PSY 1001 Exam 2 - Flashcards

Q: Should Serina be surprised that her 10-month-old infant understands her command to pick up her rattle?

No, because infants\' comprehension of their world precedes their production ability.

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Researchers exploring the relative influence of decay and interference on memory found that whether a list of digits was read at a slow or fast pace, items that came later in the list were more difficult to remember. This provided evidence that interference, and not decay, is the major factor in forgetting. For those who had subscribed to the decay theory of forgetting, this research points out the importance of

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ruling out rival hypotheses

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Lizzie is staring at the diagram of an eye that will appear on the exam she will take in the next few minutes. She thinks that by staring at the diagram for a very long time she can "burn" the image into her brain. Although this strategy won't work, she is hoping to take advantage of her __________ memory.

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iconic

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Oscar is writing a fictional autobiography. He is combining real events with those that could have happened, as well as a few creative additions. In terms of the memory system, this approach is most similar to

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reconstructive memory.

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For students to show the best performance on their exams, they are advised to engage in

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distributed practice

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When one attempts to recreate a retrieval environment that is as similar as possible to the initial encoding, or learning, environment as possible, he or she is making use of the principle of

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encoding specificity

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False memories are easier to implant when the events that are said to have occurred are perceived as

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plausible

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Danny has been collecting comic books since he was a child. If you ask him, he can tell you the name of every comic in his collection. However, he routinely struggles to remember the names of his new employees at work. Which concept is being illustrated?

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the paradox of memory

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The first day of class, Sheila asked her professor what was the best way to learn and remember the material for the course. The professor responded, "Focus on identifying and understanding the meaning of the important terms and concepts." The instructor is advocating a ________ level of processing.

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semantic

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One of the leading reasons for the conviction of innocent persons is

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faulty eyewitness identification

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It is believed that the __________ memory system may handle automatic remembering, while the __________ memory system requires conscious effort.

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implicit; explicit

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According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, a person's language shapes

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their thought processes

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Researchers have found that despite the number of color names in a language, the basic abilities to perceive color are unchanged. This finding would be troublesome for the theory of ______________.

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Sapir and Whorf

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Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding sign language and talking?

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Learning a sign language speeds up the process of learning to talk.

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Behaviorists attempted to explain thinking in the narrow terms of

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stimulus and response

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Language is based on basic sound units called ______.

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phonemes

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A key difficulty in explaining how language evolved is the ________ phonemes, words, and rules of syntax.

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arbitrariness of

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Alex and Nicole just got married. They move into their new apartment and realize they need a coffee table. Alex takes four stacks of old textbooks and forms the legs of the table. He then takes an old piece of cardboard and lays it across the four "legs." Which cognitive tendency has Alex clearly mastered?

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functional fixedness

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Should Serina be surprised that her 10-month-old infant understands her command to pick up her rattle?

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No, because infants' comprehension of their world precedes their production ability.

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Which of the following statements refutes the idea that chimpanzees can use language?

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Chimpanzees are unable to effectively master syntax.

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By the time children reach ________ they have usually acquired most of the syntactic rules of their language.

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preschool

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A group of deaf children was discovered after a terrible earthquake had nearly destroyed the town. The children had been hiding together for nearly a month.When an interpreter was brought in, she could not make sense of the signs she saw, yet the children were clearly communicating with one another. What is the most likely explanation?

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The children had developed a form of homesign

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Which of the following brain areas is primarily involved in speech comprehension?

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Wernicke's Area

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The average college student reads at a rate of about _______ words per minute.

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200-300

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MacGyver, a fictional TV hero, was able to solve nearly any problem with duct tape, chewing gum, and some luck. Which of the following cognitive tendencies was one that MacGyver has clearly overcome?

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Functional fixedness

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According to ________ theory, children can deduce meaning of words they do not understand by inferring meaning from the context.

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social pragmatics

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What problem-solving strategies are essentially mental shortcuts?

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heuristics

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Speed-reading programs are popular because they are based on a scientifically-valid relationship that exists between reading speed and comprehension. When examining this relationship, however, we must remember which conceptual precept?

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correlation versus causation

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The average reader uses ________ to read the vast majority of printed words.

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whole word recognition

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The use of ________ refers to the process of finding similar structures between two problems and thus finding similarities between their solutions.

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analogies

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The ambiguity of language is BEST illustrated by which of the following examples? Select one: a. Calling a friend about whom you are worried b. Disagreements about the interpretations of laws c. Telling someone what time a party starts d. Giving instructions for an exam

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b. Disagreements about the interpretations of laws

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Which of the following words would present the most difficulty using phonetic decomposition? Select one: a. pleasure b. livid c. letter d. bit

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pleasure

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Using words like hee-haw or cocka-a-doodle-doo to describe the sound that a donkey or rooster might make provides us with examples of

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onomatopoeia.

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Linda's 3-month-old infant keeps saying "ga-ga" and "doh-doh." Should she be worried?

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No; this behavior is called babbling and it is normal for infants.

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E-mail can often lead to misunderstandings. This is because

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it lacks extralinguistic information.

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Don tells Ray he wants to get a new sports car. Ray immediately understands why, because he is familiar with the common characteristics of sports cars and knows what makes them different from family cars. Ray is using mental categories called ________.

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concepts

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Many people drew faulty conclusions about the relative safety of air travel compared to automobile travel in the wake of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Such poor reasoning was the result of

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the availability heuristic

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The meanings derived from words or sentences are collectively known as the ________ of language.

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semantics

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Which of the following represents the most accurate statement about how children learn language? Select one: a. Reduplicative babbling precedes the syllables stage of vocalization. b. Children can produce many more words than they can understand. c. Comprehension of words precedes production. d. Most children recognize their own names as early as two months.

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Comprehension of words precedes production.

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What term do psychologists use to describe our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it?

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confirmation bias

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Helen Keller's writings suggest support for the

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linguistic determinism view

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Low birth weight is directly linked to many complications in babies, including a high risk of death, infection, developmental delays, and even psychological disorders. It is not known, however, if these symptoms are a direct effect of low birth weight or if the low birth weight may be a result of other pregnancy-related complications. This is an important demonstration of the critical thinking concept of

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correlation versus causation

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Which of the following parenting styles is associated with the most favorable outcomes for children? Select one: a. Uninvolved b. Permissive c. Authoritarian d. Authoritative

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Authoritative

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Helena is a model child at school who is popular with her peers. She has high standards for herself, but is realistic about attaining them. It is likely that her parents use an __________ model for discipline.

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Authoritative

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The research of Michael Hermanussen and colleagues found that physical development is marked by "mini growth spurts" that occur every 30 to 55 days in people as old as ______ years of age.

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16

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The prenatal period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional is called the __________ period.

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fetal

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What is meant by the term "egocentrism?"

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A child is unable to see the world from others' point of view.

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Which is an example of a secondary sex characteristic? Select one: a. Genitals b. Ovaries c. Pubic hair d. Sperm

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Pubic hair

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Young Pemba is being observed as he plays in a room with his mother. Pemba frequently goes to the toys in the room, but occasionally looks back at his mother to make sure she is there. After a quick smile is exchanged between mother and child, Pemba goes back to the task of building with the toys. When Pemba's mother leaves the room, he becomes moderately upset, but is easily soothed when she returns. Which type of attachment does Pemba seem to have with his mother?

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Secure

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Gail has just turned 53 and is beginning menopause. Gail is likely to begin experiencing

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hot flashes

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Investigators exploring the so-called "Mozart Effect" have suggested that one very simple explanation for the phenomenon is that listening to classical music, like any other stimulating activity, enhances arousal in children. This "simpler" explanation demonstrates the principle of

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Occam's Razor

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Menopause refers to

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the end of the menstruation period in late adulthood.

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Which of the following statements is representative of Vygotsky's approach to learning?

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One's course of cognitive development can be significantly influenced by instructional style and scaffolding.

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What kind of animals did Harry Harlow and his colleagues use to discredit the most commonly accepted theory of attachment of the time?

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monkeys

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Which of the following is true with regard to the order of development of motor skills?

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Motor skills tend to develop in the same sequence from child to child, although the ages of each milestone vary.

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Karla understands her world by grasping, sucking, and physically handling objects in her path. Karla is in Piaget's ________ stage of development

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sensorimotor

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According to Piaget, equilibration involves the processes of

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assimilation and accommodation.

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Researchers studying infant stress levels using the "Strange Situation" method have found that

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most infants are upset with the mom when she departs but are happy when she returns.

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Which of the following statements is illustrative of the post hoc fallacy?

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Believing that because most professional athletes lift weights, weightlifting produces professional athletes

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Which of the following is not a known symptom of fetal alcohol syndrome? Select one: a. facial malformations b. respiratory difficulties c. behavioral disorders d. learning disabilities

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respiratory difficulties

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A learning strategy called Suggestive Accelerative Learning and Teaching Techniques has suggested that people using this method can learn anywhere from 25 to several hundred times their normal learning speeds .When this set of techniques is subjected to scientific scrutiny, however, such results are not achieved. Which critical thinking concept should this bring to mind?

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Extraordinary Claims

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In S-O-R learning, what does the "O" stand for?

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organism

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__________ refers to a change in an organism's behavior or thinking that is a direct result of experience.

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Learning

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Young Albert is initially not afraid of white rats, but if white rats and loud noises are presented in sequence Albert may learn to fear rats. In this example, white rates would be the

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Conditioned Stimulus

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Mary's parents want her to put her books in her bookcase. At first, they praise her for putting the books together in one pile. Then they praise her for getting the books on the same side of the room as the bookcase. When she gets the books on top of the bookcase, she gets praise. Finally, her parents praise her when she puts her books in the bookcase. This is an example of ____________.

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Shaping

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You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many different paths that end at different parts of the park. One day when you arrive at the park you get a call on your cell phone from your cousin whom you haven't seen for years, and she says she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park. Even though the paths are complicated and twisted, you manage to find the shortest route to your cousin. Tolman would explain your efficient passage through the park as an example of __________.

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the formation of a cognitive map

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Of the following, which would NOT be an example of a secondary reinforcer? Select one: a. Food b. Stickers c. Praise d. Tokens

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food

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Which of the following statements is representative of general research on spanking and aggression? Select one: a. Increased spanking causes increased aggression in children. b. Increased spanking causes decreased aggression in children. c. Increased spanking is associated with higher levels of aggression in children from countries where spanking is rare. d. Increased spanking is associated with higher levels of aggression in children from countries where spanking is common.

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Increased spanking is associated with higher levels of aggression in children from countries where spanking is rare.

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According to the theory of classical conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that elicits

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an automatic response

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Which of the following is true concerning Bandura's classic "Bobo doll" study?

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Exposure to aggressive models led to increased aggression in nursery school children.

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Thorndike's law of effect is most closely associated with which operant conditioning principle?

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positive reinforcement

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Because dogs do not need to be conditioned to salivate to food, salivation to food is an

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unconditioned response

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Bob has learned that he can usually get what he wants from his parents if he keeps whining for something. One day Bob starts whining in the toy store because he wants a GI Joe action figure. His father refuses to give it to him and ignores his whining. What will happen?

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Extinction

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Bill hates to clean up after dinner. One night, he volunteers to bathe the dog before cleaning up. When he finishes with the dog and returns to the kitchen, his wife has cleaned everything up for him. Which of the following statements is accurate?

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Bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog.

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As discussed in lectures, "Universal Adaptability" refers to what ?

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The finding that babies of eight months or less can discriminate among all speech sounds in all languages.

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The diagnostic criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder includes all of the following EXCEPT ________________________. Select one: a. excessive adherence to routines b. persistent social anxiety c. persistent deficits in social communication d. highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity of focus

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persistent social anxiety

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In one study, 95% of subjects judged that Tom W. was more likely to study computer science than education after reading a character sketch that described him with adjectives used to stereotype people in computer science (orderly, intelligent, more interested in things than people, unimaginative and practical.) The subjects in this study did not consider that there are three times more education students than computer science students! This failure to consider base rates and to judge someone based on a stereotype is typical of which of the following:

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the representativeness heuristic

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One reason that we are susceptible to the representativeness heuristic is that we

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fail to consider how probable an outcome is within the general population.

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________ studies observe different individuals at different ages at a single point in time to track age differences

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cross-sectional studies

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Classical conditioning starts with _______________________ and operant conditioning starts with ________________________.

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an automatic reflexive event....a behavior

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Sue May witnessed a bicycle crash and heard one of the bystanders say that it appeared one of the biker's tires was wobbling before the accident. Even though the bike appeared new, Sue May tells the police officer who is investigating the accident that the bike's tire had been "wobbling like crazy!" Sue May's faulty recall illustrates

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the misinformation effect

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When you study for a Psy 1001 exam, making connections between the new material and your everyday experiences will improve ______________ of the information and increase the chances of it being ____________ during the exam.

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encoding, retrieved

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According to the research on the primacy effect, if your father read you a list of 10 items to pick up at the hardware store you would most easily recall those items

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from early in the list

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The evidence that language specialization is driven by ___________________ is provided by _________________________________________.

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Experience...bilingual children concentrate the language functions of their dominant language in the left side of the brain but continue to process their secondary language in both sides of the brain.

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In Pavlovs experiments, the dogs had learned to salivate at the sound of the metronome. If Pavlov then began to present the metronome without the food, this would most likely have led to _______________.

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a decrease in salivation when the sound was presented.

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BF Skinner spent time during World War II in a secret lab in Minneapolis training pigeons to guide missiles to targets on the ground. To do this, he discovered a new way to train animals--reinforcing successive approximations of the target response. This concept is known as ___________.

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shaping

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Harry the cat has learned that begging for food leads to getting treats. This is an real life example of _________________

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Thorndike's Law of Effect

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A recent political ad, paid for by challenger Joe Nogood, showed his opponent, incumbent Senator Lameduck, alongside Saddam Hussein. Most voters feel spontaneous anger and revulsion when they think of Hussein. Clearly, the supporters of challenger Nogood hope that this ad will cause voters to feel anger and revulsion when they think of Lameduck as well. In this ad, which applies principles of classical conditioning, the unconditioned response is:

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anger and revulsion

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In lecture, we saw a video of a very young infant observing a series of faces. The activity of her brain was measured with EEG. The baby saw one face over and over until her brain no longer responded to it. Then she was shown a different face, and her brain again responded to the stimuli. This method was used to illustrate that infants are born with the ability to ___________________?

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distinguish between familiar patterns and new patterns

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The memory system which maintains information in a relatively pure, unanalyzed form is called:

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sensory memory

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A/An ___________ is a rule of thumb we use to simplify some types of problem solving, and a/an ___________ is a step-by-step, analytic formula we use for other types of problem solving.

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heuristic; algorithm

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What is a teratogen?

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Any environmental factor that can exert a negative impact on prenatal development.

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Who is most likely to obtain the top score on his or her vocabulary test? Select one: a. James, who made flash cards of all his words and is going over and over them. b. Cynthia, who has written down each word and definition five times in her notebook. c. Ryan, who has drawn a picture to illustrate each word. d. Harriet, who says the words and definitions over and over to herself all day long.

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Ryan, who has drawn a picture to illustrate each word.

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According to the linguistic relativity hypothesis __________________.

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the number of words a language has for a concept is an indication of the concepts importance to the users of the language.

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After the Valdez oil spill, a hair dresser suggested the practical solution of using bags of cut hair to soak up the oil. This suggestion is a real world example in which someone has overcome ______________________.

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functional fixedness

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While on a cruise ship, Kevin became sick after eating a seafood dinner. His food poisoning coupled with sea sickness led to a terrible vacation. Now Kevin feels sick at the sight of the ocean. Kevin's behavior illustrates the process of

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stimulus generalization

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Researchers show a baby a little scenario. When the curtains open, the baby sees one mouse and watches as a second mouse joins the first mouse. The curtain comes down. When the curtain goes up again, the baby sees only one mouse. If the baby seems surprised by this (indicated by staring longer at this improbable event) the researchers can conclude that:

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the baby has rudimentary number concepts (which is inconsistent with Piaget's theory.)

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Working backwards is a good strategy to follow when

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you have many options at the beginning of a problem, but few options at the end.

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When working with autistic children, a behavioral therapist will extinquish which of the following behaviors: Select one: a. eye to eye contact, sitting, paying attention b. self-care behaviors (dressing, brushing teeth) c. preferences for playing with opposite sex children d. tantrums, self-stimulating behaviors

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tantrums, self-stimulating behaviors

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A psychologist might evaluate a child's ability to answer abstract and hypothetical questions to determine whether the child is in the ________ or the ________ stage of cognitive development.

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concrete-operations ... formal-operations

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If you were to meet a man from the nation of Fiji but had never seen someone from there before, you would still recognize him as a human being. This cognitive process--which involves absorbing new experiences into current knowledge structures-- is known as:

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assimilation

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In Sperling's classic study, he briefly showed participants an array of twelve letters in three rows and then had them recall as many of the twelve as they could. Through this method, Sperling was studying

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the duration and capacity of sensory memory

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As your exam in Psy 1001 approaches, you have a nagging sense that you need to study for it to avoid getting a bad grade. You begin to review your notes. You complete the learning objectives. You spend more and more time preparing for the upcoming exam. By studying more you remove your anxiety that you will get a bad grade on your exam. A behavioral psychologist would observe that your studying behavior has been conditioned through _____________________.

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negative reinforcement

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As discussed in lecture, a descriptive approach to problem solving:

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tells us how people actually solve problems

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Imagine that anthropologists found a language that had only two color words, "bright" and "dark". Researchers compared the speakers of this language and the speakers of a language that had many color words ("maroon," "gold", "umber" and so on.) If they found that the speakers of the two-color-word language perceived and remembered few colors, and speakers of the many-color-word language perceived and remembered many colors, their finding:

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would support the linguistic relativity hypothesis

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Dr. Peterson teaches a lab course on applied behavior modification in which students teach chickens. The student's first assignment involves observing the chicken's behavior. After a hungry chicken exhibits a target behavior, its student makes a click with a clicker and follows the click with food. Soon the chickens associate the clicker with food and will repeat any behavior followed by a click. The click sound now serves as:

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secondary reinforcer

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How many morphemes are there in the sentence "I wanted it"?

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four

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JB Watson trained sweet Little Albert to fear his pet rat by making a loud thunderclap noise just after Albert saw the rat. At first, when he heard the loud thunderclap, Albert would cry in alarm. Eventually, when seeing the rat, Albert would cry in fear. In this example, the conditioned response was:

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fear at the pet rat

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An example of a teratogen would be when...

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a pregnant woman drinks alcohol and causes Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in her child.

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The confirmation bias

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is the tendency to only seek information that is likely to support one's decisions and beliefs.

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A photo essay documented how a dog was taught to "climb the walls" by BF Skinner. First, Skinner reinforced the dog for walking to the wall, then putting its paws on the wall, then jumping to reach a mark. This procedure (in which reinforcement is delivered for successive approximations of the desired response) is known as:

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shaping

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Roberto was attacked while he was walking in the park. The police who are investigating the crime ask Roberto to describe his attacker in as much detail as possible. The police are basically using

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a recall task to recover information from Roberto's memory

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According to our lecturer, what drives specialization of language?

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experience

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While driving her children, Adriana's car broke down. She called her husband on the cell phone for the number of a towing company. If the children's behavior prevents her from repeating the number to herself, most likely Adriana will need to dial the phone number within the next ________ or she will forget the number.

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15 seconds

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A rat receives a food pellet as reinforcement sometimes after his third lever press, sometimes after his fourth lever press, sometimes not for ten lever presses. Which type of schedule of reinforcement is this?

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variable-ratio schedule

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Before Katie leaves her dorm room each morning, she looks out the window to check the weather. If the sky is overcast, she puts an umbrella in her backpack. If it is sunny, she leaves her umbrella in the closet. For Katie, the sky's appearance is acting as a ___________ for carrying an umbrella.

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discriminative stimulus

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An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event stored in memory is known as _________________________.

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schema

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Which of the following best illustrates "the paradox of expertise"? Select one: a. People who develop expertise in one domain show less curiosity and less interest in developing their knowledge of other domains. b. Dr. House, while brilliant at diagnosing patient ailments, has made terrible decisions in his personal life, which is, as a result, a complete mess. c. The more expertise individuals develop, the less confidence they feel about their decisions. d. Dr. Gregory House can diagnose patient ailments with extraordinary skill, but he cannot explain to his colleagues exactly how he reaches his brilliant diagnoses.

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Dr. Gregory House can diagnose patient ailments with extraordinary skill, but he cannot explain to his colleagues exactly how he reaches his brilliant diagnoses.

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Conditioning techniques are used in advertising to sell products. Pairing a neutral stimulus (like a handbag) with a naturally exciting stimulus (like an attractive model) is an example of:

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classical conditioning

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Which of the following is the first stage of Piaget's stages of development Select one: a. Formal operations b. Sensorimotor c. Preoperational d. Concrete operational

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sensorimotor

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The friend of a Psy 1001 scholar complains that she is depressed. She says things will never get better for her and, when pressed, remembers a number of recent disappointments. But the Psy 1001 scholar wonders if the common reasoning error known as _______________________ is affecting the friend's sad mood by making her recent disappointments easier for her to remember than other more positive memories.

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the availability heuristic

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Stephen has a problem. He would like to become a doctor, but he doesn't know what he needs to do to achieve his dream. So he starts by thinking about what it takes to be a doctor and this activity helps him realize that he will need to go to medical school first. Then he starts to think about what it will take to qualify for medical school--good grades!--and that motivates him to study harder for his Psy 1001 exam. What does this case illustrate?

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backward chaining

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After using the techniques of classical conditioning to train sweet amiable Little Albert to be fearful of his pet white rat, J. B. Watson demonstrated the phenomenon of stimulus generalization when Little Albert_____.

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cried when he saw a white rabbit

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The increase in the number of children diagnosed with autism has occurred for all of the following reasons EXCEPT ______________________. Select one: a. the increased use of Thimerosal as a preservative in vaccines b. lower age at diagnosis c. diagnostic substitution d. changes in diagnostic criteria

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the increased use of Thimerosal as a preservative in vaccines

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Conditioned taste aversions differ from other examples of classical conditioning in which one of the following ways? Select one: a. Conditioned taste aversions are acquired rapidly, within minutes of eating tainted food. b. Conditioned taste aversions usually occur with foods that have an unusual taste or that are rarely eaten. c. Conditioned taste aversions typically require only one trial to develop. d. Conditioned taste aversions generalize rapidly to other similar kinds of foods.

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Conditioned taste aversions typically require only one trial to develop.

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A Psychology 1001 writer of exam items has gone completely mad: She writes an item that reads, "Chomsky greened the pickled gobsmacker furiously. Quintile disc?" Students who are taking the Psy 1001 exam will be puzzled because her item violates which aspect of grammar?

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semantics

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At five years old, Sammy is better able to understand his friends' feelings as compared to when he was three years old. Sammy is acquiring what Developmental Psychologists call ____________________.

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theory of mind

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Short-term memory:

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holds analyzed information for brief periods of time

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In the beer ad, the bikini-clad beauty sits on the beach and drinks a Budweiser. The advertiser hopes that their target market will be aroused by the semi-naked beauty and begin to experience a similar sense of desire when they see the beer. In this simple, classic ad, the unconditioned response is

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arousal

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Imagine that the University of Minnesota introduces a radically new kind of grading system. Now, when you take a class, every minute that you spend reading and preparing for that class can be recorded accurately. For each ten minutes you spend studying, you earn a point. You can accumulate as many points as you want just by spending more time studying for class. At the end of the semester, your grade will be based on how much time you have spent studying. This radical grading system is based on what kind of reinforcement schedule?

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fixed ratio

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In lecture, we saw a video of researcher Janet Werker studying the capacity of infants to detect speech sounds. She trained them to turn their head at a sound change (such as "ba" to "pa"), then exposed them to speech sounds that do not exist in English. What were her findings?

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children exhibit universal adaptability

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In classical conditioning, the stimulus that naturally evokes an unlearned response is the

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unconditioned stimulus

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When a certain young man enters the room, Vivian becomes very animated and lively. She does not behave this way around other young men. A behavioral psychologist might observe that the certain young man serves as a _____________________ for Vivian's behavior.

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discriminative stimulus

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Nosology is __________________________________.

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the science of how diseases are classified

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As described in lecture, the classic Peterson and Peterson study used nonsense syllables (JGL, VRB, SCQ) and counting backwards for different intervals of time to test __________________.

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the duration of short-term memory

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According to Leo Kanner, the grandfather of autism research, infantile autistic disorder _______________________.

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is different from feeble mindedness

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Your authors report that the research into the effectiveness of distributed practice has been clear and unequivocalspreading out our learning over longer intervals is much more effective then cramming our learning into shorter periods of time. This research has been repeated with the same findings over and over again. This demonstrates which principle of critical thinking from your textbook?

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replicability

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You are reading your psychology text. The radio is on in the background, but you are not paying attention to the newscaster. Suddenly, something snaps you to attention, "Whoa, what did that newscaster say?!??" Then, you are able to "replay" from memory the previous three seconds and "hear" as the newscaster announces that someone by your name won a $10 million lottery. This piece of good news was brought to you via which form of memory?

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echoic memory

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When using behavior modification on children with autism, a therapist will start by: Select one: a. using hugs and kisses to remove the autistic child's fear of humans b. reinforcing assertive behaviors and spontaneous speech c. ignoring tantrums and reinforcing eye to eye contact d. shaping the child's effort to work on exercises that will build IQ

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ignoring tantrums and reinforcing eye to eye contact

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Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement? Select one: a. Giving a child candy for completing their homework b. Removing a child's chores when he or she complete homework c. Giving students homework passes when they work hard during class d. Taking away privileges if a child does not follow classroom rules

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Giving a child candy for completing their homework

question

Which of the following would be an example of longitudinal research: Select one: a. A professor surveys Psy 1001 students at the start of the class and three months later to identify how many experienced some stressful event during this three month period. b. All the schizophrenics in Nithsdale, Scotland, are surveyed on a single day. c. A researcher compares exit poll data in two states in 2004 and 2008 for everyone who voted who was less than 30. d. A researcher does a two part study. First students complete a self-report survey online, then they go to Elliott Hall to be observed discussing their relationship with their partner.

answer

A professor surveys Psy 1001 students at the start of the class and three months later to identify how many experienced some stressful event during this three month period.

question

B.F. Skinner taught a dog to "climb the walls." First, he used classical conditioning to train a hungry dog to associate a camera flash (CS) with food (US). Once this association was made, Skinner used the camera flash (followed by food) to reinforce the dog's target behaviors). First, he reinforced the dog for walking to the wall, then for putting its paws on the wall and finally jumping to reach a mark on the wall. In this model, the flash which signals food is a serving as a _________ to strengthen target behaviors.

answer

secondary reinforcer

question

Another feature that is associated with autism is that ____________________________?

answer

boys are four times more likely than girls to develop autism

question

In the Psy 1001 lecture, students were asked to memorize a list of 15 words and then recall as many as they could. Students counted how many of the remembered words came from the first five words in the list, the second five words of the list and the last five words in the list. The serial position effect (of which this was a demonstration) predicts that students will remember

answer

more words from the beginning of the list than from the middle

question

In a classic study done in 1932, researchers Charmichael, Hogan and Walter looked at the question of whether language affects memory. They showed an image, O-O, to three groups of participants. Groups 1 and 2 also saw a label (either "eyeglasses" or "dumbbells") and group 3, the control group, saw the image with no label. Later, all participants were asked to draw the O-O stimulus from memory. The researchers found ________________________.

answer

that the labels systematically distorted participant's memory of the O-O stimulus compared to the control group.

question

After Pavlov's dogs became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the bell, he experimented with ringing the bell and then failing to present the dogs with any food right away. Soon they stopped salivating to the sound of the bell. This represents the process called ________.

answer

extinction

question

When working with autistic children, a therapist will reinforce which of the following behaviors: Select one: a. inappropriate toy play b. eye to eye contact and paying attention behaviors c. tantrums and self-stimulating behaviors d. self-stimulation

answer

eye to eye contact and paying attention behaviors

question

Sperling's study used a fixation point, three lines of letters, and a time interval to test:

answer

the duration and capacity of iconic memory.

question

The ________ heuristic is one that involves judging the probability of an event by its superficial similarity to a prototype.

answer

representativeness

question

Hideki and Thao are reviewing for an exam. Thao asks the following question: "What term refers to how people use information from the past in the present?" Hideki would be most correct if he answered

answer

memory

question

When an epidemiologist investigates the "prevalence" of a disease, he or she is interested in ____________________________ in a given population during a specified time.

answer

the total amount of people with a specific disease

question

Fun-loving Sally decides to go to a concert at First Avenue - a music venue in Minneapolis - with her boyfriend, daring Dan. When the first band starts to play, Sally covers her ears because the noise is so deafening, but as the show continues, she no longer finds the music so loud. Sally's change in reaction to the noise is an example of ______.

answer

habituation

question

The "Great Debate" described in lectures on Developmental Psychology concerns

answer

Piaget's stage theory versus theories that view development as continuous.

question

_____________ involves the meaning of sentences; __________ refers to their grammatical structure.

answer

semantics; syntax

question

As described in lecture, the duration of sensory memory is________________.

answer

0.5 to 3 seconds

question

Which of the following are psychologists and psychiatrists most likely to use to classify autism? Select one: a. Clinician expertise. b. Behavioral manifestations c. Pathogenesis d. Etiology

answer

Behavioral manifestations

question

One can be conditioned to become sexually aroused at the sight of a triangle if the triangle is presented shortly ________ an appropriate ________.

answer

before; UCS

question

As a young teenager, Scott eagerly read books about ghosts, flying saucers, and ancient astronauts. He believed it all. But during college, as he learned more about scientific thinking, he began to think very differently about such pseudo-scientific claims. His experience led him to basically re-organize how he thought about the world in the process that Piaget calls:

answer

accomodation

question

When Bruno Bettelheim attributed the cause of autism to "refrigerator mothers"--what did he mean?

answer

maternal deprivation

question

An expert problem-solver finds herself unable to explain how she solves problems. Researchers who study problem solving refer to this as ____________.

answer

the paradox of expertise

question

Samantha is trying to memorize a list of vocabulary words for her French class. To learn the French word for grapefruit, "pamplemousse", she visualizes a parade of moose carrying grapefruit in their antlers in front of many people (pomp + people). It seems that Samantha is using the ________________ as discussed in lecture.

answer

keyword technique

question

While taking the SAT, Jack puzzled over verbal analogies such as "cow:barn as chicken:____________." To correctly solve these analogies, Jack must infer a relationship between a set of words and then apply his conclusion to another set of words. As described in lecture, this kind of reasoning, from specific examples to general rules, is known as:

answer

inductive reasoning

question

The scientist whose work led to the development of the principles of classical conditioning is:

answer

Ivan Pavlov

question

Alice is sitting at the table with her son Nikko. She takes his tall glass of milk, which is only half full, and pours it into a shorter wider glass. Then she says "Honey, which glass has more milk?" Nikko immediately points to the taller glass, as he is chewing his peanut butter sandwich. Nikko has not yet mastered Piaget's skill of ________.

answer

conservation

question

Clive Wearing's story illustrates that:

answer

memory consists of different processes

question

When analyzing a behavioral event using the A-B-C model, something in "A" may signal that an organism should now behave ("B") in a certain way in order to receive reinforcement for its behavior ("C"). The term for this something in "A" is ____________________.

answer

discriminative stimulus

question

Evidence that Autism has a biological basis includes _____________________.

answer

a high co-morbidity with brain seizures

question

An American accustomed to eating meals in a standard sequence of appetizers, salad, entree and dessert may be confused when trying to order a meal at an Italian restaurant where the menu contains l'antipasto, il primo, il secondo, il contorno and il dolce. The diner's confusion is caused by his or her unconscious knowledge structure or mental model , or ______________, of the sequence of a meal.

answer

schema

question

How does Renee Baillargeon's research on object permanence compare to Piaget's

answer

Baillargeon found that babies show object permanence earlier than Piaget hypothesized.

question

What should a psychologist test to determine whether a given child is in the concrete-operations stage or the formal-operations stage?

answer

whether the child can answer abstract and hypothetical questions

question

The scientist whose work developed the principles of operant conditioning is:

answer

BF Skinner

question

Infant Susie has habituated to a picture of a red circle. She is then shown a picture of a red square. What change in her behavior would indicate that she detects the difference between the red circle and the red square?

answer

she will show interest in the red square

question

Jill wants to train Claudius, her boyfriend, to open doors for her. He opened the door for himself once and she slipped in before him, giving him a kiss on the cheek and praising his manners. If she wants him to always be eager to open doors for her, what schedule of kisses and praise should she use?

answer

variable ratio?

question

Little Albert, who had been trained to fear his pet white rat, showed stimulus discrimination when ...

answer

he didn't cry when he saw a brown rat

question

Computers are good at solving problems using the step by step method known as ________________.

answer

algorithms

question

Lauren knew all the rules of grammar--when to say "who" and when to say "whom--but she didn't bother to follow some of those rules when she actually spoke. The difference between the rules that Lauren knew she ought to follow and how she (and her friends) actually spoke is similar to the difference between _____________________.

answer

normative and descriptive approaches to problem solving.

question

When recalling a list of items, the serial position effect of recency can be eliminated _______________________________.

answer

by preventing rehearsal (because items at the end of the list are in short term memory.)

question

What evidence supports the claim that language is innate?

answer

Deaf children create their own language.

question

One advantage of a longitudinal design, as compared to a cross-sectional design, is that a longitudinal design:

answer

is less susceptible to cohort effects.

question

When you listen to a lecture, the information is held in your _________ memory long enough for you to become aware that the lecturer just said something important. Then, you can write it in your notes. The memory that holds the lecture long enough for you to become aware that something important point was said is called ____________________ memory.

answer

echoic

question

A child's ability to understand that others' perspectives can differ from theirs is called theory of ________.

answer

mind

question

After classically conditioning some response, how might one produce extinction of the response?

answer

repeatedly present the CS alone, without the UCS

question

What did Thorndike mean by the Law of Effect?

answer

Responses that are following by reinforcement become more probable.

question

Researchers (Bower, Karlin, Dueck, 1975) showed participants an abstract drawing with or without a vivid label (such as "worm crossing razor blade.") What did they find?

answer

participants who got the verbal labels recalled the pictures much better

question

In answering this, and all other questions for this exam, you are making use of

answer

retrieval

question

When we form connections between new information and information already in memory, we are utilizing an encoding technique that psychologists refer to as:

answer

elaboration

question

Capacity of sensory memory is

answer

scenic

question

Characteristics of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

answer

small head, malformed face, heart defects, hyperactivity

question

Recent research on the relationship between language and thought has _______________________.

answer

shown support for the linguistic relativity hypothesis.

question

When an epidemiologist investigates the "incidence" of a disease, he or she is interested in ____________________________ in a given population during a specified time.

answer

the index (usually rate) of the total number of new cases identified

question

In classical conditioning, it is generally easier to establish a new association if the stimulus which is used as the conditioned stimulus is _________________________.

answer

unfamiliar

question

At what stage have children acquired the ability to pass conservation tasks?

answer

concrete operational

question

The two sentences, "John telephoned Tom" and "Tom ate beef" are the same in regard to

answer

syntax

question

Researchers studied the difference between expert and novices by asking expert chess players and novice players to memorize the position of playing pieces on a chessboard. In one condition, the pieces were placed at random and in the other the pieces were placed in positions that the pieces could have after many moves in a real game. The researchers found that

answer

experts were able to reproduce the meaningful board better than novices but were no different from novices on the random board

question

In classical conditioning, which of the following involves learning?

answer

both acquisition and extinction

question

Little Susie has habituated to a picture of a red circle. This means that when she was shown the picture over and over again, her attention to the circle __________.

answer

gradually decreased

question

the information quickest available in one's mind is correct

answer

availability heuristic

question

judging the probability of an even by its superficial similarity to a prototype. Failure to consider base rates and judge someone based on a stereotype

answer

representativeness heuristic

question

schedule-deliver reinforcement after a predetermined number of responses

answer

fixed ratio

question

reinforcement schedule in which the number of responses necessary to produce reinforcement varies from trial to trial

answer

variable ratio

question

reinforcement after a determined interval of time

answer

fixed interval

question

reinforced on an average every predetermined amount of time

answer

variable interval

question

attention and memory problems, hyper activity, poor motor skills, facial deformation

answer

characteristics of Fetal Alcohol syndrome

question

when some stimuli are similar enough that when one causes a particular behavior, another will cause that same behavior

answer

stimulus generalization

question

when an antecedent influences the likelihood of an event to occur

answer

discriminative stimulus

question

generalization, reasoning from detailed facts to general principles

answer

inductive reasoning

question

the number of words language has for a concept indicates the concepts importance to the users of that language

answer

linguistic relativity hypothesis

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