PSU nutrition – Flashcards
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| List the B vitamins |
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| thiamin riboflavin niacin B6 folate B12 Biotin Panthothenic acid |
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| What are the fat soluble vitamins? |
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| Vitamin A, D, E and K |
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| What is a vitamin? |
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| an organic compound required in small amounts in the diet (less than a gram) they promote regular chemical reactions, growth, reproduction and maintenance of health |
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| what is Fortification? |
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| vitamins added to foods through fortification |
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| what is enrichment? |
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| What function does vitamin c serve? |
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| -antioxidant in body fluids to protect: -blood -dna -WBC -lining of lungs and stomach mucosa -deactivates hisamine -helps form collagen |
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| Sources of Vitamin C? |
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| found in fruits/veg as ascorbic acid -citrus -green peppers -brocolli spinach strabwerries romain lettuce kiwi brussel sprouts |
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| What is Scurvy? |
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| caused by Vitamin c deficiency fatigue hemmorhages bleeding gums loose teeth muscle degeneration bone fragility and death |
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| Toxicity of Vitamin C? |
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| excess is removed from bodily fluids high doses can result in diarrhea nausea and cramps |
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| Who needs to consume more vit c? |
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| smokers |
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| What are the different forms of vitamin B? |
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| Thiamin Roboflavin Niacin B6 folate B12 biotin pantothenic acid |
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| What is the general function of B vitamins? |
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| coenzymes! which are non protein molecules that act as carriers of electrons or atoms in metabolic reactions |
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| What is the function of Thiamin? |
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| aka B1 part of coenzyme Tpp |
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| What are srouces of Thiamin? |
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| pork sunflower seeds whole grains legymes enriched grains |
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| What happens when one is deficient in thiamin? |
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| beriberi- muscle weakness, edema, depression, nervous system and heart damage |
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| What is the function of Riboflavin? |
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| aka B12 coenzyme in the release of energy from nutrients part of FMN and FAD in the TCA cycle and breakdown of fatty acids and the ETC |
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| Sources of Riboflavin? |
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| milk grains liver oysters brewers yeast |
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| deficient in riboflavin =? |
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| is a condition called ariboflavinosis which is when cell growth is retarded a decrease in healing rapid in the skin and eyes and lips usually in combo with other deficiencies |
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| Functions of Niacin? |
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| a coenzyme NAD/NADH and NADP and is involved in oxidation/reduction reactions |
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| sources of niacin? |
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| enriched grains beef chicken turkey fish or tryptophan |
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| deficient in niacin = ? |
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| results in pellegra! s/s rough/raw skin 4 d's: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia and death decreased appetitie and weight |
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| What is pellegra? |
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| caused by a niacin deficiency usually caused by eatin too much corn or white rice |
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| Toxicity of niacin? |
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| flushing of skin itching nausea and liver damage |
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| Vitamin B6 functions? |
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| -transamination reactions main coenzyme is PLP which activates enzymes needed for metabolism of sugs fats and protein synthesis of Hb and histamine gene expression |
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| sources of vitamin b6? |
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| meat fish poultry whoel grains bananas spinach |
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| Who needs to take Niacin suplements? |
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| alcholoics and ppl on meds that decrease b6's |
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| toxicity of vitamin B6? |
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| only from supplements can lead to nerve damage |
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| FOlate functions? |
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| coenzyme THEA necessary for DNA and RNA synthesis cell division rapid cell turnover amino acid metabolism |
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| deficiency of folate? |
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| impairs cell division and protein synthesis megablastic anemia preggo + neural tube defects |
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| who needs to consume more B 6? |
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| POOR DIET ELDERLY ALCOHOLIC KIDNEY DIALYSIS LIVER DISEASE |
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| who is at risk for folate deficiencies? |
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| alcholoics maabsorptive liver disease kidney dislysis |
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| sources of folate? |
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| *leafy greens *liver grains *legumes veg fort cereals |
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| toxicity of folate? |
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| only from supplements skin/respiratory disorders epilepsey excess can mask B12 deficiency |
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| B12 functions? |
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| -helps convert COA to sCOA in the TCA cycle recycles folate enxymes nerve function maintain myelin sheaths prevents megaplastic anemia |
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| sources of B12? |
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| sythensized by bacteria in intestines live animal products some yeasts |
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| deficiency of B12? |
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| -usually due to decreased absorption abilits and decrease in gastic acids(elderly) pernicious anemia nerve damage weakness paralysis death |
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| Functions of Biotin? |
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| aka vitamin d is a coenzyme in the TCA cycle glucose synthesis metabolism offatty acids and amino acids |
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| sources of Biotin? |
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| califlower yolk liver peanuts cheese |
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| deficiency of biotin? |
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| very rare (have little numbers) from raw eggs or anticoagulant drugs -nausea thinning hair/hair loss loss of hair color skin rashes depression hallucinations tingling |
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| Panthothenic acids? |
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| *coenzyme A* for metablism of fat,sugar and protein from meatt, mushrooms liver and peanuts deficiency: rare seen in sevear malnutrition usually |
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| do deficiencies usually occur alone? |
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| no except beriberi and pellegra |
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| Vitamin A functions? |
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| part of the visual pigment rhodopsin regulates growth and d/dx of cells gene expression sperm development favors bone formation maintence of epithelial tissues |
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| What is nigh blindness? |
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| inadequate amounts of retinal(vit a form) to reform rhodopsin needed for night vision |
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| Retinoic acids function? |
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| influences hoe epithelial cells d/dx and mature (vit a) |
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| Xeroprithalamia |
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| major cause of blindness ( VIt a deficiency) |
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| follicular hyperkeratosis |
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| skin disorder from low levels of vitamin a |
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| vitamin A's role in immunity? |
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| maintains protective barriers (epi and mucus) helps produce lymphocytes and Ab's |
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| sources of Vitamin A? |
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| preformes: liver, fish oils fortified milk and eggs pumpkin pie? proformes: dark leafy greens yellow/orange fruit/veg |
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| Beta carotene functions/sources/deficiency? |
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| -weak antioxidant, oxidation of LDL's in cell membranes from fruits/veg that are red/orange and yellow |
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| deficiency of beta carotene? |
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| primary: uncommon secondary: cystic fibrosis, impaired bile production, extremely low fat diets, zinc deficiency |
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| what is VADD? |
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| vitamin A deficiency disorder increase infection rate night blindness xerophthalmaddry - eyes/blind hyperkeratosis - rough skin |
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| Vitamin A toxicity |
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| from excess consumption of liver taking too many supplements polar bear liver |
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| hypercarotenemia |
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| results from high levels in carotenoids from foods skin turns yellow (not harmful) |
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| Carotenoid toxicity |
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| blured visiton liver abnoramal decrease bone strength birth defects increase in lunch cancer hypercarotenemia |
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| non preo pitamin a |
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| cant become vitamin a considered a phytochemical include lycopene |
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| lycopene |
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| tomatoes cancer prevention cataract prevention |
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| luetin |
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| brocolli brussel sprouts spinach kale macular degeneration breast cancer |
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| antioxidants |
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| vitamins donate their electrons to the free radicals to stabilize them, some destroy the free radicals (selelnium) ex vit c deta carotene vit E |
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| Functions of Vitamin E? |
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| acts as an antioxidant, prevents oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids decreases chances of cataracts and bv plaques |
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| proposed functions of vitamin E? |
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| protect against heart disease inhibiting LDL oxidation inhibiting plaque formation increading eicosanioids that dencrease blood pressure and blood clot formation |
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| sources of vitamin E? |
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| sunflower seeds vegetable oil almonds nuts leafy greens whole grains |
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| Toxicity of Vitamin E? |
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| from supplements and will interfear with blood clotting action of vitamin K = hemmorhage |
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| deficiency of vitamin E? |
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| hemolytic anemia peripheral neuralpathy decreased bile production very rare but occurs in infants and people with decreased fat absorption |
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| Vitamin D function? |
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| bone growth regulation of gene expression and cell d/dx hormones, collagen, ca,ph,mg and Fl regulation of blood calcium levels |
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| sources of Vitamin D? |
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| sunlight fatty fish fortified milk liver beef eggs |
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| Vitamin Deficiencies? |
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| less calcium is absorber bone matrix cant mineralize = rubbery bones rickets |
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| What is Rickets? |
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| caused by a vitamin D deficiency bowed legs in children fixed by milk fortification |
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| Who needs to consume more Vitamin D? |
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| ppl who live in smog areas overcast weather short days have dark skin wear sunscreen old age |
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| Vitamin Toxicity? |
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| higher in take results in an increase in blood concentration and urine calcium is deposited in soft tissues cv dmaage affects nervoud system promotes bone loss caused by supplementation and hyper calcemia |
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| Vitamin K function? |
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| production of blood clotting proteitn prothrombin involved in blood clotting binds ca2+ |
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| Sources of vitamin K? |
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| bacteria in intestines milk liver eggs leafy greens veg oils |
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| Vitamin K deficicency? |
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| rare occurs with fat malabsorption or after long term antibiotics results in failure to form clots interfears with anticoagulant medications |
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| Who is at risk for vitamin K deficiency? |
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| infants with low vit k stores intestines without bacteria VKDB vit d defiecency dleesing |
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| what is a mineral? |
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| an element needed by the body in small amounts for structure and to regulate reactions and bodily processed |
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| what are the bodies major positive electrolytes? |
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| sodium and potassium! |
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| functions of Sodium? |
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| electrolyte balance nerve impulse transmission muscle contraction |
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| Excess sodium =? |
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| hypertension = 140/90 heart disease |
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| what is the dash diet/? |
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| low na high ca, k and mg high fiber low fat med protein |
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| toxicity of sodium? |
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| hypertension stomach cancer ulcers heartburn kidney stones osteoperosis |
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| Functions of chloride? Toxicity? Sources? |
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| maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance part of HCl in the stomach too much = vomiting sources: salt, meat processed foods |
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| Function of Potassium? |
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| major cation in the intracellular fluid fluid balance nerve impulse decrease BP muscle contraction |
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| Potassium deficicency =? |
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| poor apetite muscle cramps confusion apathy constipation irregular HB |
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| who usually have a potassium deficiency? |
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| alcoholics ppl who use direutics ana/mia |
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| toxicity of potassium? |
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| harmless when kidneys func fine = GI upset not: high blood potassium levels which inhibits heart function |
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| Functions of calcium? |
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| nerve trans muscle contractions BP regulation releases hormones blood clotting prevents colon cancer |
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| sources of calcium? |
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| dairy kale tofu canned fish fortified bfast cereals |
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| toxicity of calcium? |
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| constipation increase in chances of kidney stones interfere with absorption of zinc, iron and magnesium |
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| Calcium deficiency? |
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| stunted growth in children bone loss in adults |
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| What is PTH? |
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| parathyroid hormone -secreted when blood calcium is too low -released from parathyroid gland -increases blood callcium levels |
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| what is calcitonin? |
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| -secreted by the thyroid when blood calcium levels are too high -decreases calcium blood levels |
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| what increases the absorption on ca? |
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| preggo children taking estrogen.testerone vitamin d calcium binding protein acidic environment |
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| what decreases calcium absorption? |
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| high fiber low vitamin d tanins menopause aging |
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| Function of phosphorus? |
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| 80% in bones ATP DNA/RNA phospholipids acid/base balance |
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| sources of phosphorus? |
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| liver dairy soda meats yogurt |
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| deficiency of phosphorus? |
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| bone loss decreased growth poor tooth development |
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| who are the people at risk for phosphorus deficiency? |
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| premature babies alcoholics elderly with poor diets diarrhea aluminum antacids |
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| Functions of Magnesium? |
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| cofactors in enzymes activaates ATP dna/rna synthesis nervous and cardiac function insulin release dilate arteries |
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| sources of magnesium? |
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| spinach leafy greens sunflower seeds garbonzo beans aomonds oatmeal ww bread chocolate |
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| magnesium deficiency =? |
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| develops slowly irregular heartbead icreased blood pressure weakness vomiting muscle spasms disorientation nausea seizures |
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| who is at risk for MG deficiency? |
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| ppl who use direuitcs lots of perspiration long term diarrhea and vomiting alcoholics |
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| function of Iron? |
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| hemoglobin in RBCS myoglobin ETC enzyme cofactor immune function |
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| what are the two types of iron? |
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| heme (animal-25 %) and non heme (plant 17%) |
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| what increases the absorption of iron? |
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| MEP factor vitamin c citric and lactic acid |
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| what decreases the absorption of iron |
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| phylates and fibers'vegetable proteins calcium in milk |
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| who needs to consume more Fe? |
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| vegetarians adolesent girls women less than 51 |
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| iron sources |
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| cook in iron pan clams liver parsley beans rice |
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| what causes iron deficiency? |
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| most common, caused by blood loss, malaria, parasites, menstruration, stage of life |
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| s/s of iron deficiency? |
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| fatigue weakness headaches apathy pallor poor resistances to cold temps behavioral adhd energy metabolism impaires |
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| what causes toxicity of iron? |
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| caused by hemochromatosis, blood transfucions, suppllements and metabolic disorders |
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| s/s of iron toxicity? |
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| tissue damage infection diabetes liver cancer heart disease arthritis nausea constipation vomit runs shock confusion increased HR weak pulse |
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| function of zinc? |
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| promotes healthy immune system cofactor dna and protein synthesis cell division protein alcohol metabolic cell membrane eye function wound healing development of sexual maturity |
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| who is at risk for zinc deficiency? |
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| alcoholica preggos poor nutrition |
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| sources of zinc? |
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| animal products oysters red meat shellfish whole grains legumes nuts greens |
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| deficiency of zinc = ? |
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| inhibits copper absorption decreases HDL increase heart disease runs cramps nausea vomiting depressed immune system |
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| selenium sources? |
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| fish meat eggs milk shell fish whole grains nuts **brazil nuts** |
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| functio os selenium? |
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| defend against free radicals regulate thyroid function play a rolein immune function part of a group of proteins called selenoproteins |
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| selenium deficency? |
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| muscle pain/weakness cardiomyoapthy keshan disease- kid heart block vessel disease |
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| who is at risk for selenium deficiency? |
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| people with gi diseases which lower absorption and placed where selinium is low in the soil |
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| toxicity s/s of selenium? |
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| brittle hair rashes cirrhosis of the liver |
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| function of iodine? |
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| synthesis of thyroid hormone |
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| Iodide deficiency? |
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| enlargement of thyroid decreased metabolic rate |
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| toxicity of iodide results in? |
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| inhibition of thyroid hormone synthesis |
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| sources of idiodine? |
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| chocolate milkshake yogurt milke |
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| who is at risk for iodine deficency? |
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| pregos kids get cretinism + mental retardation |
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| functions of flouride? |
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| protects teeth from cavities |
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| deficency/. |
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| increased risk of dental caries |
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| toxicity? |
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| too much tap water in kids or too much toothpaste |
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| what are the water soluable vitamins? |
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| * B vitamins + thiamin + riboflavin + niacin + biotin + pantothenic acid + vitamin B6 + folate + vitamin B12 |
