PSY 100- Ch. 5 – Flashcards
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a systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience
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learning
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a theory of learning that focuses on observable behaviors
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behaviorism
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when we make a connect, or an association, between two events
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associative learning
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the process of learning new associations -two types: classical and operant
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conditioning
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learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response -organisms learn the association between two stimuli -organisms learn to anticipate events
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classical conditioning
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organisms learn the association between a behavior and a consequence, such as a reward -organisms learn to increase behaviors followed by rewards and decrease behaviors followed by punishment
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operant conditioning
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learning that occurs through observing and imitating another's behavior -relies on mental processes
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observational learning
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autonomic stimulus-response connections
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reflexes
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a stimulus that produces a response without prior learning
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unconditioned stimulus
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an unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus -involuntary, happen in response to a stimulus without conscious effort
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unconditioned response
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a previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus
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conditioned stimulus
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the learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus pairing
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conditioned response
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-the first part of classical conditioning -the initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired
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acquisition
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the conditioned stimulus and and unconditioned stimulus are presented very close together in time
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contiguity
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the conditioned stimulus most precede the unconditioned stimulus closely in time and it must also serve as a reliable indicator that the unconditioned stimulus is on its way
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contingency
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-classical conditioning -the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response
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generalization
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-classical conditioning -the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others
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discrimination
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the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent
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extinction
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the process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning
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spontaneous recovery
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a classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response
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counterconditioning
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a form of treatment that involves repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus
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aversive conditioning
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Thorndike's law stating that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened
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law of effect
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rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior
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shaping
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the process by which a stimulus or an event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again
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reinforcement
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the presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior
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positive reinforcement
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the removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior
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negative reinforcement
