PSY 101: Chapter 11 (Emotion and Motivation) – Flashcards

Among the major principles guiding attraction and relationship formation, ________ plays a more important role when a relationship moves to deeper levels.

Ekman conducted a number of studies of facial expressions and found that _______ primary emotions are almost universal.

According to the work of Hatfield and Rapson (1996), the two major kinds of love that people experience are called ________________ and __________________ love

Brain imaging studies on sexuality have demonstrated that a small cluster of neurons in the ________ is about half the size in gay men as it is in heterosexual men.

The __________ theory of emotion states that the experience of emotion occurs simultaneously with biological changes.

The fact that identical twins are more likely to share sexual orientation than fraternal twins suggests that sexual orientation is at least partly ___________.

The term used to indicate people's wish or craving for sexual activity is ________.

Johnny just passed a note to Kelsey in math class. The note says that his friend Jake has a crush on her. What idea suggests that Kelsey will now find Jake more attractive?

________ forecasting refers to a person's ability to predict both their own as well as others' happiness.

mental state or feeling associated with our evaluation of our experiences

theory that humans experience a small number of distinct emotions that are rooted in their biology (___________ emotions theory)

_______________ (1872) was among the first to point out the similarities between the emotional expressions of humans and many nonhuman animals.

small number (perhaps seven) of emotions believed by some theorists to be cross-culturally universal (these are the ___________)

happiness,sadness, surprise, anger, disgust, fear, contempt

cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions

theories proposing that emotions are products of thinking (___________ theories of emotion)

theory proposing that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli (______________ theory of emotion)

theory proposing that we use our "gut reactions" to help us determine how we should act

means "physical"

theory proposing that an emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotion and to bodily reactions

relay station for the senses

theory proposing that emotions are produced by an undifferentiated state of arousal along with an attribution (explanation) of that arousal

_________________ influences on emotion: variables outside our awareness that can affect our feelings

phenomenon in which repeated exposure to a stimulus makes us more likely to feel favorably toward it

theory that blood vessels in the face feed back temperature information in the brain, altering out experience of emotions

unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behavior

When talking, we often use ______________, gestures that highlight or accentuate speech

When stressed out, we may engage in ____________, gestures in which one body part stoked, presses, bites, or otherwise touches another body part

gestures that convey conventional meanings recognized by members of a culture

study of personal space

Anthropologist _______________ (1966) observed that personal distance is correlated positively with emotional distance. Believes there are four levels of personal space.

(12 feet or more) typically used for public speaking, such as lecturing [level of personal space]

(4-12 feet) typically used for conversations among strangers and casual acquaintences [level of personal space]

(1.5-4 feet) typically used for conversations among close friends or romantic partners [level of personal space]

(0-1.5 feet) typically used for kissing, hugging, whispering "sweet nothings," and affectionate touching

Four levels of personal space according to Edward Hall

supposedly perfect physiological or behavioral indicator of lying

the polygraph test is biased against the ___________

alternative to the polygraph test that relies on the premise that criminals harbor concealed knowledge about the crime that innocent people don't

questionnaire that presumably assesses workers' tendency to steal or cheat

theory proposing that happiness predisposes us to think more openly (hint: B and B Theory)

Life events _________ determine happiness.

Money usually ______________ make us happy.

The _____________ are typically happier than younger people are.

People on the _____________ are no happier than anyone else.

tendency for people to remember more positive than negative information with age

Some things that do make us _______________: marriage, friendships, college, religion, political affiliation, exercise, gratitude, giving, flow

ability to predict our own and others' happiness

belief that both our good and bad moods will last longer than they do

tendency for our moods to adapt to external circumstances (___________ treadmill)

means "associated with pleasure"

evaluation of our worth

tendencies to perceive ourselves more favorably than others do (____________ Illusions)

discipline that has sought to emphasize human strengths

strategy of anticipating failure and compensating for this expectation by mentally over preparing for negative outcomes

psychological drives that propel us in a specific direction

theory proposing that certain drives, like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration, motivate us to act in ways that minimize aversive states (___________ reduction theory)

equilibrium

inverted U-shaped relation between arousal on the one hand and mood and performance on the other

theories proposing that we're often motivated by positive goals

biological necessities like hunger and thirst

psychological desires are ____________ needs.

model developed by Abraham Maslow proposing that we must satisfy physiological needs and needs for safety and security before progressing to more complex needs

Maslow's hierarchy of needs: top of triangle: ________________ after ^: _______________ needs after ^: ______________ needs after ^: ______________ needs bottom of triangle: _________________ needs

theory that when our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose

hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used

value that establishes a range of body and muscle mass we tend to maintain

theory holding that obese people are motivated to eat more by external cues than internal cues

eating disorder associated with a pattern of bingeing and purging in an effort to lose or maintain weight

eating disorder associated with excessive weight loss and the irrational perception that one is overweight

sexual desire, a wish or craving for sexual activity and sexual pleasure

Sexual Response Cycle has __________ phases 1. Excitement 2. Plateau 3. Orgasm 4. Resolution

phase in human sexual response in which people experience sexual pleasure and notice physiological changes associated with it

phase in human sexual response in which sexual tension builds

phase in human sexual response marked by involuntary rhythmic contractions in the muscles of genitals in both men and women

phase in human sexual response following orgasm, in which people report relaxation and a sense of well-being

physical nearness, a predicator of attraction

extent to which we have things in common with others, a predictor of attraction

rule of give and take, a predictor of attraction

love marked by powerful, even overwhelming, longing for one's partner

love marked by a sense of deep friendship and fondness for one's partner

_______________ has a triangular theory of love and a triangular theory of hate

Sternberg's triangular theory of love contains the three major elements of love: ___________, _____________, ___________

Sternberg's triangular theory of hate contains the three major elements of love: ___________, _____________, ___________