| thiamin
riboflavin
niacin
B6
folate
B12
Biotin
Panthothenic acid |
|
| What are the fat soluble vitamins? |
| |
| | an organic compound required in small amounts in the diet (less than a gram) they promote regular chemical reactions, growth, reproduction and maintenance of health |
|
| | vitamins added to foods through fortification |
|
| |
| What function does vitamin c serve? |
| -antioxidant in body fluids to protect:
-blood
-dna
-WBC
-lining of lungs and stomach mucosa
-deactivates hisamine
-helps form collagen |
|
| found in fruits/veg as ascorbic acid
-citrus
-green peppers
-brocolli
spinach
strabwerries
romain lettuce
kiwi
brussel sprouts |
|
| caused by Vitamin c deficiency
fatigue
hemmorhages
bleeding gums
loose teeth
muscle degeneration
bone fragility and death |
|
| excess is removed from bodily fluids
high doses can result in diarrhea nausea and cramps |
|
| Who needs to consume more vit c? |
| |
| What are the different forms of vitamin B? |
| Thiamin
Roboflavin
Niacin
B6
folate
B12
biotin
pantothenic acid |
|
| What is the general function of B vitamins? |
| | coenzymes! which are non protein molecules that act as carriers of electrons or atoms in metabolic reactions |
|
| What is the function of Thiamin? |
| aka B1
part of coenzyme Tpp |
|
| What are srouces of Thiamin? |
| pork
sunflower seeds
whole grains
legymes
enriched grains |
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| What happens when one is deficient in thiamin? |
| | beriberi- muscle weakness, edema, depression, nervous system and heart damage |
|
| What is the function of Riboflavin? |
| | aka B12 coenzyme in the release of energy from nutrients part of FMN and FAD in the TCA cycle and breakdown of fatty acids and the ETC |
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| milk
grains
liver
oysters
brewers yeast |
|
| deficient in riboflavin =? |
| is a condition called ariboflavinosis which is when cell growth is retarded
a decrease in healing rapid in the skin and eyes and lips
usually in combo with other deficiencies |
|
| | a coenzyme NAD/NADH and NADP and is involved in oxidation/reduction reactions |
|
| enriched grains
beef
chicken
turkey
fish or tryptophan |
|
| results in pellegra!
s/s
rough/raw skin
4 d’s: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia and death
decreased appetitie and weight |
|
| | caused by a niacin deficiency usually caused by eatin too much corn or white rice |
|
| flushing of skin
itching
nausea and liver damage |
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| -transamination reactions
main coenzyme is PLP which activates enzymes needed for metabolism of sugs fats and proteinsynthesis of Hb and histamine
gene expression |
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| meat
fish
poultry
whoel grains
bananas
spinach |
|
| Who needs to take Niacin suplements? |
| | alcholoics and ppl on meds that decrease b6’s |
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| only from supplements
can lead to nerve damage |
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| coenzyme THEA
necessary for DNA and RNA synthesis
cell division
rapid cell turnover
amino acid metabolism |
|
| impairs cell division and protein synthesis
megablastic anemia
preggo + neural tube defects |
|
| who needs to consume more B 6? |
| POOR DIET
ELDERLY
ALCOHOLIC
KIDNEY DIALYSIS
LIVER DISEASE |
|
| who is at risk for folate deficiencies? |
| alcholoics
maabsorptive liver disease
kidney dislysis |
|
| *leafy greens
*liver
grains
*legumes
veg
fort cereals |
|
| only from supplements
skin/respiratory disorders
epilepsey
excess can mask B12 deficiency |
|
| -helps convert COA to sCOA in the TCA cycle
recycles folate enxymes
nerve function
maintain myelin sheaths
prevents megaplastic anemia |
|
| sythensized by bacteria in intestines
live
animal products
some yeasts |
|
| | -usually due to decreased absorption abilits and decrease in gastic acids(elderly) pernicious anemia
nerve damage
weakness
paralysis
death |
|
| aka vitamin d
is a coenzyme in the TCA cycle
glucose synthesis
metabolism offatty acids and amino acids |
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| califlower
yolk
liver
peanuts
cheese |
|
| very rare (have little numbers)
from raw eggs or anticoagulant drugs-nausea
thinning hair/hair loss
loss of hair color
skin rashes
depression
hallucinations
tingling |
|
| | *coenzyme A* for metablism of fat,sugar and protein from meatt, mushrooms liver and peanuts deficiency: rare seen in sevear malnutrition usually |
|
| do deficiencies usually occur alone? |
| | no except beriberi and pellegra |
|
| part of the visual pigment rhodopsin
regulates growth and d/dx of cells
gene expression
sperm development
favors bone formation
maintence of epithelial tissues |
|
| inadequate amounts of retinal(vit a form) to reform rhodopsin
needed for night vision |
|
| influences hoe epithelial cells d/dx and mature
(vit a) |
|
| | major cause of blindness ( VIt a deficiency) |
|
| follicular hyperkeratosis |
| | skin disorder from low levels of vitamin a |
|
| vitamin A’s role in immunity? |
| maintains protective barriers (epi and mucus)
helps produce lymphocytes and Ab’s |
|
| preformes: liver, fish oils fortified milk and eggs
pumpkin pie?proformes: dark leafy greens yellow/orange fruit/veg |
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| Beta carotene functions/sources/deficiency? |
| | -weak antioxidant, oxidation of LDL’s in cell membranes from fruits/veg that are red/orange and yellow |
|
| deficiency of beta carotene? |
| primary: uncommon
secondary: cystic fibrosis, impaired bile production, extremely low fat diets, zinc deficiency |
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| vitamin A deficiency disorder
increase infection rate
night blindness
xerophthalmaddry – eyes/blind
hyperkeratosis – rough skin |
|
| from excess consumption of liver
taking too many supplements
polar bear liver |
|
| | results from high levels in carotenoids from foods skin turns yellow (not harmful) |
|
| blured visiton
liver
abnoramal decrease bone strength
birth defects
increase in lunch cancer
hypercarotenemia |
|
| cant become vitamin a
considered a phytochemical
include lycopene |
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| tomatoes
cancer prevention
cataract prevention |
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| brocolli
brussel sprouts
spinach
kale
macular degeneration
breast cancer |
|
| | vitamins donate their electrons to the free radicals to stabilize them, some destroy the free radicals (selelnium) ex
vit c
deta carotene
vit E |
|
| acts as an antioxidant, prevents oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids
decreases chances of cataracts and bv plaques |
|
| proposed functions of vitamin E? |
| protect against heart disease
inhibiting LDL oxidation
inhibiting plaque formation
increading eicosanioids that dencrease blood pressure and blood clot formation |
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| sunflower seeds
vegetable oil
almonds
nuts
leafy greens
whole grains |
|
| | from supplements and will interfear with blood clotting action of vitamin K = hemmorhage |
|
| hemolytic anemia
peripheral neuralpathy
decreased bile production
very rare but occurs in infants and people with decreased fat absorption |
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| bone growth
regulation of gene expression and cell d/dx
hormones, collagen, ca,ph,mg and Fl
regulation of blood calcium levels |
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| sunlight
fatty fish
fortified milk
liver
beef
eggs |
|
| less calcium is absorber
bone matrix cant mineralize = rubbery bones
rickets |
|
| caused by a vitamin D deficiency
bowed legs in children
fixed by milk fortification |
|
| Who needs to consume more Vitamin D? |
| ppl who live in smog areas
overcast weather
short days
have dark skin
wear sunscreen
old age |
|
| | higher in take results in an increase in blood concentration and urine calcium is deposited in soft tissues cv dmaage
affects nervoud system
promotes bone loss caused by supplementation and hyper calcemia |
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| | production of blood clotting proteitn prothrombin involved in blood clotting binds ca2+ |
|
| bacteria in intestines
milk
liver
eggs
leafy greens
veg oils |
|
| rare
occurs with fat malabsorption or after long term antibiotics
results in failure to form clots
interfears with anticoagulant medications |
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| Who is at risk for vitamin K deficiency? |
| infants with low vit k stores
intestines without bacteria
VKDB vit d defiecency dleesing |
|
| | an element needed by the body in small amounts for structure and to regulate reactions and bodily processed |
|
| what are the bodies major positive electrolytes? |
| |
| electrolyte balance
nerve impulse transmission
muscle contraction |
|
| hypertension = 140/90
heart disease |
|
| low na
high ca, k and mghigh fiber
low fat
med protein |
|
| hypertension
stomach cancer
ulcers
heartburn
kidney stones
osteoperosis |
|
| Functions of chloride? Toxicity? Sources? |
| | maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance part of HCl in the stomach too much = vomiting
sources: salt, meat processed foods |
|
| | major cation in the intracellular fluid fluid balance
nerve impulse
decrease BP
muscle contraction |
|
| poor apetite
muscle cramps
confusion
apathy
constipation
irregular HB |
|
| who usually have a potassium deficiency? |
| alcoholics
ppl who use direutics
ana/mia |
|
| | harmless when kidneys func fine = GI upset not: high blood potassium levels which inhibits heart function |
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| nerve trans
muscle contractions
BP regulation
releases hormones
blood clotting
prevents colon cancer |
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| dairy
kale
tofu
canned fish
fortified bfast cereals |
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| constipation
increase in chances of kidney stones
interfere with absorption of zinc, iron and magnesium |
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| stunted growth in children
bone loss in adults |
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| | parathyroid hormone -secreted when blood calcium is too low
-released from parathyroid gland
-increases blood callcium levels |
|
| -secreted by the thyroid when blood calcium levels are too high
-decreases calcium blood levels |
|
| what increases the absorption on ca? |
| preggo
children
taking estrogen.testerone
vitamin d
calcium binding protein
acidic environment |
|
| what decreases calcium absorption? |
| high fiber
low vitamin d
tanins
menopause
aging |
|
| 80% in bones
ATP
DNA/RNA
phospholipids
acid/base balance |
|
| liver
dairy
soda
meats yogurt |
|
| deficiency of phosphorus? |
| bone loss
decreased growth
poor tooth development |
|
| who are the people at risk for phosphorus deficiency? |
| premature babies
alcoholics
elderly with poor diets
diarrhea
aluminum antacids |
|
| cofactors in enzymes
activaates ATP
dna/rna synthesis
nervous and cardiac function
insulin release
dilate arteries |
|
| spinach
leafy greens
sunflower seeds
garbonzo beans
aomonds
oatmeal
ww bread
chocolate |
|
| develops slowly
irregular heartbead
icreased blood pressure
weakness
vomiting
muscle spasms
disorientation
nausea
seizures |
|
| who is at risk for MG deficiency? |
| ppl who use direuitcs
lots of perspiration
long term diarrhea and vomiting
alcoholics |
|
| hemoglobin in RBCS
myoglobin
ETC
enzyme cofactor
immune function |
|
| what are the two types of iron? |
| heme (animal-25 %)
and
non heme (plant 17%) |
|
| what increases the absorption of iron? |
| MEP factor
vitamin c
citric and lactic acid |
|
| what decreases the absorption of iron |
| phylates and fibers’vegetable proteins
calcium in milk |
|
| who needs to consume more Fe? |
| vegetarians
adolesent girls
women less than 51 |
|
| cook in iron pan
clams
liver
parsley
beans
rice |
|
| what causes iron deficiency? |
| | most common, caused by blood loss, malaria, parasites, menstruration, stage of life |
|
| fatigue
weakness
headaches
apathy
pallor
poor resistances to cold temps
behavioral adhd
energy metabolism impaires |
|
| what causes toxicity of iron? |
| | caused by hemochromatosis, blood transfucions, suppllements and metabolic disorders |
|
| tissue damage
infection
diabetes
liver cancer
heart disease
arthritis
nausea
constipation
vomit
runs
shock
confusion
increased HR
weak pulse |
|
| promotes healthy immune system
cofactor
dna and protein synthesis
cell division
protein alcohol metabolic
cell membrane
eye function
wound healing
development of sexual maturity |
|
| who is at risk for zinc deficiency? |
| alcoholica
preggos
poor nutrition |
|
| animal products
oysters
red meat
shellfish
whole grains
legumes
nuts
greens |
|
| inhibits copper absorption
decreases HDL
increase heart disease
runs
cramps
nausea
vomiting
depressed immune system |
|
| fish
meat eggs
milk
shell fish
whole grains
nuts
**brazil nuts** |
|
| defend against free radicals
regulate thyroid function
play a rolein immune functionpart of a group of proteins called selenoproteins |
|
| muscle pain/weakness
cardiomyoapthy
keshan disease- kid heart block vessel disease |
|
| who is at risk for selenium deficiency? |
| | people with gi diseases which lower absorption and placed where selinium is low in the soil |
|
| toxicity s/s of selenium? |
| brittle hair
rashes
cirrhosis of the liver |
|
| | synthesis of thyroid hormone |
|
| enlargement of thyroid
decreased metabolic rate |
|
| toxicity of iodide results in? |
| | inhibition of thyroid hormone synthesis |
|
| chocolate milkshake
yogurt
milke |
|
| who is at risk for iodine deficency? |
| pregos
kids get cretinism + mental retardation |
|
| | protects teeth from cavities |
|
| | increased risk of dental caries |
|
| too much tap water in kids or
too much toothpaste |
|
| what are the water soluable vitamins? |
| * B vitamins
+ thiamin
+ riboflavin
+ niacin
+ biotin
+ pantothenic acid
+ vitamin B6
+ folate
+ vitamin B12 |
|
