PSU nutrition
List the B vitamins |
thiamin riboflavin niacin B6 folate B12 Biotin Panthothenic acid |
What are the fat soluble vitamins? |
Vitamin A, D, E and K |
What is a vitamin? |
an organic compound required in small amounts in the diet (less than a gram) they promote regular chemical reactions, growth, reproduction and maintenance of health |
what is Fortification? |
vitamins added to foods through fortification |
what is enrichment? |
What function does vitamin c serve? |
-antioxidant in body fluids to protect: -blood -dna -WBC -lining of lungs and stomach mucosa -deactivates hisamine -helps form collagen |
Sources of Vitamin C? |
found in fruits/veg as ascorbic acid -citrus -green peppers -brocolli spinach strabwerries romain lettuce kiwi brussel sprouts |
What is Scurvy? |
caused by Vitamin c deficiency fatigue hemmorhages bleeding gums loose teeth muscle degeneration bone fragility and death |
Toxicity of Vitamin C? |
excess is removed from bodily fluids high doses can result in diarrhea nausea and cramps |
Who needs to consume more vit c? |
smokers |
What are the different forms of vitamin B? |
Thiamin Roboflavin Niacin B6 folate B12 biotin pantothenic acid |
What is the general function of B vitamins? |
coenzymes!
which are non protein molecules that act as carriers of electrons or atoms in metabolic reactions |
What is the function of Thiamin? |
aka B1 part of coenzyme Tpp |
What are srouces of Thiamin? |
pork sunflower seeds whole grains legymes enriched grains |
What happens when one is deficient in thiamin? |
beriberi- muscle weakness, edema, depression, nervous system and heart damage |
What is the function of Riboflavin? |
aka B12
coenzyme in the release of energy from nutrients part of FMN and FAD in the TCA cycle and breakdown of fatty acids and the ETC |
Sources of Riboflavin? |
milk grains liver oysters brewers yeast |
deficient in riboflavin =? |
is a condition called ariboflavinosis which is when cell growth is retarded a decrease in healing rapid in the skin and eyes and lips usually in combo with other deficiencies |
Functions of Niacin? |
a coenzyme NAD/NADH and NADP and is involved in oxidation/reduction reactions |
sources of niacin? |
enriched grains beef chicken turkey fish or tryptophan |
deficient in niacin = ? |
results in pellegra! s/s rough/raw skin 4 d’s: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia and death decreased appetitie and weight |
What is pellegra? |
caused by a niacin deficiency
usually caused by eatin too much corn or white rice |
Toxicity of niacin? |
flushing of skin itching nausea and liver damage |
Vitamin B6 functions? |
-transamination reactions main coenzyme is PLP which activates enzymes needed for metabolism of sugs fats and protein synthesis of Hb and histamine |
sources of vitamin b6? |
meat fish poultry whoel grains bananas spinach |
Who needs to take Niacin suplements? |
alcholoics and ppl on meds that decrease b6’s |
toxicity of vitamin B6? |
only from supplements can lead to nerve damage |
FOlate functions? |
coenzyme THEA necessary for DNA and RNA synthesis cell division rapid cell turnover amino acid metabolism |
deficiency of folate? |
impairs cell division and protein synthesis megablastic anemia preggo + neural tube defects |
who needs to consume more B 6? |
POOR DIET ELDERLY ALCOHOLIC KIDNEY DIALYSIS LIVER DISEASE |
who is at risk for folate deficiencies? |
alcholoics maabsorptive liver disease kidney dislysis |
sources of folate? |
*leafy greens *liver grains *legumes veg fort cereals |
toxicity of folate? |
only from supplements skin/respiratory disorders epilepsey excess can mask B12 deficiency |
B12 functions? |
-helps convert COA to sCOA in the TCA cycle recycles folate enxymes nerve function maintain myelin sheaths prevents megaplastic anemia |
sources of B12? |
sythensized by bacteria in intestines live animal products some yeasts |
deficiency of B12? |
-usually due to decreased absorption abilits and decrease in gastic acids(elderly)
pernicious anemia |
Functions of Biotin? |
aka vitamin d is a coenzyme in the TCA cycle glucose synthesis metabolism offatty acids and amino acids |
sources of Biotin? |
califlower yolk liver peanuts cheese |
deficiency of biotin? |
very rare (have little numbers) from raw eggs or anticoagulant drugs -nausea |
Panthothenic acids? |
*coenzyme A* for metablism of fat,sugar and protein
from meatt, mushrooms liver and peanuts deficiency: rare seen in sevear malnutrition usually |
do deficiencies usually occur alone? |
no except beriberi and pellegra |
Vitamin A functions? |
part of the visual pigment rhodopsin regulates growth and d/dx of cells gene expression sperm development favors bone formation maintence of epithelial tissues |
What is nigh blindness? |
inadequate amounts of retinal(vit a form) to reform rhodopsin needed for night vision |
Retinoic acids function? |
influences hoe epithelial cells d/dx and mature (vit a) |
Xeroprithalamia |
major cause of blindness ( VIt a deficiency) |
follicular hyperkeratosis |
skin disorder from low levels of vitamin a |
vitamin A’s role in immunity? |
maintains protective barriers (epi and mucus) helps produce lymphocytes and Ab’s |
sources of Vitamin A? |
preformes: liver, fish oils fortified milk and eggs pumpkin pie? proformes: dark leafy greens yellow/orange fruit/veg |
Beta carotene functions/sources/deficiency? |
-weak antioxidant, oxidation of LDL’s in cell membranes
from fruits/veg that are red/orange and yellow |
deficiency of beta carotene? |
primary: uncommon secondary: cystic fibrosis, impaired bile production, extremely low fat diets, zinc deficiency |
what is VADD? |
vitamin A deficiency disorder increase infection rate night blindness xerophthalmaddry – eyes/blind hyperkeratosis – rough skin |
Vitamin A toxicity |
from excess consumption of liver taking too many supplements polar bear liver |
hypercarotenemia |
results from high levels in carotenoids from foods
skin turns yellow (not harmful) |
Carotenoid toxicity |
blured visiton liver abnoramal decrease bone strength birth defects increase in lunch cancer hypercarotenemia |
non preo pitamin a |
cant become vitamin a considered a phytochemical include lycopene |
lycopene |
tomatoes cancer prevention cataract prevention |
luetin |
brocolli brussel sprouts spinach kale macular degeneration breast cancer |
antioxidants |
vitamins donate their electrons to the free radicals to stabilize them, some destroy the free radicals (selelnium)
ex |
Functions of Vitamin E? |
acts as an antioxidant, prevents oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids decreases chances of cataracts and bv plaques |
proposed functions of vitamin E? |
protect against heart disease inhibiting LDL oxidation inhibiting plaque formation increading eicosanioids that dencrease blood pressure and blood clot formation |
sources of vitamin E? |
sunflower seeds vegetable oil almonds nuts leafy greens whole grains |
Toxicity of Vitamin E? |
from supplements and will interfear with blood clotting action of vitamin K = hemmorhage |
deficiency of vitamin E? |
hemolytic anemia peripheral neuralpathy decreased bile production very rare but occurs in infants and people with decreased fat absorption |
Vitamin D function? |
bone growth regulation of gene expression and cell d/dx hormones, collagen, ca,ph,mg and Fl regulation of blood calcium levels |
sources of Vitamin D? |
sunlight fatty fish fortified milk liver beef eggs |
Vitamin Deficiencies? |
less calcium is absorber bone matrix cant mineralize = rubbery bones rickets |
What is Rickets? |
caused by a vitamin D deficiency bowed legs in children fixed by milk fortification |
Who needs to consume more Vitamin D? |
ppl who live in smog areas overcast weather short days have dark skin wear sunscreen old age |
Vitamin Toxicity? |
higher in take results in an increase in blood concentration and urine
calcium is deposited in soft tissues cv dmaage caused by supplementation and hyper calcemia |
Vitamin K function? |
production of blood clotting proteitn prothrombin
involved in blood clotting binds ca2+ |
Sources of vitamin K? |
bacteria in intestines milk liver eggs leafy greens veg oils |
Vitamin K deficicency? |
rare occurs with fat malabsorption or after long term antibiotics results in failure to form clots interfears with anticoagulant medications |
Who is at risk for vitamin K deficiency? |
infants with low vit k stores intestines without bacteria VKDB vit d defiecency dleesing |
what is a mineral? |
an element needed by the body in small amounts for structure and to regulate reactions and bodily processed |
what are the bodies major positive electrolytes? |
sodium and potassium! |
functions of Sodium? |
electrolyte balance nerve impulse transmission muscle contraction |
Excess sodium =? |
hypertension = 140/90 heart disease |
what is the dash diet/? |
low na high ca, k and mg high fiber |
toxicity of sodium? |
hypertension stomach cancer ulcers heartburn kidney stones osteoperosis |
Functions of chloride? Toxicity? Sources? |
maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance
part of HCl in the stomach too much = vomiting |
Function of Potassium? |
major cation in the intracellular fluid
fluid balance |
Potassium deficicency =? |
poor apetite muscle cramps confusion apathy constipation irregular HB |
who usually have a potassium deficiency? |
alcoholics ppl who use direutics ana/mia |
toxicity of potassium? |
harmless when kidneys func fine = GI upset
not: high blood potassium levels which inhibits heart function |
Functions of calcium? |
nerve trans muscle contractions BP regulation releases hormones blood clotting prevents colon cancer |
sources of calcium? |
dairy kale tofu canned fish fortified bfast cereals |
toxicity of calcium? |
constipation increase in chances of kidney stones interfere with absorption of zinc, iron and magnesium |
Calcium deficiency? |
stunted growth in children bone loss in adults |
What is PTH? |
parathyroid hormone
-secreted when blood calcium is too low |
what is calcitonin? |
-secreted by the thyroid when blood calcium levels are too high -decreases calcium blood levels |
what increases the absorption on ca? |
preggo children taking estrogen.testerone vitamin d calcium binding protein acidic environment |
what decreases calcium absorption? |
high fiber low vitamin d tanins menopause aging |
Function of phosphorus? |
80% in bones ATP DNA/RNA phospholipids acid/base balance |
sources of phosphorus? |
liver dairy soda meats yogurt |
deficiency of phosphorus? |
bone loss decreased growth poor tooth development |
who are the people at risk for phosphorus deficiency? |
premature babies alcoholics elderly with poor diets diarrhea aluminum antacids |
Functions of Magnesium? |
cofactors in enzymes activaates ATP dna/rna synthesis nervous and cardiac function insulin release dilate arteries |
sources of magnesium? |
spinach leafy greens sunflower seeds garbonzo beans aomonds oatmeal ww bread chocolate |
magnesium deficiency =? |
develops slowly irregular heartbead icreased blood pressure weakness vomiting muscle spasms disorientation nausea seizures |
who is at risk for MG deficiency? |
ppl who use direuitcs lots of perspiration long term diarrhea and vomiting alcoholics |
function of Iron? |
hemoglobin in RBCS myoglobin ETC enzyme cofactor immune function |
what are the two types of iron? |
heme (animal-25 %) and non heme (plant 17%) |
what increases the absorption of iron? |
MEP factor vitamin c citric and lactic acid |
what decreases the absorption of iron |
phylates and fibers’vegetable proteins calcium in milk |
who needs to consume more Fe? |
vegetarians adolesent girls women less than 51 |
iron sources |
cook in iron pan clams liver parsley beans rice |
what causes iron deficiency? |
most common, caused by blood loss, malaria, parasites, menstruration, stage of life |
s/s of iron deficiency? |
fatigue weakness headaches apathy pallor poor resistances to cold temps behavioral adhd energy metabolism impaires |
what causes toxicity of iron? |
caused by hemochromatosis, blood transfucions, suppllements and metabolic disorders |
s/s of iron toxicity? |
tissue damage infection diabetes liver cancer heart disease arthritis nausea constipation vomit runs shock confusion increased HR weak pulse |
function of zinc? |
promotes healthy immune system cofactor dna and protein synthesis cell division protein alcohol metabolic cell membrane eye function wound healing development of sexual maturity |
who is at risk for zinc deficiency? |
alcoholica preggos poor nutrition |
sources of zinc? |
animal products oysters red meat shellfish whole grains legumes nuts greens |
deficiency of zinc = ? |
inhibits copper absorption decreases HDL increase heart disease runs cramps nausea vomiting depressed immune system |
selenium sources? |
fish meat eggs milk shell fish whole grains nuts **brazil nuts** |
functio os selenium? |
defend against free radicals regulate thyroid function play a rolein immune function part of a group of proteins called selenoproteins |
selenium deficency? |
muscle pain/weakness cardiomyoapthy keshan disease- kid heart block vessel disease |
who is at risk for selenium deficiency? |
people with gi diseases which lower absorption
and placed where selinium is low in the soil |
toxicity s/s of selenium? |
brittle hair rashes cirrhosis of the liver |
function of iodine? |
synthesis of thyroid hormone |
Iodide deficiency? |
enlargement of thyroid decreased metabolic rate |
toxicity of iodide results in? |
inhibition of thyroid hormone synthesis |
sources of idiodine? |
chocolate milkshake yogurt milke |
who is at risk for iodine deficency? |
pregos kids get cretinism + mental retardation |
functions of flouride? |
protects teeth from cavities |
deficency/. |
increased risk of dental caries |
toxicity? |
too much tap water in kids or too much toothpaste |
what are the water soluable vitamins? |
* B vitamins + thiamin + riboflavin + niacin + biotin + pantothenic acid + vitamin B6 + folate + vitamin B12 |