-rearing environments that recognize each child's temperament while encouraging more adaptive functioning.

answer

Goodness of fit

question

Research on temperament shows that

answer

cultural values affect the fit between parenting and child temperament.

question

Professor Hardwick is interested in the strong affectionate tie children have with special people in their lives that leads them to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress. Professor Hardwick studies

answer

attachment.

question

An important criticism of the psychoanalytic theory of attachment is that it

answer

overemphasizes the importance of feeding in attachment.

question

Toddlers who sleep alone and experience frequent daytime separations from their parents

answer

sometimes develop strong emotional ties to comfort objects, such as blankets and stuffed animals.

question

The __________ theory of attachment recognizes the infant's emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival.

answer

ethological

question

Which theory of attachment is the most widely accepted view?

answer

ethological

question

John Bowlby believed that

answer

attachment can best be understood in an evolutionary context in which survival of the species is of utmost importance.

question

In Bowlby's theory, babies in the preattachment phase

answer

are not yet attached to their caregiver.

question

According to Bowlby, during the attachment-in-the-making phase, babies

answer

begin to develop a sense of trust with their caregiver.

question

Chris smiles and laughs when interacting with his mother, but he does not protest when separated from her. Chris is most likely in Bowlby's ____________ phase.

answer

attachment-in-the-making

question

In Bowlby's "clear-cut" attachment phase, babies display

answer

separation anxiety.

question

One-year-old Noah follows his mother and climbs on her in preference to others. He becomes upset when his mother leaves the room. Noah is most likely in Bowlby's _________ phase.

answer

"clear-cut" attachment

question

According to Bowlby, the _____________ becomes a vital part of personality, serving as a guide for all future close relationships.

answer

internal working model

question

Three-year-old Carlisle knows that his mother will pick him up from preschool after snack and seeks her comfort whenever he is in an unfamiliar or stressful situation. These examples show that Carlisle has developed

answer

an internal working model.

question

Professor Novak is interested in assessing the quality of attachment between 1 and 2 years of age. Which of the following laboratory procedures should Professor Novak use?

answer

the Strange Situation

question

During the Strange Situation, a baby who displays a secure attachment

answer

demonstrates that the parent is more comforting than the stranger.

question

In the Strange Situation, Sara approaches her parent during reunion with flat, depressed emotion. Sara looks away while her parent is holding her and displays a dazed facial expression. Sara is demonstrating characteristics of __________ attachment.

answer

disorganized/disoriented

question

In the Strange Situation, Philip seeks closeness to his mother and fails to explore. When his mother leaves, Philip is distressed, and on her return he hits her. Philip is displaying characteristics of __________ attachment.

answer

resistant

question

In the Strange Situation, Bernadette uses her mother as a secure base. When separated, Bernadette does not cry, but when her mother returns, Bernadette crawls to her. Bernadette is demonstrating __________ attachment.

answer

resistant

question

In the Strange Situation, Bernadette uses her mother as a secure base. When separated, Bernadette does not cry, but when her mother returns, Bernadette crawls to her. Bernadette is demonstrating __________ attachment.

answer

secure

question

An alternative method to the Strange Situation is the ________________, which is suitable for children between 1 and 4 years and depends on home observation.

answer

Attachment Q-Sort

question

Which of the following is true about the Attachment Q-Sort?

answer

It does not indicate patterns of insecurity.

question

Which of the following is supported by research on the stability of attachment patterns between 1 and 2 years of age?

answer

Securely attached babies more often maintain their attachment status than insecure babies.

question

Cross-cultural evidence indicates that

answer

attachment patterns may have to be interpreted differently in certain cultures.

question

In all societies studied, the most common attachment pattern is the ________ pattern.

answer

secure

question

Spitz's study of institutionalized infants found that the babies experienced emotional difficulties because they were

answer

prevented from forming a bond with one or a few adults.

question

Carmen adopted her son just after his second birthday. What can you tell Carmen about the opportunity for attachment?

answer

The first attachment bond can develop as late as 4 to 6 years of age.

question

__________ is moderately related to attachment security in diverse cultures and SES groups.

answer

Sensitive caregiving

question

A special form of communication called _____________________ separates the experiences of secure and insecure babies.

answer

interactional synchrony

question

Interactional synchrony is

answer

best described as a sensitively tuned "emotional dance."

question

Compared with securely attached infants, avoidant babies tend to receive ___________ care.

answer

overstimulating, intrusive

question

Heritability of attachment is

answer

virtually nil.

question

Infant characteristics do not show strong relationships with attachment quality because

answer

many child attributes can lead to secure attachment as long as the caregiver behaves sensitively.

question

Parents who discuss their childhoods with objectivity and balance, regardless of whether their experiences were positive or negative, tend to have __________ infants.

answer

securely attached

question

Babies develop attachments to

answer

a variety of familiar people.

question

Generally, fathers ___________ than mothers do.

answer

interact and play differently with babies

question

Recent surveys indicate that in dual-earner families, U.S. fathers devote _____ percent as much time as mothers do to children.

answer

85

question

Research on multiple attachments demonstrates that

answer

mothers in dual-earner families tend to engage in more playful stimulation of their babies than mothers who are at home full-time.

question

Research on child care in infancy suggests that

answer

infants placed in full-time child care before 12 months of age are more likely than infants who remain at home to display insecure attachment.

question

Research on child care in infancy has found that

answer

the relationship between child care and emotional well-being depends on both family and child-care experiences.

question

Which of the following is supported by research on child care in infancy?

answer

Mother-child interaction is more favorable when children attend higher-quality care and spend fewer hours in child care.

question

Research in diverse cultures demonstrates that fathers'

answer

sustained affectionate involvement protects children against a wide range of childhood emotional and behavioral problems.

question

Despite declines in family size, _____ percent of Western babies grow up with at least one sibling.

answer

80

question

Research on the long-term consequences of attachment security suggests that

answer

continuity of caregiving determines whether attachment security is linked to later development.

question

Which of the following is supported by research on attachment and later development?

answer

The effects of early attachment security are conditional.

question

Newborn's remarkable capacity for _______________ supports the beginnings of self-awareness.

answer

intermodal perception

question

Which of the following is supported by research on self-awareness?

answer

Newborns display a stronger rooting reflex in response to external stimulation than to self-stimulation.

question

Four-month-old Stewart is shown a video image of himself and a video image of another baby. He will probably

answer

look longer at the video of the other baby.

question

A researcher places a red dot on two-year-old Raven's nose. When she looks into a mirror, she tries to rub the dot off of her nose rather than off of the mirror. This behavior indicates that she has developed

answer

self-recognition.

question

Which of the following is supported by research on early self-development?

answer

Babies whose parents respond sensitively to their signals and encourage exploration tend to be advanced in selfdevelopment.

question

Veronica has the ability to understand her friends' emotional state and respond emotionally in a similar way. Veronica is displaying

answer

empathy.

question

Two-year-old Annmarie tells her mom, "I a good girl." This statement demonstrates that Annmarie is beginning to develop

answer

a categorical self.

question

Researchers often study the early emergence of self-control by giving children tasks that require

answer

delay of gratification.

question

In early childhood, on average, children add ____ inches in height and _____ pounds in weight each year.

answer

2 to 3; 5

question

X-rays of epiphyses enable doctors to estimate children's

answer

skeletal age.

question

Which child is most likely to get his or her permanent teeth first?

answer

Brooke, an obese girl

question

An estimated 30 percent of U.S. preschoolers have ____________, a figure that rises to 60 percent by age 18.

answer

tooth decay

question

Between ages 2 and 6, the brain increases from ______ percent of its adult weight to _____ percent.

answer

70; 90

question

EEG and fMRI measures of neural activity in various cortical regions reveal

answer

especially rapid growth from early to middle childhood in the frontal lobe.

question

For most children, the left cerebral hemisphere

answer

is especially active between 3 and 6 years and then levels off.

question

In contrast to activity in the left hemisphere, activity in the right cerebral hemisphere

answer

increases steadily throughout early and middle childhood.

question

_______ skills increase at an astonishing pace in early childhood. In contrast, ______ skills develop gradually over childhood and adolescence.

answer

Language; spatial

question

Which of the following is supported by research on brain lateralization and handedness?

answer

A strong hand preference reflects the individual's dominant cerebral hemisphere.

question

_______ may profoundly affect handedness.

answer

Prenatal events

question

Which of the following is true regarding handedness?

answer

Left-handedness occurs more frequently among severely retarded and mentally ill people than in the general population.

question

Research on handedness demonstrates that

answer

most left-handers have no developmental problems.

question

The _____________ aids in balance and control of body movement.

answer

cerebellum

question

Fibers linking the __________ to the __________ grow and myelinate from birth through the preschool years, contributing to dramatic gains in motor coordination.

answer

cerebellum; cerebral cortex

question

Casey suffered damage to his cerebellum. Casey will most likely display both _______ and __________ deficits.

answer

motor; cognitive

question

Myelinization of the __________ throughout childhood and into adolescence contributes to improvements in sustained, controlled attention.

answer

reticular formation

question

An inner-brain structure called the ____________ plays a vital role in memory and spatial awareness.

answer

hippocampus

question

The ___________, located at the base of the brain, plays a critical role by releasing two hormones that induce growth.

answer

pituitary gland

question

____________ is necessary for development of all body tissues except the central nervous system and the genitals.

answer

Growth hormone

question

Thyroid-stimulating hormone prompts the thyroid gland in the neck to release __________, which is necessary for brain development and for growth hormone to have its full impact on body size.

answer

thyroxine

question

Juan, who suffers from extreme emotional deprivation, is very short in stature, and has decreased GH secretion, an immature skeletal age, and serious adjustment problems. He most likely has

answer

psychosocial dwarfism.

question

When young children with psychosocial dwarfism ______________, their GH levels quickly return to normal, and they grow rapidly.

answer

are removed from their emotionally inadequate environments

question

Which of the following is true about lead exposure?

answer

High lead exposure causes brain swelling and hemorrhaging.

question

Longitudinal research on the developmental consequences of lead indicates that

answer

lead impairs learning and contributes to behavior problems.

question

With the transition to early childhood, many children

answer

become unpredictable, picky eaters.

question

Which of the following is supported by research on nutrition?

answer

Preschoolers compensate for a meal in which they eat little by eating more at a later meal.

question

Four-year-old Erin is a picky eater. How can Erin's parents encourage her to eat a new food?

answer

Repeatedly expose her to the new food without any direct pressure to eat it.

question

Vitamin C is important to a child's diet because it

answer

facilitates iron absorption and wound healing.

question

Which of the following statements is true about childhood diseases?

answer

Childhood diseases occur earlier in developing nations than in industrialized countries.

question

Worldwide, _____ percent of deaths of children under age 5 are due to infectious diseases.

answer

70

question

__________, often caused by unsafe water and contaminated foods, leads to nearly two million childhood deaths each year.

answer

Diarrhea

question

Bullous lives in a shantytown. His parents can decrease the risks of persistent diarrhea by

answer

administering oral rehydration therapy when he is sick and giving him a regular zinc supplement.

question

Oral rehydration therapy

answer

saves the lives of millions of children every year.

question

Developmental impairments and deaths due to diarrhea can be prevented with oral rehydration therapy, which consists of

answer

a solution of glucose, salt, and water.

question

In industrialized nations, childhood diseases have declined dramatically during the past half century, largely as the result of

answer

widespread immunization of infants and young children.

question

About _____ percent of U.S. preschoolers lack essential immunizations.

answer

23

question

Which of the following is one reason the United States lags behind Denmark, Norway, Great Britain, Sweden, the Netherlands, and Canada in immunizations?

answer

Many American children do not have access to the health care they need.

question

__________ are the leading cause of childhood death in industrialized countries.

answer

Unintentional injuries

question

In the United States, nearly ______ percent of childhood deaths and ______ percent of adolescent deaths result from injuries.

answer

35; 50

question

In the United States, __________ are the leading cause of death among children more than 1 year old.

answer

motor vehicle collisions

question

Boys are _____ times more likely to be injured than girls.

answer

1.5

question

_______________ are strongly associated with childhood injury.

answer

Poverty, single parenthood, and low parental education

question

Which of the following is supported by research on childhood injuries?

answer

North American children from advantaged families are at a greater risk for injury than are children in European nations.

question

About ____ percent of U.S. parents fail to place their preschoolers in car safety seats.

answer

40

question

As children's bodies become more streamlined and less top-heavy,

answer

balance improves greatly.

question

Most children can tie their shoes by age _____ years.

answer

5 to 6

question

Children first represent objects and events on paper by

answer

making gestures that leave marks.

question

When ___________, preschoolers' pictures become more comprehensible and detailed.

answer

adults draw with children and point out the resemblances between drawings and objects

question

By age 4, most children can

answer

use scissors.

question

By age 3, most children can

answer

jump and hop.

question

Research conducted on adolescents in the Jimi Valley of Papua New Guinea indicates that

answer

nonrepresentational scribbles and shapes are a universal beginning stage in drawing.

question

Preschoolers' first attempts to print often involve writing

answer

their own name.

question

Which of the following is true about sex differences in motor skills in early childhood?

answer

Girls are ahead of boys in fine-motor skills.

question

Which of the following is supported by research on individual differences in motor skills?

answer

Parents tend to foster sex-stereotypic physical activities in their children.

question

According to Piaget, the most obvious change as children move from the sensorimotor to the preoperational stage is an increase in

answer

representational, or symbolic, activity.

question

Piaget acknowledged that ________ is a child's most flexible means of mental representation.

answer

language

question

In early pretending, toddlers use

answer

only realistic objects.

question

Which of the following is true about the development of make-believe play?

answer

Older preoperational children are aware that make-believe play is a representational activity.

question

Researchers today believe that make-believe play

answer

not only reflects, but also contributes to, children's cognitive and social skills.

question

Preschoolers who _____________ are seen as more socially competent by their teachers.

answer

spend more time in sociodramatic play

question

While playing house, 3-year-old Lindsay uses a straw as a "bottle" to feed her doll. Lindsay has begun to grasp

answer

dual representation.

question

Experiences with ___________ help preschoolers appreciate that one object can stand for another.

answer

diverse symbols

question

According to Piaget, the most fundamental deficiency of preoperational thinking is

answer

egocentrism

question

The belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities, such as thoughts, wishes, feelings, and intentions, is called

answer

animistic thinking.

question

According to Piaget, magical thinking is common during the preschool years because

answer

young children egocentrically assign human purposes to physical events.

question

Five-year-old Chaim is participating in Piaget's three-mountains problem. When Chaim is asked to pick the picture that shows what the display looks like from the doll's perspective, he will most likely select

answer

the picture that shows his own point of view.

question

Three-year-old Will brings all of his action figures to preschool for show-and-tell because he does not want any of them to feel bad if they are left behind at home. Will is demonstrating

answer

animistic thinking.

question

______________ refers to the idea that certain physical characteristics of object remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes.

answer

Conservation

question

Four-year-old Jasmine is shown two identical tall glasses of water and agrees that they contain the same amount of liquid. When the liquid is poured into a short, wide container, she says that there is more water in the shorter container because it is "all spread out." Jasmine is demonstrating

answer

conservation.

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Piaget's conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates that preoperational children's thinking is characterized by __________ in that they focus on one aspect of a situation, neglecting other important features.

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centration

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In Piaget's conservation-of-liquid problem, preoperational children are easily distracted by the ________ of objects and ignore the ___________ between events.

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perceptual appearance; dynamic transformation

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The most important illogical feature of preoperational thought is its

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irreversibility.

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Preoperational children have difficulty with ________________, which involves the organization of objects into groups based on similarities and differences.

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hierarchical classification

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One reason Piagetian problems do not always elicit responses reflecting preschoolers' true cognitive abilities is that they contain

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unfamiliar elements or too many pieces of information.

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Follow-up research on preoperational thought indicates that

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Most 3- and 4-year-olds believe in the supernatural powers of fairies, goblins, and other enchanted creatures.

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_________ and _________ play a role in the decline of magical beliefs.

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Religion; culture

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Follow-up research indicates that even though preschoolers have difficulty with Piagetian class inclusion tasks, they

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organize their everyday knowledge into nested categories at an early age.

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Follow-up research on appearance versus reality problems suggests that young children

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have trouble with the language of appearance-reality tasks.

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After putting on a Halloween mask and looking at her reflection in a mirror, 3-year-old Maggi is frightened. This is probably because Maggi

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has a fragile understanding of the appearance-reality distinction.

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Follow-up research on the preoperational stage indicates that when given simplified tasks based on familiar experiences, preschoolers

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show the beginnings of logical thinking.

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Evidence that preschoolers ____________ supports the idea that operational thought is not absent at one point in time and present at another.

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can be trained to perform well on Piagetian problems

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Over time, children rely on increasingly effective ___________ to solve problems.

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mental approaches

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Using _________, children in a Piagetian classroom are encouraged to spontaneously interact with the environment.

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discovery learning

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In Jody's preschool classroom, teachers introduce activities that build on children's current thinking but do not try to hasten development by imposing new skills before children indicate interest. This preschool emphasizes the Piagetian principle of

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sensitivity to children's readiness to learn.

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In Paul's preschool classroom, children are encouraged to choose activities from a rich variety of materials designed to promote exploration. This preschool emphasizes the Piagetian principle of

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discovery learning.

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Which of the following educational principles derived from Piaget's theory continues to have a major impact on classroom practices?

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acceptance of individual differences

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Piaget called children's self-directed utterances _________ speech, reflecting his belief that young children have difficulty taking the perspectives of others.

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egocentric

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According to Vygotsky, private speech during the preschool years

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helps young children guide their behavior during challenging tasks.

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Research shows that children more often use private speech when

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tasks are appropriately challenging and they are confused about how to proceed.

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According to Vygotksy, learning takes place

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within the zone of proximal development.

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According to Vygotsky, a parent engages in _______ when he adjusts the support offered to the child during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance.

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scaffolding

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In Jean's preschool classroom, teachers guide children's learning, tailoring their interventions to each child's zone of proximal development. This classroom emphasizes the Vygotskian principle of

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assisted discovery.

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In a Vygotskian classroom, assisted discovery is aided by ____________ as children of varying abilities work in groups, teaching and helping one another.

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peer collaboration

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Vygotsky viewed __________ play as the ideal social context for fostering cognitive development in early childhood.

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make-believe

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In Western societies, the role of equipping children with the skills they need to become competent workers is assigned to

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schools.

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In village and tribal cultures, parents have little need to rely on conversation and play to teach children because

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children spend their day in contact with adult work and start to assume mature responsibilities in early childhood.

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Compared to their Western agemates, Yucatec Mayan preschoolers

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seldom ask others for something interesting to do.

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Itzel, a Yucatec Mayan preschooler, is hungry. She is most likely to

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decide for herself when and how much to eat.

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_____________ refers to shared endeavors between more expert and less expert participants, without specifying the precise features of communication.

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Guided participation

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Information processing focuses on ___________that children use to transform stimuli flowing into their mental systems.

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mental strategies

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Compared with school-age children, preschoolers

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spend shorter times involved in tasks and are easily distracted.

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A major reason that sustained attention improves in the preschool years is

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a steady gain in children's ability to inhibit impulses and keep their mind on a competing goal.

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Which of the following is true about preschoolers' ability to generate and follow a plan?

answer

When parents encourage planning in everyday activities, they help children plan more effectively.

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Recognition memory is

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the ability to tell whether a stimulus is the same as or similar to one they have seen before.

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Even preschoolers with good language skills recall poorly because

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they are not skilled at using memory strategies.

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General descriptions of what occurs and when it occurs in a particular situation are known as

answer

scripts.

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Over spring vacation, Gerald goes to Disney World with his family. When he returns to school, Gerald excitedly tells his teacher about the trip. Gerald's representation of this personally meaningful, one-time event is known as

answer

an autobiographical memory.

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With regard to questions used to elicit children's autobiographical narratives, preschoolers who experience the ________ style recall _________ information about past events.

answer

elaborative; more

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Metacognition involves

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thinking about thought.

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Understanding of __________ is associated with early reading ability.

answer

false beliefs

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Children who spontaneously use, or who are trained to use, complex sentences with mental-state words are especially likely to pass __________ tasks.

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false-belief

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Compared with typically developing children, children with autism more often

answer

use words to echo what others say and to get things they want, not to exchange ideas.

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Children with autism

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have narrow and overly intense interests.

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Growing evidence reveals that children with autism have

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a deficient theory of mind.

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Children's active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences are called

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emergent literacy.

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_____________ is a strong predictor of emergent literacy.

answer

Phonological awareness

question

Three-year-old J.T. understands that 3 is more than 2, and 2 is more than 1. J.T. is demonstrating a grasp of

answer

ordinality.

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Mastery of _________ increases the efficiency of children's counting.

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cardinality

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In child-centered preschool programs, teachers

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provide a variety of activities from which children select.

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Pramada attends a child-care program that stresses formal academic training. As a result, Pramada is more likely to _____________ than peers who attend a child-centered program.

answer

display a decrease in motivation and emotional well-being

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A central component of the Head Start philosophy is

answer

parental involvement.

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One reason that gains in IQ and achievement test scores from attending Head Start quickly dissolve is that many of the children

answer

enter low-quality public schools.

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Which of the following is supported by research on child care?

answer

Good child care enhances cognitive, language, and social development.

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Watching educational television programming like Sesame Street is associated with

answer

getting higher grades, reading more books, and placing more value on achievement in high school.

question

Which of the following is true about computer use in early childhood?

answer

Word-processing programs can support emergent literacy, enabling preschoolers to experiment with letters and words without having to struggle with handwriting.

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By age 6, children have a spoken vocabulary of around ________ words.

answer

10,000

question

Research shows that children can connect new words with their underlying concepts after only a brief encounter, a process called

answer

fast-mapping.

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Which of the following statements is true about strategies for early word learning?

answer

Young children take advantage of the rich social information that adults frequently provide when they introduce new words.

question

Two-year-old Aidan says, "We saw two deers." Aidan is demonstrating

answer

overregularization.

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The practical, social side of language is called

answer

pragmatics.

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During a conversation, 4-year-old Maleeka will

answer

adjust her speech to fit the age, sex, and social status of her listener.

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Adults often provide indirect feedback about grammar by using _________, which restructures inaccurate speech into correct form.

answer

a recast

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Research on language development in early childhood shows that recasts and expansions

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model grammatical alternatives and encourage children to experiment with them.

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Erikson described early childhood as

answer

a period of "vigorous unfolding."

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According to Erikson, once preschoolers have a sense of autonomy, they become less _______ than they were as toddlers.

answer

contrary

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According to Erikson, one of the major functions of play is to allow children to

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try out new skills with little risk of criticism or failure.

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For Erikson, the negative outcome of early childhood is an overly strict ________ that causes children to feel too much _________ because they have been threatened, criticized, and punished excessively by adults.

answer

superego; guilt

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Although Freud's ideas are no longer accepted as satisfactory explanations of conscience development, Erikson's image of _______ captures the diverse changes in young children's emotional and social lives.

answer

initiative

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As self-awareness strengthens, preschoolers begin to develop a

answer

self-concept.

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Preschoolers' self-concepts

answer

are very concrete.

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If you ask 3-year-old Winnie to tell you about herself, she will probably describe herself in terms of

answer

observable characteristics.

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The stronger children's self-definition is, the more ________ they tend to be.

answer

possessive

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When trying to promote friendly peer interaction in her preschool classroom, Miss Dodge should

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encourage compromise rather than insisting on sharing.

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___________ are a major means through which caregivers imbue the young child's self-concept with cultural values.

answer

Self-evaluative narratives

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Research on cultural variations in personal storytelling reveals that

answer

there are striking cultural differences in parents' selection and interpretation of events told in narratives.

question

Research examining cultural variations in personal storytelling shows that

answer

Chinese parents use storytelling to guide children toward socially responsible behavior.

question

Four-year-old Hobie is asked to rate his competence in ice skating. He will probably

answer

rate his own ability as extremely high and underestimate the difficulty of skating.

question

During the preschool years, high self-esteem

answer

greatly contributes to children's initiative during a period in which they must master many new skills.

question

Adults can avoid promoting self-defeating reactions in children by

answer

adjusting their expectations to children's capacities.

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Emotional competence

answer

is vital for successful peer relationships and overall mental health.

question

Research on emotional understanding shows that preschoolers

answer

focus on the most obvious aspect of an emotional situation to the neglect of other relevant information.

question

Studies on emotional understanding indicate that 4-year-old Casey will have difficulty

answer

making sense of situations with conflicting cues about how a person is feeling.

question

Which of the following is supported by research on emotional understanding?

answer

Preschoolers who are securely attached to their mothers better understand emotion than preschoolers who are insecurely attached.

question

______________ contributes to preschoolers' improved emotional self-regulation.

answer

Language

question

Research on emotional self-regulation demonstrates that

answer

preschoolers know they can blunt emotions by restricting sensory input.

question

Inhibiting impulses and shifting attention through _____________ are vital in managing emotion during early childhood.

answer

effortful control

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Four-year-old Tristan experiences negative emotion intensely. He is more likely than other children to

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react with anger or aggression when he is frustrated.

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Preschoolers' self-conscious emotions are

answer

clearly linked to self-evaluation.

question

When 4-year-old Katherine throws a beanbag, her dad comments, "You stood still as you were throwing. Now try taking a step toward me as you throw." Assuming Katherine's dad regularly gives this sort of feedback, which of the following is most likely true?

answer

Katherine is likely to show moderate levels of shame and pride and greater persistence on difficult tasks.

question

Among Western children, when guilt occurs in appropriate circumstances and is not accompanied by shame, it is related to

answer

good adjustment.

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An important motivator of prosocial behavior is

answer

empathy.

question

Empathy

answer

can escalate self-focused personal distress in some children.

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Children who are sociable and assertive are

answer

more likely to help, share, and comfort others in distress.

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Two-year-old D'Arcy has parents who encourage emotional expressiveness and show empathetic concern for her feelings. When another child is unhappy, D'Arcy is likely to respond with

answer

sympathetic concern.

question

When parents have an angry and punitive style, their children

answer

are often less equipped to show sympathy for others.

question

According to Mildred Parten, two forms of true social interaction are ________ and __________ play.

answer

associative; cooperative

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Follow-up research on peer sociability indicates that

answer

all types of play coexist in early childhood.

question

Max plays with a funnel at one end of the sand table, while Madison makes a pie at the other end. The children talk and pass tools back and forth. They are engaging in __________ play.

answer

associative

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Candace and Christina sit side by side playing with their dolls. They do not talk or try to influence each other. They are engaging in _______ play.

answer

parallel

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Although nonsocial activity declines with age, it accounts for a ________ of kindergarteners' free-play time.

answer

third

question

Research on peer sociability demonstrates that

answer

preschoolers move from one type of play to another and back again.

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Larissa, age 3, often plays alone. Her parents should be concerned if she

answer

engages in functional play involving repetitive motor action.

question

Which of the following is true about peer sociability in collectivist versus individualistic societies?

answer

Children in collectivist societies are more willing to include a quiet, reserved child in play than children in individualistic cultures.

question

Four- to 7-year-olds regard friendship as

answer

pleasurable play and sharing of toys.

question

Frank, a kindergartener, says that Pat is his best friend on days they get along. But when a dispute arises, he reverses himself: "Pat is not my friend!" Frank's parents should

answer

not be concerned because friendships in early childhood do not have a long-term, enduring quality based on mutual trust.

question

Research on friendships shows that

answer

the ease with which kindergarteners make new friends predicts behaviors linked to gains in achievement.

question

Which of the following is an example of a direct parental influence on children's peer sociability?

answer

Maxine arranges for her 4-year-old to play with his friend at the park.

question

Research on parental influences on children's peer sociability shows that

answer

secure attachment to parents is linked to larger peer networks during the preschool years.

question

Most theories of moral development agree that at first, a child's morality is

answer

externally controlled by adults.

question

Truly moral individuals

answer

have developed compassionate concerns and principles of good conduct.

question

Psychoanalytic theory stresses

answer

the emotional side of conscience development.

question

According to Freud, children

answer

act morally to avoid punitive feelings of guilt from their superego.

question

Research reveals that inductive discipline

answer

helps children notice others' feelings and points out the effects of children's misbehavior on others.

question

Which of the following statements is an example of induction?

answer

"Your sister is crying because you won't give back her truck."

question

Although good discipline is crucial, ___________ is also influential in conscience development.

answer

a child's temperament

question

Maureen and Chris, the parents of an impulsive preschooler, can foster conscience development by

answer

combining firm correction with induction.

question

Current research indicates that Freud was correct that

answer

guilt is an important motivator of moral action.

question

Empathy-based guilt reactions

answer

can predict future prosocial behavior.

question

According to social learning theorists, children learn to behave morally

answer

by observing and imitating people who demonstrate appropriate behavior.

question

Warmth and responsiveness, competence and power, and consistency between assertions and behavior are all characteristics

answer

that increase a child's willingness to imitate a model's behavior.

question

Frequent punishment

answer

promotes immediate compliance, but not lasting changes in behavior.

question

Which of the following is true about the effects of harsh punishment?

answer

A punitive adult is likely to punish with greater frequency over time.

question

Research on the consequences of corporal punishment reveals that in African-American families,

answer

the more mothers discipline physically in childhood, the less their teenagers display angry, acting out behavior.

question

Research on corporal punishment shows that spanking is

answer

associated with a rise in problem behaviors if parents are cold and rejecting but not if they are warm and supportive.

question

Mia bit her brother, so her father would not let her watch TV. This technique, known as withdrawal of privileges,

answer

allows Mia's father to avoid harsh techniques that could easily intensify into violence.

question

Studies suggest that time out is useful as a disciplinary technique

answer

when a child is out of control.

question

Martha and Thomas can increase the effectiveness of their parental discipline by

answer

offering reasons for mild punishment.

question

One strategy of positive discipline is

answer

reducing opportunities for misbehavior.

question

In contrast to the psychoanalytic and behaviorist approaches to morality, the cognitive-developmental perspective

answer

regards children as active thinkers about social rules.

question

Preschoolers distinguish ___________, which protect people's rights and welfare, from ___________, which do not violate rights and are up to the individual.

answer

moral imperatives; matters of personal choice

question

Four-year-old Ellie is shown two pictures: one depicting a child stealing an apple, and the other showing a child eating ice cream with her fingers. Ellie is most likely to view

answer

the stealing as worse than the bad table manners.

question

According to cognitive-developmental theorists, preschoolers

answer

actively make sense of their experiences.

question

Shelby tells her classmates not to play with Sophia because "she lies." This is an example of __________ aggression.

answer

relational

question

Marlena teases Jessica by calling her a "do-do head." This is an example of ________ aggression.

answer

verbal

question

_________ aggression in verbal and ________ forms tends to rise over early and middle childhood.

answer

Reactive; relational

question

Which of the following is supported by research on sex differences in aggression?

answer

Although girls have a reputation for being both more verbally and relationally aggressive than boys, the sex difference is small.

question

Compared with siblings in typical families, preschool siblings who have critical, punitive parents are more

answer

verbally and physically aggressive toward one another.

question

Highly aggressive children tend to

answer

seek out deviant peer groups.

question

Reviewers of thousands of studies have concluded that TV violence

answer

increases the likelihood of hostile thoughts and aggressive behaviors in viewers.

question

Which of the following statements is supported by research on television programming and aggression?

answer

Cartoons are the most violent TV programs.

question

Which of the following statements is supported by research on viewing television violence?

answer

Aggressive children have a greater appetite for violent TV programming than nonaggressive children.

question

Heavy viewers of television violence

answer

believe that there is much more violence in society than actually exists.

question

In the United States, __________ has hampered efforts to regulate TV content.

answer

the First Amendment right to free speech

question

The V-Chip (or Violence-Chip)

answer

allows parents to block undesired TV programming.

question

Which of the following is a strategy parents can use to protect their children from undesirable computer use?

answer

Model good computer practices and avoid excessive computer use.

question

Coaching in __________ is an effective treatment for aggressive children.

answer

emotional competence

question

In Michaela's preschool classroom, the girls spend more time in the housekeeping and art centers, while the boys play with blocks and Legos. This is an example of

answer

gender typing.

question

During early childhood, children's gender-stereotyped beliefs

answer

strengthen so much that many children apply them as blanket rules that should not be violated.

question

Which of the following preschoolers is most likely to be shunned by agemates?

answer

a boy who wears nail polish

question

Research on gender typing reveals that

answer

the presence of male sex hormones leads to a rough, noisy play style in boys.

question

Which of the following is supported by research on gender typing?

answer

By age 6, children spend 11 times as much time with same-sex as with other-sex playmates.

question

Research on environmental influences on gender typing suggests that parents

answer

have different expectations for sons than for daughters.

question

The case of David Reimer, the boy who was raised as a girl after a circumcision accident, demonstrates

answer

the impact of genetic sex and prenatal hormones on a person's sense of self as male or female.

question

David Reimer's gender reassignment failed because his

answer

male biology overwhelmingly demanded a consistent sexual identity.

question

Research on environmental influences on gender typing shows that teachers

answer

give girls more encouragement than boys to participate in adult-structured activities.

question

The more preschoolers play with same-sex playmates, the

answer

more their behavior becomes gender typed.

question

Research on environmental influences on gender typing shows that

answer

boys who frequently engage in "gender-inappropriate" activities are likely to be ignored by other boys even when they engage in "masculine" activities.

question

Maria more positively evaluates girls than boys. This is an example of

answer

in-group favoritism.

question

Mark rates his personality as ambitious, competitive, affectionate, cheerful, and soft-spoken. Mark's responses indicate a(n)

answer

androgynous gender identity.

question

Research on gender identity demonstrates that

answer

"masculine" and androgynous children have a higher self-esteem than those with a "feminine" identity.

question

According to social learning theory, __________ come(s) before __________ in the development of gender identity.

answer

behavior; self-perceptions

question

According to cognitive-developmental theory, __________ come(s) before __________ in the development of gender identity.

answer

self-perceptions; behavior

question

Six-year-old Charlie realizes that his sister remains a girl even when she operates a bulldozer. Charlie has acquired the concept of gender

answer

constancy

question

Children younger than age 6 who watch an adult dress a doll in "other-gender" clothing typically

answer

insist that the doll's sex has also changed.

question

Research on gender constancy demonstrates that

answer

attainment of gender constancy is strongly related to the ability to pass Piagetian conservation and verbal appearance-reality tasks.

question

Gender schema theory

answer

explains how environmental pressures and children's cognitions work together to shape gender-role development.

question

Molly says, "Only girls can be nurses." Molly

answer

is a gender-schematic child.

question

Nathan is shown a picture of a male nurse. Later, when asked to describe the occupation of the person in the picture, Nathan remembers him as a doctor. Nathan

answer

is a gender-schematic child.

question

Douglas does not like volleyball. Douglas concludes that only girls like volleyball. Douglas

answer

is a gender-schematic child.

question

By middle childhood, children who hold flexible beliefs about what boys and girls can do

answer

are more likely to notice instances of gender discrimination.

question

The ____________ child-rearing style is the most successful approach.

answer

authoritative

question

Authoritarian parents

answer

rarely listen to the child's point of view.

question

Permissive parents

answer

are warm but overindulgent.

question

Tanner's parents are withdrawn. They make no demands of Tanner and are indifferent to his point of view. Tanner's parents have a(n) ____________ style of child rearing.

answer

uninvolved

question

Which of the following is true about the authoritative child-rearing style?

answer

Authoritative parents insist on mature behavior, give reasons for their expectations, and use "teaching moments" to promote the child's self-regulation.

question

Bobby is anxious, unhappy, and has low self-esteem. When frustrated, Bobby tends to react with hostility. His parents are most likely to fit which of the following child-rearing styles?

answer

authoritarian

question

Which of the following is true about the permissive child-rearing style?

answer

Instead of gradually granting autonomy, permissive parents allow children to make many of their own decisions at an age when they are not yet capable of doing so.

question

Uninvolved parenting

answer

is, at its extreme, a form of child maltreatment called neglect.

question

Research on cultural variations in child-rearing styles shows that

answer

compared with Western parents, Chinese parents describe their parenting as more controlling.

question

__________ commit the vast majority of child abuse incidents.

answer

Parents

question

Mothers engage in _________ more often than fathers, whereas fathers engage in __________ more often than mothers.

answer

neglect; sexual abuse

question

_________ and __________ are at the greatest risk for physical, emotional, and sexual abuse.

answer

Preschool; school-age children

question

Which of the following children is the most likely to become a target of child abuse?

answer

Cole, a premature baby

question

Maltreating parents

answer

suffer from biased thinking about their child.

question

Research on child maltreatment shows that

answer

maltreating parents lack "lifelines" to others and have no one to turn to in stressful times.

question

Which of the following is supported by research on child maltreatment?

answer

Every industrialized country except the United States and Canada prohibits corporal punishment in school.

question

At school, maltreated children

answer

present serious discipline problems.

question

Priscilla was abused by her mother. She does not want to repeat the cycle with her own children. Which of the following interventions is the most likely to help Priscilla?

answer

developing a trusting relationship with another person

question

In an evaluation of its effectiveness, Healthy Families home visitation alone reduced only neglect, not abuse. But adding __________ dramatically increased its impact.

answer

a cognitive component

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