PSU nutrition
8 May 2020
question
| List the B vitamins |
answer
| thiamin riboflavin niacin B6 folate B12 Biotin Panthothenic acid |
question
| What are the fat soluble vitamins? |
answer
| Vitamin A, D, E and K |
question
| What is a vitamin? |
answer
| an organic compound required in small amounts in the diet (less than a gram) they promote regular chemical reactions, growth, reproduction and maintenance of health |
question
| what is Fortification? |
answer
| vitamins added to foods through fortification |
question
| what is enrichment? |
answer
question
| What function does vitamin c serve? |
answer
| -antioxidant in body fluids to protect: -blood -dna -WBC -lining of lungs and stomach mucosa -deactivates hisamine -helps form collagen |
question
| Sources of Vitamin C? |
answer
| found in fruits/veg as ascorbic acid -citrus -green peppers -brocolli spinach strabwerries romain lettuce kiwi brussel sprouts |
question
| What is Scurvy? |
answer
| caused by Vitamin c deficiency fatigue hemmorhages bleeding gums loose teeth muscle degeneration bone fragility and death |
question
| Toxicity of Vitamin C? |
answer
| excess is removed from bodily fluids high doses can result in diarrhea nausea and cramps |
question
| Who needs to consume more vit c? |
answer
| smokers |
question
| What are the different forms of vitamin B? |
answer
| Thiamin Roboflavin Niacin B6 folate B12 biotin pantothenic acid |
question
| What is the general function of B vitamins? |
answer
| coenzymes!
which are non protein molecules that act as carriers of electrons or atoms in metabolic reactions |
question
| What is the function of Thiamin? |
answer
| aka B1 part of coenzyme Tpp |
question
| What are srouces of Thiamin? |
answer
| pork sunflower seeds whole grains legymes enriched grains |
question
| What happens when one is deficient in thiamin? |
answer
| beriberi- muscle weakness, edema, depression, nervous system and heart damage |
question
| What is the function of Riboflavin? |
answer
| aka B12
coenzyme in the release of energy from nutrients part of FMN and FAD in the TCA cycle and breakdown of fatty acids and the ETC |
question
| Sources of Riboflavin? |
answer
| milk grains liver oysters brewers yeast |
question
| deficient in riboflavin =? |
answer
| is a condition called ariboflavinosis which is when cell growth is retarded a decrease in healing rapid in the skin and eyes and lips usually in combo with other deficiencies |
question
| Functions of Niacin? |
answer
| a coenzyme NAD/NADH and NADP and is involved in oxidation/reduction reactions |
question
| sources of niacin? |
answer
| enriched grains beef chicken turkey fish or tryptophan |
question
| deficient in niacin = ? |
answer
| results in pellegra! s/s rough/raw skin 4 d’s: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia and death decreased appetitie and weight |
question
| What is pellegra? |
answer
| caused by a niacin deficiency
usually caused by eatin too much corn or white rice |
question
| Toxicity of niacin? |
answer
| flushing of skin itching nausea and liver damage |
question
| Vitamin B6 functions? |
answer
| -transamination reactions main coenzyme is PLP which activates enzymes needed for metabolism of sugs fats and protein synthesis of Hb and histamine |
question
| sources of vitamin b6? |
answer
| meat fish poultry whoel grains bananas spinach |
question
| Who needs to take Niacin suplements? |
answer
| alcholoics and ppl on meds that decrease b6’s |
question
| toxicity of vitamin B6? |
answer
| only from supplements can lead to nerve damage |
question
| FOlate functions? |
answer
| coenzyme THEA necessary for DNA and RNA synthesis cell division rapid cell turnover amino acid metabolism |
question
| deficiency of folate? |
answer
| impairs cell division and protein synthesis megablastic anemia preggo + neural tube defects |
question
| who needs to consume more B 6? |
answer
| POOR DIET ELDERLY ALCOHOLIC KIDNEY DIALYSIS LIVER DISEASE |
question
| who is at risk for folate deficiencies? |
answer
| alcholoics maabsorptive liver disease kidney dislysis |
question
| sources of folate? |
answer
| *leafy greens *liver grains *legumes veg fort cereals |
question
| toxicity of folate? |
answer
| only from supplements skin/respiratory disorders epilepsey excess can mask B12 deficiency |
question
| B12 functions? |
answer
| -helps convert COA to sCOA in the TCA cycle recycles folate enxymes nerve function maintain myelin sheaths prevents megaplastic anemia |
question
| sources of B12? |
answer
| sythensized by bacteria in intestines live animal products some yeasts |
question
| deficiency of B12? |
answer
| -usually due to decreased absorption abilits and decrease in gastic acids(elderly)
pernicious anemia |
question
| Functions of Biotin? |
answer
| aka vitamin d is a coenzyme in the TCA cycle glucose synthesis metabolism offatty acids and amino acids |
question
| sources of Biotin? |
answer
| califlower yolk liver peanuts cheese |
question
| deficiency of biotin? |
answer
| very rare (have little numbers) from raw eggs or anticoagulant drugs -nausea |
question
| Panthothenic acids? |
answer
| *coenzyme A* for metablism of fat,sugar and protein
from meatt, mushrooms liver and peanuts deficiency: rare seen in sevear malnutrition usually |
question
| do deficiencies usually occur alone? |
answer
| no except beriberi and pellegra |
question
| Vitamin A functions? |
answer
| part of the visual pigment rhodopsin regulates growth and d/dx of cells gene expression sperm development favors bone formation maintence of epithelial tissues |
question
| What is nigh blindness? |
answer
| inadequate amounts of retinal(vit a form) to reform rhodopsin needed for night vision |
question
| Retinoic acids function? |
answer
| influences hoe epithelial cells d/dx and mature (vit a) |
question
| Xeroprithalamia |
answer
| major cause of blindness ( VIt a deficiency) |
question
| follicular hyperkeratosis |
answer
| skin disorder from low levels of vitamin a |
question
| vitamin A’s role in immunity? |
answer
| maintains protective barriers (epi and mucus) helps produce lymphocytes and Ab’s |
question
| sources of Vitamin A? |
answer
| preformes: liver, fish oils fortified milk and eggs pumpkin pie? proformes: dark leafy greens yellow/orange fruit/veg |
question
| Beta carotene functions/sources/deficiency? |
answer
| -weak antioxidant, oxidation of LDL’s in cell membranes
from fruits/veg that are red/orange and yellow |
question
| deficiency of beta carotene? |
answer
| primary: uncommon secondary: cystic fibrosis, impaired bile production, extremely low fat diets, zinc deficiency |
question
| what is VADD? |
answer
| vitamin A deficiency disorder increase infection rate night blindness xerophthalmaddry – eyes/blind hyperkeratosis – rough skin |
question
| Vitamin A toxicity |
answer
| from excess consumption of liver taking too many supplements polar bear liver |
question
| hypercarotenemia |
answer
| results from high levels in carotenoids from foods
skin turns yellow (not harmful) |
question
| Carotenoid toxicity |
answer
| blured visiton liver abnoramal decrease bone strength birth defects increase in lunch cancer hypercarotenemia |
question
| non preo pitamin a |
answer
| cant become vitamin a considered a phytochemical include lycopene |
question
| lycopene |
answer
| tomatoes cancer prevention cataract prevention |
question
| luetin |
answer
| brocolli brussel sprouts spinach kale macular degeneration breast cancer |
question
| antioxidants |
answer
| vitamins donate their electrons to the free radicals to stabilize them, some destroy the free radicals (selelnium)
ex |
question
| Functions of Vitamin E? |
answer
| acts as an antioxidant, prevents oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids decreases chances of cataracts and bv plaques |
question
| proposed functions of vitamin E? |
answer
| protect against heart disease inhibiting LDL oxidation inhibiting plaque formation increading eicosanioids that dencrease blood pressure and blood clot formation |
question
| sources of vitamin E? |
answer
| sunflower seeds vegetable oil almonds nuts leafy greens whole grains |
question
| Toxicity of Vitamin E? |
answer
| from supplements and will interfear with blood clotting action of vitamin K = hemmorhage |
question
| deficiency of vitamin E? |
answer
| hemolytic anemia peripheral neuralpathy decreased bile production very rare but occurs in infants and people with decreased fat absorption |
question
| Vitamin D function? |
answer
| bone growth regulation of gene expression and cell d/dx hormones, collagen, ca,ph,mg and Fl regulation of blood calcium levels |
question
| sources of Vitamin D? |
answer
| sunlight fatty fish fortified milk liver beef eggs |
question
| Vitamin Deficiencies? |
answer
| less calcium is absorber bone matrix cant mineralize = rubbery bones rickets |
question
| What is Rickets? |
answer
| caused by a vitamin D deficiency bowed legs in children fixed by milk fortification |
question
| Who needs to consume more Vitamin D? |
answer
| ppl who live in smog areas overcast weather short days have dark skin wear sunscreen old age |
question
| Vitamin Toxicity? |
answer
| higher in take results in an increase in blood concentration and urine
calcium is deposited in soft tissues cv dmaage caused by supplementation and hyper calcemia |
question
| Vitamin K function? |
answer
| production of blood clotting proteitn prothrombin
involved in blood clotting binds ca2+ |
question
| Sources of vitamin K? |
answer
| bacteria in intestines milk liver eggs leafy greens veg oils |
question
| Vitamin K deficicency? |
answer
| rare occurs with fat malabsorption or after long term antibiotics results in failure to form clots interfears with anticoagulant medications |
question
| Who is at risk for vitamin K deficiency? |
answer
| infants with low vit k stores intestines without bacteria VKDB vit d defiecency dleesing |
question
| what is a mineral? |
answer
| an element needed by the body in small amounts for structure and to regulate reactions and bodily processed |
question
| what are the bodies major positive electrolytes? |
answer
| sodium and potassium! |
question
| functions of Sodium? |
answer
| electrolyte balance nerve impulse transmission muscle contraction |
question
| Excess sodium =? |
answer
| hypertension = 140/90 heart disease |
question
| what is the dash diet/? |
answer
| low na high ca, k and mg high fiber |
question
| toxicity of sodium? |
answer
| hypertension stomach cancer ulcers heartburn kidney stones osteoperosis |
question
| Functions of chloride? Toxicity? Sources? |
answer
| maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance
part of HCl in the stomach too much = vomiting |
question
| Function of Potassium? |
answer
| major cation in the intracellular fluid
fluid balance |
question
| Potassium deficicency =? |
answer
| poor apetite muscle cramps confusion apathy constipation irregular HB |
question
| who usually have a potassium deficiency? |
answer
| alcoholics ppl who use direutics ana/mia |
question
| toxicity of potassium? |
answer
| harmless when kidneys func fine = GI upset
not: high blood potassium levels which inhibits heart function |
question
| Functions of calcium? |
answer
| nerve trans muscle contractions BP regulation releases hormones blood clotting prevents colon cancer |
question
| sources of calcium? |
answer
| dairy kale tofu canned fish fortified bfast cereals |
question
| toxicity of calcium? |
answer
| constipation increase in chances of kidney stones interfere with absorption of zinc, iron and magnesium |
question
| Calcium deficiency? |
answer
| stunted growth in children bone loss in adults |
question
| What is PTH? |
answer
| parathyroid hormone
-secreted when blood calcium is too low |
question
| what is calcitonin? |
answer
| -secreted by the thyroid when blood calcium levels are too high -decreases calcium blood levels |
question
| what increases the absorption on ca? |
answer
| preggo children taking estrogen.testerone vitamin d calcium binding protein acidic environment |
question
| what decreases calcium absorption? |
answer
| high fiber low vitamin d tanins menopause aging |
question
| Function of phosphorus? |
answer
| 80% in bones ATP DNA/RNA phospholipids acid/base balance |
question
| sources of phosphorus? |
answer
| liver dairy soda meats yogurt |
question
| deficiency of phosphorus? |
answer
| bone loss decreased growth poor tooth development |
question
| who are the people at risk for phosphorus deficiency? |
answer
| premature babies alcoholics elderly with poor diets diarrhea aluminum antacids |
question
| Functions of Magnesium? |
answer
| cofactors in enzymes activaates ATP dna/rna synthesis nervous and cardiac function insulin release dilate arteries |
question
| sources of magnesium? |
answer
| spinach leafy greens sunflower seeds garbonzo beans aomonds oatmeal ww bread chocolate |
question
| magnesium deficiency =? |
answer
| develops slowly irregular heartbead icreased blood pressure weakness vomiting muscle spasms disorientation nausea seizures |
question
| who is at risk for MG deficiency? |
answer
| ppl who use direuitcs lots of perspiration long term diarrhea and vomiting alcoholics |
question
| function of Iron? |
answer
| hemoglobin in RBCS myoglobin ETC enzyme cofactor immune function |
question
| what are the two types of iron? |
answer
| heme (animal-25 %) and non heme (plant 17%) |
question
| what increases the absorption of iron? |
answer
| MEP factor vitamin c citric and lactic acid |
question
| what decreases the absorption of iron |
answer
| phylates and fibers’vegetable proteins calcium in milk |
question
| who needs to consume more Fe? |
answer
| vegetarians adolesent girls women less than 51 |
question
| iron sources |
answer
| cook in iron pan clams liver parsley beans rice |
question
| what causes iron deficiency? |
answer
| most common, caused by blood loss, malaria, parasites, menstruration, stage of life |
question
| s/s of iron deficiency? |
answer
| fatigue weakness headaches apathy pallor poor resistances to cold temps behavioral adhd energy metabolism impaires |
question
| what causes toxicity of iron? |
answer
| caused by hemochromatosis, blood transfucions, suppllements and metabolic disorders |
question
| s/s of iron toxicity? |
answer
| tissue damage infection diabetes liver cancer heart disease arthritis nausea constipation vomit runs shock confusion increased HR weak pulse |
question
| function of zinc? |
answer
| promotes healthy immune system cofactor dna and protein synthesis cell division protein alcohol metabolic cell membrane eye function wound healing development of sexual maturity |
question
| who is at risk for zinc deficiency? |
answer
| alcoholica preggos poor nutrition |
question
| sources of zinc? |
answer
| animal products oysters red meat shellfish whole grains legumes nuts greens |
question
| deficiency of zinc = ? |
answer
| inhibits copper absorption decreases HDL increase heart disease runs cramps nausea vomiting depressed immune system |
question
| selenium sources? |
answer
| fish meat eggs milk shell fish whole grains nuts **brazil nuts** |
question
| functio os selenium? |
answer
| defend against free radicals regulate thyroid function play a rolein immune function part of a group of proteins called selenoproteins |
question
| selenium deficency? |
answer
| muscle pain/weakness cardiomyoapthy keshan disease- kid heart block vessel disease |
question
| who is at risk for selenium deficiency? |
answer
| people with gi diseases which lower absorption
and placed where selinium is low in the soil |
question
| toxicity s/s of selenium? |
answer
| brittle hair rashes cirrhosis of the liver |
question
| function of iodine? |
answer
| synthesis of thyroid hormone |
question
| Iodide deficiency? |
answer
| enlargement of thyroid decreased metabolic rate |
question
| toxicity of iodide results in? |
answer
| inhibition of thyroid hormone synthesis |
question
| sources of idiodine? |
answer
| chocolate milkshake yogurt milke |
question
| who is at risk for iodine deficency? |
answer
| pregos kids get cretinism + mental retardation |
question
| functions of flouride? |
answer
| protects teeth from cavities |
question
| deficency/. |
answer
| increased risk of dental caries |
question
| toxicity? |
answer
| too much tap water in kids or too much toothpaste |
question
| what are the water soluable vitamins? |
answer
| * B vitamins + thiamin + riboflavin + niacin + biotin + pantothenic acid + vitamin B6 + folate + vitamin B12 |
