Psy 2012 Final - Flashcards

Q: psychodynamic

Jami says to her therapist, Len, \"I really want to understand myself better. That is why I am in therapy.\" Len replies, \"Then we will have to start digging in your past and understanding all of the unconscious motives that cause you to be who you are.\" Len probably takes a(n) __________ approach to psychology.

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Survey

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Hilary wants to know whether women are getting paid the same amount of money as men for equal work. She asks men and women in several business firms for information about their salaries. What research method is Hilary using?

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structuralists

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If you were to study consciousness by having your friends use introspection and report the results to you, your research method would be most similar to that used by

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what makes life worth living

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While relaxing in the park, Dilbert decides to read his new book on the study of positive psychology. This book will primarily focus on

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individualist

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Jack believes that his success in math is based on hard work, but he believes his difficulties in history are based on an unfair professor. Jack is likely from a(n) __________ culture.

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Gestalt

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The whole of conscious experience is not the same as the sum of its parts" is a belief proposed by which view of psychology?

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psychodynamic

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Jami says to her therapist, Len, "I really want to understand myself better. That is why I am in therapy." Len replies, "Then we will have to start digging in your past and understanding all of the unconscious motives that cause you to be who you are." Len probably takes a(n) __________ approach to psychology.

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Survey

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Randy, a community psychologist, is working with a community AIDS organization on a project to help reduce HIV transmission. He decides to gather as much information from as many people as possible about their sexual behavior patterns. Which of the following research methods would be the best choice for him to use?

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dependent variable.

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Dr. Kurtz believes that students who use calculators learn the basics of math better. He designs an experiment in which Group A is taught a math concept and allowed to use calculators. Group B is taught the same math concept but is not allowed to use calculators. Then he gives both groups a standardized math test to assess their knowledge of the concept and compares their scores. In Dr. Kurtz's experiment, the standardized math test score is the

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engaging in introspection

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As part of a study, Derek is asked to examine his own mental activity as he describes a dull, orange object. Derek is

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I must make my family proud.

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Which of the following would be spoken by a member of a collectivist culture?

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a convenience sample.

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Suzie is a graduate student who is conducting research on the topic of relative happiness. Suzie also teaches an introductory psychology course. Because her students are readily available, she uses them as participants in her research. This is an example of

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blood cortisol.

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Dr. Wisgoski asked fifty drug addicts a series of questions about their childhoods and then collected blood samples from them. He found a high correlation between levels of the stress hormone cortisol and amount of reported childhood trauma. Dr. Wisgoski concluded that childhood trauma causes high levels of stress during adulthood, which, in turn, causes drug addiction. Dr. Wisgoski's operational definition of adult stress level is

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The students who received the drug

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James read a magazine ad about a drug that doctors say may help college students perform better on multiple-choice type tests. Being the inquisitive person that he is, James decided to do an experiment to see if the magazine's claims were true. He administered the drug to one of his classes, and gave the other class a placebo. James then tested the students in both groups on material they had recently discussed in class. In this example, what is the experimental group?

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information can't get transmitted across his synapses.

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Selwyn is developing a neuromuscular problem because of a shortage of certain neurotransmitters in his cells. This shortage means that

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collections of axons that travel together in bundles.

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Dr. Zomboss plans to overtake all of humankind by shutting down the fiber tracts of their brains. To do this, Dr. Zomboss will set his brain zappers to target

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midbrain

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When a balloon pops near Tyler's head, the circuits in his __________ cause him to reflexively turn his head toward the source of the startling noise

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right ring finger

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In the brain's motor cortex, the region of cells responsible for moving the index finger of the right hand is near the region that moves the

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glutamate

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Dr. Wiancek was on duty in the emergency room when a brain trauma patient arrived. To try to prevent permanent brain damage, Dr. Wiancek injected the patient with the neurotransmitter called

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chemicals; synapse

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Neurotransmitters are __________ that travel across the __________ to another cell.

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converse with friends.

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Suppose that the left hemisphere of Jamal's brain is damaged, but the right hemisphere is left intact. Jamal would be most likely to experience a deficit in his ability to

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Wernicke's aphasia

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Tyra has a brain tumor that affects her language capabilities. When Tyra's doctor asks her about a picture of a bird, Tyra responds, "Wings in the sky fly high. Soar through air with a suitcase." Tyra's fluent but confused response indicates that she most likely suffers from

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general electrical activity of the brain during sleep

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Yao is participating in a study investigating sleep patterns. As part of the study, researchers paste electrodes to Yao's scalp. The electrodes are then hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG), which will provide information about the

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medulla oblongata

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Jerod was in an automobile accident and can no longer control his own heart rate or breathing. Jerod most likely has damage to his

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Harry acts at a site away from where he was released, while Nadia acts locally.

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Harry the hormone and Nadia the neurotransmitter can both exert physiological effects on their target organs. Which of the following is true about Harry and Nadia?

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The number of dendrites and synapses increases until adolescence, when they are reduced

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Which of the following developmental changes in the brain occurs after birth?

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science of behavior and mental processes

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Psychology is best defined as

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Wilhelm Wundt

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A psychologist blindfolds a subject and then places the subject's hand into a dish of water. The psychologist asks the subject to report whether his hand feels colder or warmer than before being placed in the water. Which of the following psychologists was most likely to have conducted this study

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whether music played during a lecture.

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Quisley's hypothesis is that listening to classical music improves intellectual performance. He randomly divided a mathematics class into two rooms. In room A, music by Mozart played softly in the background during a lecture. In room B, the students listened to a lecture without background music. The independent variable is

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biology

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Dr. Vance is attempting to discover where emotional experience is localized in the brain by using brain imaging technology. Dr. Vance works in the subfield of __________ psychology

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behavioral

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Jorie thinks that the attention her little brother gets when he has tantrums actually encourages him to have more tantrums. Jorie's explanation is based on a __________ approach.

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positive

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Veronica's research focuses on optimism and the factors that lead to living a balanced and happy lifestyle. Veronica has dedicated her research to the study of ___________ psychology

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behaviorism

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The chapter in your textbook on consciousness would be of least interest to someone advocating

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are mathematical procedures used to draw conclusions from data.

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During a thesis meeting, Dr. Voldemort suggests that Anwen consider using inferential statistics in her upcoming research project. After the meeting, Anwen meets her friend Jack and confesses she doesn't know what Dr. Voldemort was talking about. Jack explains that inferential statistics

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biased

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A researcher at the university has students in the introductory psychology participant pool fill out a survey about life satisfaction. This use of the introductory psychology participant pool represents __________ sampling of the human population

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effects of peer pressure and the influence of role models, such as rock or movie stars, on adolescents' decision-making processes.

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To attempt to discover why some adolescents begin using drugs and alcohol, a social psychologist would most likely study the

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hypothesis, placebo

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Megan believes she has found a medication that will greatly reduce the symptoms of depression, so she decides to conduct an experiment to test her __________. She randomly assigns depressed people to one of two groups. One group of participants takes the medication, while the other group gets only sugar pills. The latter group is receiving a __________.

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studying memory, thinking, learning, and other mental processes.

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Cognitive psychologists are primarily interested in

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they are performed most efficiently by one or the other of the two cerebral hemispheres

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Identifying certain types of brain functions (language skills, for instance) as lateralized means that

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somatic; autonomic

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The main divisions of the peripheral nervous system are the __________ and the __________.

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left; spatial

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The right hemisphere gets information from the __________ side of the body and has better __________ abilities than the left hemisphere.

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amygdala

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After an accident, Stella was left with brain damage. Now Stella has trouble judging the emotions of others, even when she can see their facial expressions. Stella has most likely damaged her

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an axon

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Mimi is sitting in her biology lab, trying to figure out what kind of a cell she has on the slide under her microscope. "Aha," she cries. "It's a neuron!" One thing that might have tipped Mimi off is the fact that the cell has

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axon; axon potential

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You are looking at a neuron under a microscope. You find many structures coming off the cell body. Some of these are relatively thick and branch many times. One of the structures, however, is very thin and very long. This latter structure is most likely the neuron's __________ , which carries the __________.

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reticular formation

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Blesdo keeps falling asleep at odd times. He is having trouble with arousal and attention. His doctors have ruled out sleep disorders and are now concentrating on certain brain structures. The one that is most likely malfunctioning is the

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serotonin

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Belinda has been depressed lately and is having suicidal thoughts. We assume that her brain has low levels of

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breathing

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Travis's hypothalamus was injured in an accident. Travis will have trouble regulating all of the following except his

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refractory period

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Nathan Neuron just fired his axon causing a release of chemicals into the synapse. "More! More!" shout the neurons that received Nathan's chemicals. Nathan replies, "I can't right now, I have to take a break known as a(n)

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sympathetic

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When a man grabbed Opal's purse, she ran after him, tackled him, and retrieved her purse. Then she realized that her heart was racing, her breathing was irregular, and she was trembling. Opal's __________ nervous system was responsible for this reaction.

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parasympathetic nervous system

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Claudia has just come home from a long, difficult day of writing questions for this test. As she sits down on the sofa, her heart rate and breathing slow down, her muscles relax, and her digestive system starts getting ready for food. It appears as though Claudia's __________ has been activated.

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Role

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A team of Hungarian hypnotists called the Hungary Hungary Hypnos claim that they are successful because their participants are complying with social demands and following the suggestions given to them. The Hungary Hungary Hypnos must believe in the __________ theory of hypnosis

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Is probably in REM sleep

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Jacob is dreaming. If this is all the information that you have, you can state that Jacob

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unconscious

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You call up a potential date and get an answering machine message. In leaving your message, you mean to say "I'd like to see you," but instead say "I'd like to feel you." This Freudian slip is caused by impulses originating in the

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REM

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When people are deprived of __________ sleep, they compensate for the loss directly and show a rebound effect to recover from the loss.

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Redistributed attention

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Svengali puts his subject, Trilby, under a hypnotic spell. We can expect that while hypnotized, Trilby will ignore everything but Svengali's voice. In other words, Trilby is experiencing

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Increased need for sleep

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Which of the following benefits is least likely to result from your regular practice of meditation?

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a negative correlation between marijuana usage and academic achievement

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A group on the quad is advocating marijuana use to increase academic achievement. You remember reading about this in your psychology textbook and report to your friends that studies have found

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extreme weight gain

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Long-term users of barbiturates, such as sleeping pills, may experience all of the following symptoms except

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Mantra; meditation

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Medea is experiencing a high level of stress and tries to create an altered state of consciousness where she will experience inner peace and tranquility. She does this by slowly repeating a soothing phrase to herself. Medea is using __________to reach a state of __________

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Conscious

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Judy is an avid cyclist. She often likes to ride her bicycle after work to unwind. One evening, while reflecting on her day, she realizes that she has broken her normal leg rhythm. This perception of her leg movements is now being processed by Judy at the __________ level.

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a hallucinogenic drug

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Ginnie ingests a particular drug and experiences a loss of contact with reality and distorted sensory input- This drug is most likely

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Drug withdrawal effect

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Since May-Ling switched to decaffeinated coffee, she has been feeling sluggish in the mornings and has a headache in the afternoons. May-Ling's symptoms seem to reflect

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the person's muscle tone decreases to the point of virtual paralysis.

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In REM sleep, the EEG resembles that of a person who is awake and mentally active, but

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higher order conditioning

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Nic is terrified of going to the dentist office because of the discomfort and pain he has experienced before. The last time Nic had a tooth pulled, his eyes were locked onto his dentist's white coat. Now when Nic sees someone in a white coat, he becomes afraid because the white coat predicts the experience of pain. This example demonstrates

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operant response by stephanie

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Stephanie has learned that if she cries after being put to bed, her parents will often return and pick her up. Crying is a(n)

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discriminative conditioned stimuli

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Children are often aware of which conditions are most favorable when asking a parent for an advance on their allowance. Psychologists call such conditions

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Shaping

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Gabe is trying to get his dog, Trixie, to "sit up." He starts rewarding her first when she lies down. Then he rewards her when she is sitting on her backside. And finally he rewards her only when she sits up with her paws off the ground. Gabe got Trixie to "sit up" by using

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secondary

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What kind of reinforcer is money?

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reinforcer

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Every time the papergirl says to her customers, "I want my two dollars," her customers give her money. In this example, receiving the customer's money is a(n)

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latent learning

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When she was young, Nadia's father would always travel in a straight line through a forest if they became lost. Since she was always with her father when hiking, she never had to think much about this tactic. Many years later, while hiking alone, she did become lost but was able to escape the forest using her father's technique. This demonstrates

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neutralizes

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According to Solomon's opponent-process theory, extended heroin use creates a conditioned bodily response that __________ the "high" that the user experiences.

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punishment

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One day while Ted was cleaning his aquarium, he noticed the heater was still plugged in. He reached down with a wet hand and tried to unplug the cord. As a result, Ted received quite a shock. After that experience, Ted has never attempted to unplug an electrical cord with a wet hand. The effect the shock had on Ted's behavior is known as

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learned helplessness

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While she was growing up, Lindsay was repeatedly told by others that she can't understand math concepts and she will never be any good at math. By the time Lindsay reached high school math classes, she didn't put any effort into the classes because she didn't think any amount of effort would help her to do well at math. This is an example of

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active learning

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Jane has just begun teaching Psychology 100 and wants her students to participate during class. She hopes that discussing the material, doing writing tasks, and working in small groups will help her students understand the material better. Jane is attempting to use __________ in her class

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Skill learning

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Grasping how to perform a complex action sequence, such as driving a car, pitching a baseball, or playing the harmonica, is referred to as

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agonist

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When Fenesha broke her ankle, the doctor gave her a drug that eased her pain by binding with endorphin receptors. The drug that she took is an endorphin

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enhanced ability to fantasize

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Edna was hypnotized by the Amazing Orlando. As a result, Edna shows marked changes in her behavior. We could expect to see Edna show

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GHB

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While at a party, Ted uses a drug that is supposed to induce relaxation and elation and increase his sex drive. About an hour later, Ted feels dizzy and nauseous and has trouble breathing. Later he finds out that this drug worked similarly to the neurotransmitter GABA and is sometimes used as a date rape drug. Ted must have used

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experience more REM sleep the following night

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About three hours into her night's sleep, Suzanne awakens with leg cramps. This happens periodically throughout the night, causing her to become sleep deprived. Suzanne will most likely

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A person who goes without sleep for one week risks permanent brain damage

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Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false?

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consciousness

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Cognitive neuroscientists are interested in using neuroimaging techniques to differentiate between thoughts that take place both above and below a person's awareness. In other words, cognitive neuroscientists are studying

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REM sleep

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After Merton has been sleeping for about ninety minutes, his heart begins to beat faster, his breathing grows fast and irregular, and his closed eyes begin to move back and forth. Merton is most likely experiencing

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The viewer will recognize related words (e.g., diet, Pepsi, Dr. Pepper) more quickly than unrelated words (e.g., computer, pencil) on a test a few seconds later.

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According to the concept of priming, which of the following is most likely to be the result of flashing the picture of a Coke bottle on a computer monitor too briefly for a viewer to notice?

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state

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A group of people were hypnotized and a second group simulated being hypnotized. Both groups were told to retie their shoes when they heard the phrase "be careful." The group simulating hypnosis retied their shoes only when the hypnotist said "be careful," but the hypnotized group retied their shoes no matter who said "be careful." In this example, which theory of hypnosis was supported

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activation-synthesis theory; wish fulfillment

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Roy tells his friends Helen and Joe about the dream he had. He dreamed that trains were zooming into tunnels and rockets were firing! Helen tells Roy that his dream is only a meaningless, random byproduct of REM sleep, while Joe tells Roy that his dream is a way of satisfying his unconscious urges. Helen is taking the __________ perspective, while Joe is taking the __________ perspective on dreaming.

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Barney

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Fred, Barney, George, and Bart are ten years old, and each suffers from a different sleep disorder. Fred occasionally shifts suddenly during the day from a normal waking state into several minutes of sleep, during which time he has very little muscle tone and is effectively immobile. Barney walks in his sleep (but does nothing else), while George sometimes moves to act out his dreams. Bart has nightmares (not sleep terror disorder). Who is least likely to be in the REM stage of sleep when he exhibits his symptoms?

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block the acetylcholine receptors so acetylcholine will have no effect

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Jules just invented a new drug that acts as an acetylcholine antagonist. This means that Jules's new drug will

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rem behavior disorder

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While dreaming that she is riding a bicycle, Millie actually moves around in bed making arm and leg motions similar to those of a cyclist. Apparently, Millie suffers from

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reinforce successive approximations of the desired response

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Fed up with his son not cleaning around the house, Jack buys a book called Shape Up, which instructs the reader to implement the operant conditioning technique of shaping. According to the book, Jack will want to

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Phone ringing

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Andre is participating in a psychology study. He is sitting alone in a room and every few seconds a bright light flashes in front of him. When the light flashes, he blinks. After a while, a phone rings right before the flash of light. Soon, Andre blinks when the phone rings. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is the

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Habituation

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As the months passed, Kurt began taking more and more heroin because the initial dose didn't seem to give him the same high. Eventually Kurt was addicted to heroin. According to opponent-process theory, __________ may have been the basis of Kurt's dangerous addiction.

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continuous

answer

In her kindergarten class, Tanesha gives the children star stickers for good behavior in class (e.g., raising their hands before speaking, being polite to other children, walking in line through the hallways). Tanesha gives a star sticker every time a good behavior occurs. Tanesha is using a(n) __________ reinforcement schedule.

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Television violence may be one cause of violent behavior

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Hai-ri is trying to decide whether to allow her children to watch violent television programs. They enjoy seeing detective shows, but Hai-ri worries that seeing people hurt will make her children more likely to use violence themselves. According to the textbook, which of the following should you tell Hai-ri?

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cognitive map

answer

Jelena is studying in her apartment when suddenly the power goes out. She has to walk to the kitchen to get a flashlight and is surprised by how well she "navigates" without bumping into anything in the dark. She is able to do this because she has formed a(n)

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becoming nauseated by peanut butter

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Gabby is a six-year-old girl who has an allergy and becomes nauseated when she eats peanut butter. One day her mother gives her a peanut butter and jelly sandwich on a new red plate. Gabby gets sick after eating it. Later her mom gives her a turkey sandwich, which Gabby loves, on the same plate, and Gabby gets sick. Soon, all Gabby has to do is look at the red plate and she is nauseated. In this situation, __________ is the unconditioned response.

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learned helplessness

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Herbert, the rat, is put in a cage that is chilly. He operates in the environment by moving around the cage and bar-pressing. He discovers that moving around and bar-pressing have no impact on the temperature of the cage or anything else. Soon, Herbert stops moving around the cage at all, and when the temperature could be controlled through bar-pressing, he doesn't figure it out. Herbert is experiencing

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Fixed interval

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Teaching assistants are paid a meager sum of money once a month, whether they work hard or not. This type of payment plan demonstrates a __________ reinforcement schedule

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Watching violent TV and violence are positively correlated

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Which of the following is true about the relationship between violence and watching violent TV?

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Taste aversion, classical

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Talon drank one too many cans of "Jooky" last night. Talon spent the morning vomiting, and now even the smell of Jooky makes Talon nauseous. Talon is experiencing a __________, which can best be explained by __________ conditioning.

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Unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus

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Every time Bert slices onions, the onions burn his eyes and tears run down his face. One day he opened the silverware drawer and pulled out the knife that he uses only to peel onions and immediately started to shed tears from the sight of the knife. In this situation, the onion is the __________, and the knife is the __________.

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Cannon's central

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Isabella was injured when her automatic pencil sharpener malfunctioned and a pencil pierced her skull and destroyed her thalamus. Now Isabella can no longer experience emotion. This situation supports __________ theory of emotion.

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eating serves functions beyond nutrition

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Devon and Saurabh are discussing their favorite meals. Devon exclaims how much he loves grilling steak and chicken in his backyard. Saurabh recoils, explaining that as part of his Hindu beliefs, animals should be respected and are not to be slaughtered. Such expressions of food culture demonstrate that

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approach-approach conflict

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You've received job offers from two companies. Both positions offer excellent starting salaries and benefits. Both are with stable companies that have room for you to advance. You are making an important and difficult decision and are facing a(n)

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several factors, including prenatal hormones and learning

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According to research, a male's sexual orientation is most likely due to

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emotion culture

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Many boys in the United States are taught that they should not cry or show affection toward other boys. Such "rules" about what emotions are appropriate and when they are allowed are examples of

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Nitaya, who keeps working on a problem that she didn't understand at first

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Who is displaying high achievement motivation?

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the Schachter-Singer

answer

Before coming to his final exam, Howie drank four cans of Surge (which contains a lot of caffeine). As the final was being passed out, Howie became aware that his hands were shaking and his heart was beating fast. According to __________ theory, whether Howie attributed his shaking hands and beating heart to ingesting a lot of caffeine or to being concerned about the final would affect his emotional experience

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drive reduction

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The fact that some people often ignore their hunger and skip lunch in anticipation of a special dinner is a direct contradiction to the __________ theory of motivation.

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a difference in her interpretation of the situation.

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Ten-year-old Sasha began crying uncontrollably while watching Old Yeller, a movie in which a brave dog saves his master but is killed by the bad guys. Her mother tells Sasha, "It's all pretend! Don't worry. Yeller is alive and living in Hollywood, California!" After her mom explains, Sasha feels much better and stops crying. This difference in Sasha's emotional reaction can best be explained by

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Company one: medium pay, lots of responsibility, chances for advancement, demanding boss

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Kareem, who has high achievement motivation, is looking for a job that will satisfy him. Which of the following jobs should he take?

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communicates important information to other people

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According to Darwin, emotional expression is important because it

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approach-approach

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Fernando is deciding where to go for spring break. He can go home and see his family, or go to Florida with his friends. He thinks that both options are desirable and is having a difficult time deciding. Fernando is experiencing a(n) __________ conflict

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saving

answer

Thirty years ago, it took Margie ten hours to learn how to ride a bike. She has not ridden a bike since then. Now she is relearning how to ride a bike, but this time it takes her only five hours. Because it took her less time to relearn the skill than it took to learn it initially, Margie is demonstrating

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maintenance; short-term

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Elka can remember the phone number she just looked up only by repeating it over and over. When she stops saying it out loud, she forgets it. Elka is using __________ rehearsal to keep the information in __________ memory.

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constructive memory

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You watch a demonstration taking place on campus. You are excited and when you get home you tell your roommate Alberta about what you saw. Another roommate, Lucy, returns later and you overhear her excitedly telling Alberta about the same demonstration, but her description doesn't sound anything like what you saw. What most likely accounts for this difference?

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method of loci

answer

You decide that instead of writing down your grocery list, you want to try out one of the mnemonic strategies you read about in your textbook. To that end, you try to associate each item on the list with a different room in your house. Which mnemonic strategy is this?

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"something tasty"

answer

According to the transfer-appropriate processing model of memory, what would be the best retrieval cue for remembering the sentence "The man ate the strawberry"?

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Eyewitness testimony can be biased by the type of questions that are asked

answer

Many death row inmates are convicted on the basis of eyewitness testimony. Which of the following best represents what is known about that kind of testimony

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memorize definitions as you read the chapters

answer

Which of the following is not one of the PQ4R suggestions for the most successful strategies for remembering textbook material?

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slower than the speed curly remembered

answer

Curly and Moe were questioned by the police about a car accident they had witnessed just a couple of hours ago. Curly was asked how fast the Ford was going when it smashed into the stop sign. Moe was asked how fast the Ford was going when it hit the sign. All else being equal, Moe will most likely remember that the Ford was going

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The Brown-Peterson distractor technique

answer

Toni has to remember her shopping list, which contains the following items: lemons, saw, beer, napkins, apples, lettuce, nails, cups, juice, newspaper, magazine, milk, and screwdriver. She decides to mentally place the items in categories: (1) lemons, apples, lettuce; (2) beer, juice, milk; (3) saw, nails, screwdriver; (4) newspaper, magazine; and (5) napkins, cups. Which of the following did Toni not use in this process?

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distributed practice

answer

Your friend Benjamin tells you that he's going to study for his upcoming exam by setting aside 6 hours one day to devote solely to the material. Having learned much from your psychology class, you explain to Benjamin that it's much more effective for him to utilize __________ to study because it will help him to spread out the material and learn it more deeply

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people are often as confident in false memories as they are with actual memories

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Research on false memories has found that

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Savings

answer

When Keith took piano lessons as a child, it took him three weeks to learn to play the "Moonlight Sonata." As an adult, when he decided to relearn the song to accompany his daughter's performance at a dance recital, it took him only one week. The difference in Keith's learning time is called

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Savings

answer

Felicia is studying for her Psych 100 midterm. Because she studied so hard for the quizzes earlier in the semester, she finds it is taking her less time to relearn many of the concepts and terms. The difference between the amount of time it took Felicia to initially learn the material for the quizzes and the amount of time it is taking her to relearn the material for the midterm is known as

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ability

answer

Which of the following is not a characteristic of motivation?

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A few minutes after she has finished jogging

answer

Sherman is going to give Luella some flowers. He really wants her to like them. According to the principle of excitation transfer, when would be the best time for Sherman to give her the flowers?

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pyramidal

answer

Sharise lands a small role in a local play. However, two days later, she sustains head injuries in a car accident. After the accident, Sharise can no longer voluntarily look angry on stage when she does not actually feel the emotion of anger. Sharise most likely has damaged her __________ motor system.

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constructing stable relationships with other people

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Shmuel is well fed and owns his own home. According to Maslow, this information suggests that Shmuel's current motivation should be focused primarily on

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arousal

answer

Geoff, a basketball player for City High School, sinks thirty straight free throws during practice. However, during the critical game of the season, with the score tied and twenty seconds left to play, Geoff misses three consecutive free throws. Geoff's behavior can be best explained by __________ theory

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obesity

answer

Ashley suffers from the most common eating disorder in the United States. She is a picky eater and often cannot accurately assess how much she has eaten. Ashley is suffering from

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parasympathetic; acetylcholine

answer

Vern was quite nervous during his atmospheric science final exam. A few hours afterward, Vern has calmed down, allowing his __________ nervous system to release __________ and focus on functions of protection and growth.

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extrinsic

answer

Juan is a CEO of Hoola-Hoops, Inc. He sees his employees as lazy, untrustworthy creatures with no interest in their work. Thus, he offers a highly structured, heavily supervised work environment. Juan assumes that his employees are primarily motivated by __________ rewards.

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innate; social

answer

The fact that people all over the world seem to associate a smile with positive emotions provides support for the __________ aspects of the expression of emotions. On the other hand, the diversity of types of smiles supports the __________ aspects of the expression of emotion.

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around the time of birth

answer

Katrina wants to study the organizing effects of sex hormones on female brain development. To begin, Katrina needs to understand when the organizing effects of sex hormones occur, which is

question

Yoon drops out of school because she has doubts about her academic ability

answer

Which of the following is the best example of behavior that is motivated by cognitive factors?

question

semantic encoding

answer

Counterfeiters depend on the fact that people's long-term memory often does not contain specific details but only general meanings. They are relying on people's

question

short-term

answer

Buster was hungry for a Garcia's pizza. Because he was new in town, he didn't have the number memorized. He looked up the number and repeated it to himself as he went to the phone. This helped the number stay in Buster's __________ memory.

question

nine-hours

answer

According to Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve, you should review your lecture notes within the first __________ after class.

question

encoding

answer

The process of putting incoming information into a form with which the memory system can work is called

question

procedural

answer

Valerie is teaching Parker how to play the guitar. Valerie instructs Parker to sit across from her and watch her finger movements as she plays a song. She has found this method more effective than attempting to verbally explain the complicated series of finger movements. Valerie's teaching strategy indicates that her memory of how to play the guitar is stored as a(n) __________ memory

question

state-dependent memory

answer

Josie is extremely unhappy while she studies for her midterm. When she actually goes to take it, however, she is in a very positive mood. Josie seems to have trouble recalling much of what she so diligently studied. This can be explained by

question

Eyewitness testimony can be biased by the type of questions that are asked.

answer

Many death row inmates are convicted on the basis of eyewitness testimony. Which of the following best represents what is known about that kind of testimony?

question

anterograde amnesia.

answer

After being hit on the head, Jean-Luc has a memory problem. He cannot learn the names of new people that he meets. Fortunately, he can still remember details of his life prior to the head injury. Jean-Luc is most likely demonstrating

question

increase

answer

Jamie has had her hippocampus removed and cannot form new memories. Since the surgery, she spends time taking tennis lessons, although she can never remember the lessons after she has them. After a month of lessons, her tennis ability will

question

recall only a few relevant details

answer

Leslie is a prosecutor who wants to enhance the likelihood that the jury finds a defendant guilty. According to the Linkages section regarding memory and perception in the courtroom, Leslie should encourage prosecution witnesses to do all of the following except

question

sensory

answer

Liora opens her textbook and begins to read. As her eyes scan the page, each word remains in her __________ memory for only one second, just long enough for the next phase of memory to take over.

question

near-sightedness

answer

all of the following physical changes typically occur during adulthood except

question

easy

answer

Jalayna's baby is always ready to eat when it is time for her to be fed, always falls asleep at her nap time, and wakes up relatively easily. The baby also likes to try new things and is not too wary of new situations. Jalayna's baby has a(n) __________ temperament

question

formal operational

answer

Harry is in college and is asked to imagine what the world would be like if humans had never invented the wheel. According to Piaget, if Harry is able to think abstractly about this problem, Harry is in the __________ stage of cognitive development

question

female vocalist

answer

Julio makes a bet with his brother regarding which music their baby sister will prefer. He will probably win the bet if he picks what type of music?

question

"I cannot let you cheat because it would be unfair to the students who worked hard and attended class."

answer

Rachel has missed several classes because of family troubles. On the day of the midterm, Rachel asks you if she can copy your answers so she does not fail the exam. According to Kohlberg, how would you respond if you were using postconventional moral reasoning?

question

not notice that Michael has gone and returned

answer

If Walt has developed an avoidant attachment style with his father, Michael, how will he respond when Michael returns to the room after a brief departure? Walt will

question

have increased intelligence scores

answer

Which piece of evidence would not support the argument that day care harms the emotional development of infants? Infants in day care

question

secure

answer

Two-year-old Aviva and her father are separated in the grocery store for a few minutes. When Aviva sees that her father is gone, she becomes distressed. When Aviva's father returns, Aviva smiles happily and gives him a hug. What kind of attachment does Aviva most likely have?

question

script

answer

Christine drives up to the Grease King drive-thru to order dinner, but when she pulls up to the speaker, someone fires up a motorcycle in the parking lot and she can't hear a thing. Although she knows the clerk has said something, Christine doesn't know what he said. She replies anyway, "I'd like a bacon double greaseburger and a side order of fries." Christine knows what to say because she has a __________ for this situation

question

nature and nurture

answer

Ephraim is a bully on the third-grade playground. After he pushed little Gideon around, Gideon says to Ephraim, "Something must have happened to you as a baby that caused you to be such a jerk. Maybe you were dropped on your head." Ephraim replies, "Shut up, wimp! I was born to rule." Ephraim and Gideon are engaged in a debate that reflects the issue of

question

schemas

answer

Jean Piaget explained that people form generalizations as they experience the world, which help them to organize past experiences and provide a framework for understanding future experiences. These generalizations are called

question

understand conservation, add, subtract, and measure.

answer

Tavis is in Piaget's concrete operations stage of development. Accordingly, Tavis has recently learned to

question

embryonic

answer

Margarite is going to have a baby. Dr. Cortez tells her that there is a critical period in which her baby's organs and limbs must grow or else they never will. Which stage of prenatal development is Dr. Cortez describing?

question

hostility

answer

Rose is impatient with all of the slow drivers on the highway that often make her late for work. She often confronts her co-workers, distrusts their opinions, and becomes angry when they disagree with her. Rose is exhibiting which trait that will put her at risk for a heart attack?

question

resistance

answer

Sophia is an air traffic controller. If she fails in her job, planes could crash and hundreds of people could die. While she is at work, she must be constantly alert and pay close attention. Although she is outwardly healthy, Sophia's blood pressure and blood sugar levels are high, and her body is secreting excess amounts of corticosteroids. Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome is Sophia in?

question

Alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion

answer

According to Selye's general adaptation syndrome model, an inexperienced soldier suddenly thrust into a long, intense battle would most likely react in which of the following sequences?

question

disease prone

answer

Harley has recently heard that his company is closing, and he will be out of a job soon. He has decided to not think about it very much because he believes he doesn't have the skills to get another good job. Based on how he handles this stressor, Harley seems to possesses a __________ personality

question

Wishing Them Away: The Guide to Not Letting Your Problems Get to Yo

answer

Margarita is writing a book about problem-focused coping strategies. Each of the following could be a title for her book except

question

biological variables

answer

According to Selye, which of the following would be the most important determinant of one's response to stress?

question

functional fixedness

answer

While searching for an artifact, Indiana Jones is captured by mercenaries and tied up with rope. He keeps looking for a dagger or sword to cut the rope, not realizing that he could use a jagged rock instead. This is an example of how stress can cause

question

suppression

answer

Shio-Yuan has been under a great deal of job-related stress for the past few months, leading to the __________ of his immune system.

question

a cognitive restructuring program

answer

Dr. Shenker realized that Lori needed to learn how to think more calmly, rationally, and positively in the face of stress. He therefore prescribed

question

long term or chronic stress

answer

Unlike posttraumatic stress disorder, burnout is the result of

question

cognitive restructuring

answer

Sheila used to be faced with anxiety, confusion, and discouragement resulting from her "perfectionist" attitude. She made herself much calmer and happier when she adopted the attitude, "Perfection is impossible; all I can do is my best." This is an example of

question

exhaustion

answer

Scott has heart damage that his doctor says is due to prolonged stress from caring for a child with a serious, incurable illness. The doctor explained that the damage was probably due to high levels of adrenaline and cortisol produced by his body over a long period of time. Hans Selye would say that Scott is in the __________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome

question

authoritative

answer

Seth wants his little girl, Tessa, to grow up to be friendly, self-reliant, and cooperative. According to Baumrind, Seth may want to consider adopting a(n) __________ parenting style.

question

embryonic

answer

Tosha is going to have a baby, but she smokes, takes cough syrup, and drinks wine with dinner each night. This behavior is very likely to endanger her baby's development, especially in the __________ stage.

question

Many adults are unable to solve problems requiring abstract reasoning skills.

answer

Recent studies indicate that many people have never developed beyond the stage of concrete operational thought. Which of the following statements lends support to this hypothesis?

question

late adulthood

answer

Social changes, such as becoming more inward looking, cautious, and conforming, are most characteristic o

question

conservation

answer

Cathy and Sherri had to finish all of their vegetables before they could have dessert. Cathy complained that Sherri didn't have as much to finish as she did, even though both girls had the same amount (Cathy's vegetables were just more spread out). Cathy's error stems from a failure to understand the concept of

question

gradual quantitative advances.

answer

Federico and Nate are debating on how to best study the cognitive activities of children. Federico subscribes to Piaget's approach, which focuses on sudden qualitative advances. Nate disagrees, contending that the information processing approach is superior, because it focuses on

question

embryonic; low birth weight

answer

Nellie has just discovered that she is pregnant. She is a smoker and knows she should quit because nicotine is especially harmful to the fetus during the __________ stage of development and leads to __________.

question

conservation

answer

George dumps a bag of marbles onto the ground, scattering the marbles all over. He tells his mother that there are more marbles now. George is demonstrating that he has not achieved the concept of

question

how genes and the environment influence specific aspects of development.

answer

Agatha is a graduate student studying behavioral genetics. In other words, she is most likely learning about

question

Robin is probably a girl

answer

Eight-year-old Robin excels at reading, writing, and spelling but has a harder time when asked to manipulate objects or construct three-dimensional forms. Based on this information, what is Robin's gender?

question

change their major or repeat freshman year

answer

According to several studies, college students who try out an identity and find later that it is not a true fit are more likely to

question

This job is a challenge!

answer

Serja has just started a new job and is highly anxious. Her psychologist friend, Frieda, tells Serja that to cope with the stress she should say to herself,

question

hostility; coronary heart disease

answer

Oscar is suspicious, resentful, antagonistic, distrustful of others, and frequently angry. Oscar is displaying characteristics consistent with __________, which is a risk factor for __________.

question

physical

answer

To help her deal with the stress of hunting vampires every night, Buffy begins to exercise more regularly, and she learns meditation and progressive muscle relaxation techniques. According to your textbook, Buffy is relying on __________ methods of coping with her stressful life as a vampire slayer.

question

health psychologists.

answer

Dr. Andler has been campaigning for the past few years for increased government funding for AIDS research and awareness. She believes that preventing the spread of this disease is one of the most important issues facing our generation. Dr. Andler's work is most typical of

question

a well-learned but inefficient approach to a problem

answer

In times of stress, a person is likely to use mental sets when solving a problem. An example of a mental set is

question

psychoneuroimmunology

answer

Dr. Vinson is interested in examining the interaction of psychological and physiological processes that affect the body's ability to defend itself against diseases. Her field is called

question

place more emphasis on psychological factors.

answer

How do psychobiological models of stress response differ from Selye's model? They

question

Kiwane is taking his Psych 100 final and keeps thinking throughout the test that he is failing and will never get into law school.

answer

Which of the following is the best example of catastrophizing?

question

Rudolph's response is emotional; Vermetta's is cognitive.

answer

When Rudolph is under stress, he usually begins to feel mildly depressed and anxious. When Vermetta is under stress, she has difficulty remembering the phone numbers she uses every day and misplaces objects around the house. How do Rudolph's and Vermetta's responses to stress differ?

question

dispositional optimism

answer

Ozlem thinks that things always work out positively for her. When she has a problem, she takes steps to eliminate it immediately, and she thinks of the problem as a challenge. Ozlem seems to be a person with

question

projective; projective

answer

Homer and Ned are taking personality tests. Homer is asked to fill in the missing parts of incomplete pictures, and Ned is asked to say what he associates with different words. Homer is completing a(n) __________ personality test, and Ned is completing a(n) __________ personality test.

question

displacement

answer

When Stacey's husband has had a frustrating day at work, he is easily irritated and sometimes screams at her. According to Freud, when Stacey's husband yells at her, he is employing the defense mechanism known a

question

the actualizing tendency

answer

Carl Rogers suggested that personality is the expression of __________ as it unfolds in each person's unique perceived reality

question

unconsciously forget a traumatic experience

answer

If Cindy is displaying the ego defense mechanism of repression, she would most likely

question

extraversion

answer

After Eduardo takes a personality assessment based on the five-factor personality model, the results indicate he is a gregarious and outgoing person who gains energy from being with other people. In other words, Eduardo has scored high on the dimension of

question

Denial

answer

Slater is unconsciously attracted to Kelly, but he already has a girlfriend. When Screech accuses Slater of being attracted to Kelly, Slater says, "No way, man! We're just friends, that's all!" What ego defense mechanism is Slater exhibiting?

question

Some personality tests predict performance in some jobs, but not others

answer

Catbert is trying to decide if personality tests will help him identify those people least deserving of promotion within the company. Which of the following statements about the use of personality tests for employee selection and promotion is true?

question

oral fixation

answer

Carlos talks excessively throughout the day. He also eats too much and drinks a lot. If you were a Freudian psychologist, you would most likely say that Carlos has

question

emotionality-stability

answer

Dr. Evil is finally captured and forced to undergo psychological testing. Dr. Evil's results reveal that he shows the characteristics of moodiness, anxiety, and restlessness. If the psychological test were based on Eysenck's biological trait theory, Dr. Evil has been assessed on the __________ dimension of personality

question

self-concept

answer

Meghan completes her chores on time and minds her manners because she likes to be helpful. Whenever her parents thank her for what she does, Meghan feels good about herself. Her parents' praises have become part of her

question

his ego's attempt to control anxiety and guilt

answer

Dominic has a very active set of defense mechanisms that constantly affect his thoughts and behavior. The defense mechanisms are

question

positive psychology

answer

Humanistic theories of personality have helped fuel research into character strengths, happiness, and thriving. In other words, the humanistic approach has aided in the growth of

question

anal

answer

Janine is a neat freak. She can't stand it when anything is out of order. She is also reluctant to lend anything to her friends. According to Freud, Janine is suffering from a fixation at the __________ stage of development.

question

major depression

answer

Jamie's sleep patterns have been erratic over the course of the past few months, and she lacks the energy to do anything except lay on her couch. Jamie also feels completely hopeless, and she wonders if life is worth living anymore. Jamie is most likely suffering from

question

hypochondriasis

answer

Marie goes to her doctor several times a month. She insists that she has pain in her lower abdomen and believes that her appendix is about to burst. After several visits that showed no signs of physical disorder, Marie's doctor believes that she might suffer from

question

dissociative amnesia

answer

On the TV show 24, Terri experiences several stressors. She and her daughter are kidnapped, her husband is on a danger mission to track down terrorists, and after escaping from their captors, Terri witnesses her daughter become a victim of a fiery car crash. After fainting, Terri awakens and cannot remember any personal information about herself or her family. It appears Terri is suffering from

question

Bipolar I

answer

For the past few months, Val felt completely hopeless and unmotivated. She would not eat much and felt worthless. Then, she suddenly felt extremely optimistic and full of energy. Val is probably suffering from __________ disorder

question

"No Genetic Predisposition Has Been Found

answer

Veronica is conducting research on conduct disorder in adolescents. Which research article title should she consider inaccurate, according to findings in your textbook?

question

agoraphobia

answer

Alexia is content to stay in her house because she becomes nervous and afraid when she ventures too far from home. Alexia is probably suffering from

question

Females are three times more likely to attempt suicide

answer

There are many misunderstandings about suicide. Which of the following statements reflects a truth about suicide?

question

somatization disorder

answer

Collins has been complaining of a variety of vague, chronic pains that run all throughout his body as well as blurry vision. After many doctor visits and medical tests, there is still no known physical cause for the symptoms that Collins has been experiencing. Collins is most likely to be diagnosed with

question

obsessive-compulsive; obsession

answer

Lyndsay finds herself often thinking about the possibility of getting an infection from germs in her dorm room, and so she constantly is washing her hands to the point where her skin is red and sore. Lyndsay may be suffering from __________ disorder, and her persistent thoughts are known as __________.

question

delusions

answer

Robert has had major depression for most of his adult life. As he became older, he would tell his wife that when he uses the kitchen sink, he believes his corpuscles are being washed out of his body. Robert is exhibiting

question

panic disorder

answer

Grace was sitting in class when, without warning, her heart began to pound, her chest felt tight, and a feeling of dizziness came over her. She felt extremely fearful. Over the next few weeks, the same thing happened several times. Her doctor did not find anything wrong with her heart. Grace was probably suffering from

question

autistic disorder

answer

Little Kendra is three years old. She almost never shows any signs of recognition when her parents are around and basically ignores other people. Kendra occasionally bangs her head repeatedly. Kendra most likely

question

cultural factors

answer

Karen Horney, a neo-Freudian, believed that __________ played a major role in personality development

question

conditions of worth

answer

Whenever Kendra's three-year-old son, Paul, spits his food onto the floor, she takes the time to tell him that she loves him, but she does not like it when he spits his food on the floor. Kendra wants to avoid creating __________ for Paul.

question

Everyone is born with an id, and the ego and then the superego develop as the person interacts with the world around him or her."

answer

Kierston and Missy are studying together for their psychology final. Kierston asks Missy, "Okay, now tell me Freud's components of personality and how they develop." Missy correctly responds,

question

The socioeconomic status of your family

answer

You and your brother were raised together. Your personality reflects environmental and genetic factors. Which of the following environmental factors would be least likely to contribute to differences between your personality and that of your brother with whom you were raised?

question

undercontrolled

answer

The results of a personality test indicate to Ben that he is aggressive, alienated, negative, and hostile. According to research on temperament and personality, Ben can be best described as having a(n) __________ temperament.

question

projection

answer

Darrin always feels angry. However, instead of recognizing his anger, Darrin believes that the people around him are angry. He is utilizing the defense mechanism of

question

higher difficulty for the respondent to guess the "correct" answer

answer

One benefit of using projective personality tests instead of nonprojective personality tests is the

question

expectation of success

answer

Kelly wants to be a successful politician. According to Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism, what is most important to her success is (are) her

question

anal; anal

answer

Gary is a very sloppy person. His side of the dorm room is always a mess, with clothing thrown all over the floor. In contrast, his roommate, Rajesh, is an extremely neat person. For Rajesh, everything on his side of the room must be in its place, with CDs organized alphabetically. Freud would say Gary is fixated in the __________ stage, and Rajesh is fixated in the __________ stage

question

Inconsistent or incompatible behaviors occur because traits are situation-specific.

answer

Which of the following is not an assumption of the trait approach to personality?

question

interdependent

answer

Sanji sees himself as a fraction of the whole—an entity having little or no meaningful definition without reference to the group. He probably comes from a(n) __________ self-system.

question

his level of self-efficacy

answer

Mookie is outgoing and sociable, seeks excitement, and loves a good time. According to Eysenck, Mookie's personality is a result of all of the following except

question

are usually not adequate predictors of how a person performs in a job

answer

Nonprojective personality measures have been used widely for hiring purposes. The problem with this practice is that personality measures

question

personal suffering criterion

answer

Gary takes great pleasure in torturing animals. Even so, Gary's behavior would not be classified as abnormal using the

question

has been feeling somewhat sad and depressed for years

answer

Damon is suffering from dysthymic disorder. Damon

question

Having the personality trait of conscientiousness

answer

Which of the following is not associated with an elevated risk for suicide?

question

guilty

answer

After shooting his father, David, in a very rational and reasonable manner, told his lawyer that he was depressed when he shot his father. In fact, he had once been diagnosed as having major depression. David told his lawyer that, although he knew it was wrong and could have stopped himself, he hated his father so much that he shot him. In court David will likely be found

question

antisocial

answer

When Meera was twelve years old, she began stealing from local stores. Her delinquent behavior continued and became more serious as she entered adulthood. She showed no empathy, guilt, or shame and always tried to manipulate other people with her superficial charm. Which personality disorder does Meera display?

question

Jan; diathesis-stress

answer

Marsha and Jan are identical twins whose mother and aunt suffer from depression. Marsha falls in love with and marries a wonderful guy, gets her dream job, and wins the lottery. Jan is lonely because she is constantly rejected by guys, hates her job, and despises living next to an airport. In this scenario, __________ is more likely to develop depressive symptoms according to the __________ model.

question

a panic attack

answer

Lynae is terrified of going into elevators. The last time she was in one, she experienced intense heart palpitations, pressure in her chest, sweating, and dizziness. Lynae most likely had

question

a split between affect and cognition

answer

Anxiety disorders are characterized by all of these symptoms except

question

diathesis-stress

answer

While interviewing Joe, Dr. Willard discovers that Joe has a genetic predisposition for schizophrenia because his uncle and mother had schizophrenia. Dr. Willard also believes the fact that Joe was homeless for several months after being expelled from school and "disowned" by his parents triggered his schizophrenia. Dr. Willard probably follows the __________ model of psychological disorders.

question

a few hours of exposure to full-spectrum light a day

answer

Maggie has been living in Alaska for several months. She has noticed that as the daylight hours get shorter and shorter she feels more and more depressed. Joel, her doctor, should prescribe __________ to help Maggie's symptoms

question

diathesis-stress; sociocultural

answer

Ayse and Ali are discussing the causes of the high rate of depression among women. Ali points out how early childhood environment affects women's depression when they encounter stress later in life. On the other hand, Ayse thinks that higher rates of depression among women are solely due to oppression of women in a male-dominated society. Ali seems to adopt a __________ approach whereas Ayse seems to adopt a __________ approach to causes of depression.

question

matching hypothesis

answer

When Julia and Lyle were dating, their friends thought to themselves, "It will never last. Although he's not bad looking, she is much too beautiful for him." Their friends' statement suggests that Julia and Lyle's relationship violated the

question

foot in the door technique

answer

Jessi asks Bill to take her pizza out of the oven while she is on the phone. Bill agrees. Later that week Jessi asks Bill for a ride to the mall, and he agrees. Finally, Jessi asks Bill to lie to her parents when they call and say that she's not home. Jessi is using the __________ to gain Bill's compliance.

question

only after the highest shocks had been delivered

answer

In Milgram's original experiment on obedience, most subjects stopped administering shocks

question

biology

answer

Which of the following is not a component of an attitude?

question

summer

answer

According to environmental psychologists, your chances of being a victim of a violent crime are highest in the

question

Gender

answer

In the most recent studies on factors affecting conformity, which of the following was found to have the least influence on whether a person will conform?

question

structures lots of activities in which Elvia and Britton must work together

answer

Elvia and Britton are four years old and attend preschool together. Elvia is Latina and Britton is African American. Contact theory would predict Elvia and Britton to be less prejudiced under which of the following conditions? If their teacher

question

diffusion of responsibility

answer

Ramona was in a crowd of fellow students when she saw a maintenance worker fall down a flight of stairs at the entrance to a building. Ramona continued on to her class without helping the worker. Ramona's behavior reflects

question

grouping people into social categories

answer

"Do you notice how all of those people look alike? I can't even tell some of them apart. I think they all like doing the same kind of jobs. I heard it was because they are lazy." This dialogue demonstrates the stereotyping and prejudice of

question

dell

answer

Jill meets three men at a party. Doug is much more attractive than she is, Don is much less attractive than she is, and Dell is about as attractive as she is. With which man is she most likely to form a relationship?

question

the person wears nicer clothes than you normally wear

answer

If everything else is equal, which of the following factors would least affect how attracted you are to someone

question

Group think

answer

Gilligan, Ginger, Maryann, and the Skipper are stranded on a tropical island, again. The Professor sends them information via shortwave radio that a hurricane is headed straight for the island and they must think of a solution fast. Skipper, the self-proclaimed leader of the group, is convinced that the only solution is to swim toward Hawaii. Although their attempts at swimming to Hawaii have failed in the past, the crew agrees that swimming is the only option and sets out to sea, never to be heard from again. Gilligan and his friends' tragic demise was caused by

question

ask if he could join the entire tour, then scale back to seeing just the one show.

answer

Malik really wants to go to the Green Day concert, but he thinks his parents won't let him go. If he wants to use the door-in-the-face technique, Malik would

question

social identity

answer

While talking to his therapist, Bobby says, "I always feel tense! I'm trying to balance the need to be like others with a corresponding need to feel unique." His therapist says, "It appears as if your therapy is succeeding, as you just correctly defined the __________ theory."

question

companionate love

answer

Toby and Samantha have been dating for three years. They trust each other immensely and are very committed to each other. They also share their fears, hopes, and beliefs with each other. They both, however, secretly long for the passion that once characterized their relationship. According to Sternberg's triangular theory, what type of love do they share?

question

ultimate attribution error

answer

Lori, a person with whom you are not friends, volunteers at the local hospital. You assume that she is volunteering so that she will look good on her college applications. However, when your best friend adamantly refuses to volunteer his time, you assume it is because he is so busy with all of the other activities in his life. Which of the following attributional errors does this situation illustrate?

question

self-fullfilling prophecy

answer

Ivan, a teacher, spends most of his time working with male students because he believes that they have the best chance of being admitted into the advanced program. As a result, the male students do perform better and are admitted more often than females. This example illustrate

question

self-serving bias

answer

Regina believes she did well in her psychology class because she is smart but blames her poor performance in chemistry on her "incompetent instructor." Regina's reasoning demonstrates the

question

Using individuals with authoritarian personalities

answer

Which of the following factors increased the likelihood that an individual would obey the experimenter in Milgram's obedience studies?

question

Arousal: cost-reward

answer

Fallon is on her way to work when she sees a little boy, who is crying and apparently lost. Seeing the crying boy makes Fallon very uncomfortable and upset. To reduce these negative feelings, Fallon stops to help the boy find his parents. Which theory best explains Fallon's helping behavior?

question

cognitive; behavioral

answer

Marco believes that it is very important to vote. He finds it difficult to find the time to vote on election day, but he does go to vote. Marco's belief about voting represents the __________ component of his attitude, and his presence at the polls represents the __________ component of his attitude.

question

change her reference group

answer

Gillian has been earning $1 million a year, starring in a television show, and is the highest-paid actress on that network. However, several actors on other shows, less highly rated than hers, make $5 million a year. To keep from resenting this situation, she should

question

fundamental attribution error

answer

Your new housemate comes home from on-campus registration, throws his coat angrily on the floor, goes to his room, and slams the door without greeting you. You conclude that your housemate is a hostile, unfriendly person. Your conclusion is the result of

question

door-in-the-face

answer

Ezekiel asks, "Mom, may I eat a hot fudge sundae with extra whipped cream?" When his mother replies that he may not, Ezekiel then asks if he may eat one cookie. Ezekiel is using the __________ technique for gaining compliance.

question

biopreparedness.

answer

Guido is unaware of all the negative stereotypes he sees of African Americans on television. Because of this exposure, he is more likely to feel anxiety or fear toward someone who is African American if he is in a setting in which he is unfamiliar or already uncomfortable. This learned prejudice is a form of

question

the mere-exposure effect.

answer

Several years ago, Lesley thought there was no reason for anyone to need personal technological devices like PDAs and cell phones. However, just by being around them for a few years, Lesley's attitude changed and she now even owns a cell phone. Her increasingly positive attitude toward personal technological devices demonstrates

question

self-concept.

answer

When Cassie failed her physics exam, she felt like a failure in every aspect of her life—as a daughter, a student, and a friend. This belief of herself reflects Cassie's

question

social loafing

answer

Beatrice finds that one person working alone can scoop about 100 pounds of corn kernels per minute. When these people work in groups, each person's output drops to about 80 pounds per minute. What is this group process called?

question

public conformity

answer

Brianna is out with several friends who are discussing movies. When someone says, "Hey, who was the star of those Indiana Jones movies?," a couple of people in the group quickly respond, "Tom Cruise." Although Brianna knows that they are wrong, she agrees with them because she doesn't want to start an argument. Brianna is displaying

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generalized arousal

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Sima heads back to the locker room after running two miles on the track. Still winded from running, she walks into the shower room when another woman bumps into Sima, causing her to slip and fall on the wet floor. The __________ theory predicts that Sima's physical exertion, combined with the situation, will lead to an angry confrontation.

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stereotype

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Kareem always heard athletes were just "dumb jocks." He was surprised to find out that Quinn, the smartest, most dedicated student in class, is on the football team. Kareem's initial thoughts about athletes are an example of a

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applying group pressure on the subjects

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In the Asch experiment on judging the lengths of lines, the experimenter manipulated the subjects' perceptions by

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social dilema

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Two fishing companies are competing for fish. Each company wants to maximize its profits by harvesting as many fish as possible, but if both companies do this, the fish population will become depleted. If both companies agree to set limits on the number of fish that they harvest, they will achieve the best joint outcome. This situation is an example of

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social

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Gloria is a psychologist who studies the influence of other people on the way a person thinks, feels, and behaves. Gloria is most likely a __________ psychologist

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transformational

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Fred Flintstone recently became the leader of the Save the Pterodactyl Foundation. At the monthly meetings, Fred tried to create a vision of the foundation's goals and inspire the members to work diligently for their worthy cause. He quickly became well respected in his role. Fred is best characterized as a __________ leader.

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conformed

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Although no one specifically said anything to him, Lorenz went along with the gang and punctured tires and broke windshields on a row of cars in the parking lot because he felt that if he didn't he wouldn't be accepted by the group. Lorenz

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Few critics hated this movie, and Rex usually hates all movies.

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In the newspaper, Rex rated the movie The Big Baloo as "a waste of money." What would make you decide that Rex's review was due to characteristics of Rex and his poor judgment?

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social discrimination

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Marcia is in charge of hiring a new engineer for her company. Because she believes that people who wear pink bows in their hair are dumb, she does not hire Becky, who is wearing a pink bow. Marcia's hiring decision about Becky is an example of

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the frustration-aggression hypothesis

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Vince is driving home in heavy traffic after a stressful day at work. A car comes up quickly behind him and the driver is yelling and gesturing for Vince to get out of his way. Angry, Vince hits the brakes and causes the other driver to swerve. Then Vince honks and makes a few obscene gestures at the driver. According to __________, Vince becomes aggressive because he is stressed and experiencing unpleasant emotions and has received negative cues from his environment.

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reject the applicant

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An interviewer for a large corporation receives three very poor responses from a job applicant in the first ten minutes of the interview. The applicant then provides excellent answers during the last twenty minutes of the interview. According to what we know about impression formation, the interviewer will most likely

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The circumstances match what you already know about Derek

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You are told that a new student, Derek, is hard to get along with because he is self-centered and disrespectful of others. When a friend introduces you to him, Derek says hello and then turns to talk to your friend. You now think Derek is really insensitive. Why do you interpret the situation in this way?

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obeyed

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You ask your doctor to examine your sore throat. Surprisingly, she demands that you remove your Chicago Bulls hat and coat. If you take off your hat and coat, you have

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social neuroscience

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Casper is conducting research on how biological factors, such as brain activity and genetics, affect how a person experiences subjective well-being. Casper's research is in line with the goals of

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competing motives and attitudes often exist simultaneously

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Mr. and Mrs. Juarez believe that recycling is a worthwhile means of conserving natural resources, yet they don't participate in their city's curbside recycling program because they don't want to put their recyclable materials on public display. This discrepancy illustrates the fact that

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compliance

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Sabina does not like to drink. At a recent party, however, everyone was drinking, and they started to give her a hard time because she wasn't drinking. Because of all the pressure, Sabina decided to drink. Sabina's behavior is an example of

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learning

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The __________ theories of stereotyping predict that children who attend diversely-populated schools and who watch television programs like Sesame Street (which are sensitive to ethnic diversity) will have fewer negative ethnic stereotypes.

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lets discuss all the options first

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Which of the following is a comment you are least likely to hear within a group characterized by groupthink

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Gestalt

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Arnie studies the phenomenon of school bullying. He purports that children are aggressive because it is a tendency that has survived through successive generations. Arnie is supporting the __________ theory of aggression.

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seeing a group of rowdy Chinese teens and believing their behavior is typical of Chinese people.

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An example of an illusory correlation would be

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