PSB-RN Exam
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What does Boyle's Law state?
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Pressure and volume are INVERSELY proportional
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What law is shown: p1v1 = p2v2
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Boyle's Law
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What does this represent: PV=nRT?
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The Ideal Gas Equation
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What is the gas law shown: p1v1/t1 = p2v2/t2?
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The Combined Gas Law
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What does Gay Lussac's Law state?
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Pressure and temperature are DIRECTLY proportional
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What does Charle's Law state?
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Volume and temperature are DIRECTLY proportional
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What is the message function of a sensory neuron?
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Conveys a message from a sensory organ to the spinal cord.
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What is light diffraction?
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Spreading of light waves as they pass through a narrow opening.
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Fahrenheit to Celsius Equation?
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(F-32) x 5/9 = C
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Celsius to Fahrenheit Equation?
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F = 9/5C +32
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What is Refraction?
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Bending of light as it passes obliquely from one medium to another
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Kelvin to Celsius Equation?
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K=C+273
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Sublimiation?
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The direct change between a solid phase and gaseous phase w/o apparent liquid phase.
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Liquid to Solid phase change?
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Freezing
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Gas to Liquid phase change?
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Condensation
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Liquid to gas phase change?
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Evaporation
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Solid to Liquid phase change?
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Melting
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What is the state of matter of a liquid?
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Has more attractions between atoms than a gas and does not vary in its volume
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What is the state of matter of a gas?
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Attractions between atoms are weak, particles move around in an erratic pattern. Spreads volume to take shape of a container
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What are isotopes?
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Atoms of the same element with the same # of protons but a different number of neutrons.
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Is KI an Ionic or Covalent Bond?
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Ionic
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Is a proton bigger or smaller than an electron?
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Bigger
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The heart is located _________ the sternum?
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Behind
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Enzyme activity is driven by what internal structure?
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Amino acid structure
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Do prokaryotes contain a membrane bound nucleus?
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No but plants, animals, and fungi do
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The ______ stores bile and the _______ produces bile.
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Gallbladder, Liver
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Where does translation occur in Eukaryotic cells?
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Ribosomes
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What does amylase break starch down into?
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Maltose
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What does nicotine do to blood vessels and what is the consequence of that effect?
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Nicotine constricts blood vessels. This decreases blood flow to the heart which can lead to heart disease.
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Catabolism?
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To breakdown molecules
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Do all cells in the same body encode the same DNA? Express the same DNA?
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Yes, No
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Is CH4 an ionic or covalent bond?
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Covalent because it is two non-metals
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Is the mixture of Na+ and Cl- an exothermic or endothermic reaction?
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Exothermic
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In what stage of meiosis do chromosomes condense into tightly wound structures?
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Prophase II
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What are endothermic reactions?
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Chemical reactions that absorb energy to proceed.
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What are the innate 1st line defenses of the immune system?
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Skin, mucous, digestive enzymes
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What are exothermic reactions?
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chemical reactions that release energy in the form of heat, light, or sound
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What type of reaction is this AB ----> A+B
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Decomposition
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In what stage of meiosis do the chromosomes pair up and crossing over take place?
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Prophase I
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During DNA-RNA transcription, what regions are removed from the mature transcript?
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Introns
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What are the 7 visible forms of electromagnetic radiation from short to long wavelengths?
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Violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, red
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What is the result of telophase II?
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Four Haploid Cells
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What portion/brain system is responsible for memory & emotion?
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The Limbic System
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Anabolism
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To build up/ add molecules together
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In what stage of meiosis do chromatids separate, but the ploidy (# of chromosomes) is maintained?
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Anaphase II
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During what stage of meiosis is a cell's chromosome number reduced by half?
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Anaphase I
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How do you identify polar and nonpolar covalent bonds?
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In nonpolar bonds elements will have similar or equal electronegativity. Polar bonds will have an unequal electronegativity.
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What is the bonding in which electrons are transferred from a metal to a non-metal causing ions to form?
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Ionic Bonds
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What nervous system is responsible for \"Fight or Flight\"?
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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What micronutrient is store in bone tissue?
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Phosphorous
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Where do WBCs originate?
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Bone Marrow
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What is the function of the spleen in a healthy adult?
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Degrades old RBCs and produces lymphocytes
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Anabolism and Evaporation are examples of what type of reactions?
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Endothermic (absorbs energy)
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What is the equation for potential energy?
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PE =mgh
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During embryogenesis, what germ layer gives rise to the bone, muscle, kidneys and heart?
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Mesoderm
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What is the equation for Kinetic Energy?
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KE= 1/2 MV (squared)
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What are pyridimines?
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DNA molecules with only one ring. Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil in RNA
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What is the function of the golgi apparatus?
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Sorts and prepares proteins for transport
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What does truncated mean?
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Shortened
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Definition of Banal?
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Bland
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How do you calculate decimals to percents?
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Move the decimal 2 places to the right and add a percent sign.
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What law is represented: F=ma?
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Newtons 2nd Law
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What does force x distance equal?
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Work
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Quantities having both magnitude and direction are?
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Vectors
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What is the function of cones in the retina?
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Determines various shades of color
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What are 2 compounds have the same formula but different molecular structures?
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Isomers
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What is a tincture solution mixed of?
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Iodine dissolved in alcohol
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What is a plant that is growing toward a light source exhibiting?
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phototropism
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What organelle controls the entry and exit of materials into and out of an animal cell?
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Cell Membrane
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What is the relationship of genes, DNA, and chromosomes?
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Genes are DNA found on chromosomes
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How do you calculate percents to decimals?
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Take of the percent sign and move the decimal 2 places to the left
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A harmful example of a catalytic reaction involves the breakdown of ozone by the use of what?
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Chlorine Ions
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The veins of the upper part of the body are responsible for transporting blood to what area of the heart?
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Superior Vena Cava
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In enbryogenesis, what forms from the mesenchyme?
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Skeleton/Circulatory Organs
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What are the functions of the brain stem?
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Coordinates survival functions like breathing, HR, sleep wake cycle.
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What are the functions of the cerebellum?
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Coordinates motor activities, makes balance, equilibrium, and posture possible.
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Ionic bonds have _______ melting points than covalent bonds.
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Higher
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What are the only cells that can trigger the release of interferons?
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Cells infected with a virus
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What cells digest BOTH self and nonself cells?
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Macrophages
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What cells produce antibodies? And what immune response does this represent?
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B Cells, Humoral response
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What is the function of lymph nodes in mammals?
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Filter debris from intracellular spaces
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What is the function of ribosomes in a living cell?
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Uses genetic info to build specific protein molecules and is where translation occurs
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What are the sugars forming the backbone of nucleic acid molecules linked by?
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Phosphodiester Bonds
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What happens to blood pH when respiratory rate increases?
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Blood pH will Rise
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What is the function of the excretory system?
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Maintain Homeostasis and remove wastes
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What is the primary function of the cells lining the trachea and bronchi?
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Secrete mucous and propel trapped debris toward the pharynx
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What shape are chromosomes in prokaryotes?
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Circular
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What shape are chromosomes in eukaryotes?
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Linear
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What is anemia?
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A disease resulting when hemoglobin in RBCs does not transport enough oxygen
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What us Hemophilia?
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The blood fails to clot properly and is the result of an absence of Clotting Factor in the blood
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What are the characteristics of liquids?
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No definite shape, definite volume, molecules touch but in no fixed position
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What nervous system is responsible for voluntary responses?
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Somatic Nervous System
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What is the phase and energy change that occurs when a solid turns into a liquid?
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Melting, endothermic.
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Freezing represents what phase and energy change?
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Liquid to Solid, Exothermic
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What are allotropes?
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Different forms of the same element
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What is the phase and energy change from a solid to a gas with no liquid state?
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Solid to Gas, Endothermic
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During embryogenesis the CNS and Skin originate from which germ layer?
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Ectoderm
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What is the phase and energy change of deposition?
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Gas to Solid, Exothermic
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What are genes composed of?
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Linear sequences of Nucleotides
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The most inclusive taxonomic class smaller than phylum is?
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Class
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What happens in the S phase of interphase?
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2 new strands are the end result with the help of DNA polymerase
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What are purines?
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DNA molecules with double rings. Adenine and guanine
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What are the electromagnetic wavelengths from short to long?
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gamma, x-ray, UV, visible, infrared, microwave, radio waves
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What happens in G1 of interphase in mitosis?
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DNA unwinds creates mRNA
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What is the function of myosin?
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Contains heads that contact actin and pull the actin fibers together in an ATP-dependent mechanism that causes muscles to contract
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In a Liquid State, the arrangement and motion of molecules can be described as:
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Closely packed in a random pattern with constant rapid motion
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What is a polar covalent bond?
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A bond with an unequal sharing of electrons
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What electrolyte controls the water balance in the body? How?
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Sodium. By increasing or decreasing osmolarity
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Is photosynthesis and endothermic or exothermic reaction?
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Endothermic reaction
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What does the pancreas produce?
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Insulin and digestive enzymes.
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Where does blood enter the heart and is it oxygenated or deoxygenated?
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Superior and Inferior Vena Cava, deoxygenated
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What organelles are involved in the separation of chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division?
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Centrioles
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What color does litmus paper turn to indicate an acid?
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RED
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What is the electronegativity trend of the periodic table?
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Increases from left to right and decreases from top to bottom
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Which elements are the best electrical conductors?
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Alkali Metals
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The electrical attraction between ions of opposite charges forms what type of bonds?
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Ionic
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Do Bases liberate OH- in a solution?
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Yes
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During what stage of development do individual tissue layers begin to form?
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Gastrulation
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What is the function of RNA in eukaryotic cells?
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Provide a template for protein synthesis
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What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?
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Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
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What is a cell's 1st line of defense against mutations during DNA replication?
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DNA polymerase proofreading
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What are alkynes?
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Hydrocarbons with triple bonds
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What are alkenes?
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Hydrocarbons with double bonds
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What are Isotopes?
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Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
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What is a fission nuclear reaction?
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A reaction where the nuclei are split.
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What are the 5 properties of metals?
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Shiny, malleable, ductile, conduct heat, conduct electricity
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What are the properties of non-metals?
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Lack luster, brittle, poor heat conductors, poor electricity conductors
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What is electronegativity?
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Ability to attract electrons
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What is a fusion nuclear reaction?
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Reaction in which the nuclei of atoms are joined
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During embryogenesis, what germ layer gives rise to the lungs and digestive organs?
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Endoderm
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In what chemical state would molecules be separated in a random pattern with constant rapid motion?
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Gas
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What is the name and energy change of a gas to a liquid?
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Condensation, exothermic
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What are nonpolar covalent bonds?
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Equal sharing of electrons
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What is the flow of blood through the heart?
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Superior and inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, rt ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, lungs (picks up oxygen), pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, to the body
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Where does the breakdown of protein occur in the body?
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Stomach
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Where does the breakdown of carbs occur in the body?
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The mouth
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Where does the breakdown of fats occur in the body?
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Small Intestine
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What are liquids that evaporate at a high rate called?
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Volatile
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What is diapedesis?
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The process of WBCs squeezing through capillary slits in response to cytokines
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What are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation?
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Fever/heat, redness, swelling, pain
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What nervous system controls heart beat and digestion?
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Autonomic nervous system
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In what chemical state would molecules be closely packed together in a regular pattern with vibrational motion?
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Solid
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What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?
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It contracts and pulls in oxygenated air
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What blocks active sites of substrates causing greatly reduced enzymatic activity?
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Inhibitors
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Compared to liquids, gas is considered to have __________ intermolecular attractions and to exist at __________ temperatures
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Weaker, Higher
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callous
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emotionally hardened
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impertinent
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improperly forward or bold
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inertia
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a disposition to remain inactive or inert
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avarice
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extreme greed for material wealth
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admonition
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cautionary advice about something imminent (especially imminent danger)
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malingering
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evading duty or work by pretending to be incapacitated
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veneration
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religious zeal
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nominal
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insignificantly small
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menial
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(adj.) lowly, humble, lacking importance or dignity; (n.) a person who does the humble and unpleasant tasks
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obscure
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not clearly understood or expressed
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incongruous
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lacking in harmony or compatibility or appropriateness
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dissident
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disagreeing, especially with a majority
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lope
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a slow pace of running
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saunter
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a leisurely walk (usually in some public place)
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canter
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slow gallop
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taciturn
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habitually silent or quiet, inclined to talk very little
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garrulous
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full of trivial conversation
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voluble
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marked by a ready flow of speech
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mundane
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belonging to this earth or world
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melancholy
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characterized by or causing or expressing sadness
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scrupulous
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characterized by extreme care and great effort
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squalid
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foul and run-down and repulsive
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dogged
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stubbornly unyielding
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supercilious
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having or showing arrogant superiority to and disdain of those one views as unworthy
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unscrupulous
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lacking honesty and oblivious to what is honorable
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vociferous
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conspicuously and offensively loud
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Lurid
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glaringly vivid and graphic
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impetuous
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characterized by undue haste and lack of thought or deliberation
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pusillanimous
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cowardly
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quiescent
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being quiet or still or inactive
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melodrama
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a literary form in which events are exaggerated in order to create an extreme emotional response
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pathos
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a quality that arouses emotions (especially pity or sorrow)
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tacit
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indicated by necessary connotation though not expressed directly
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impetuous
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characterized by undue haste and lack of thought or deliberation
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interloper
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someone who intrudes on the privacy or property of another without permission
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reproved
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reprimanded; scolded
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conversant
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familiar with; having knowledge of
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guile
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shrewdness as demonstrated by being skilled in deception
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incredulous
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not disposed or willing to believe
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furtive
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secret and sly or sordid
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stoical
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seeming unaffected by pleasure or pain
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abstemious
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sparing in consumption of especially food and drink
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bedlam
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a state of extreme confusion and disorder
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apathetic
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showing little or no emotion or animation
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scurrilous
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expressing offensive reproach
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convivial
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occupied with or fond of the pleasures of good company
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florid
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(adj.) highly colored, reddish; excessively ornate, showy
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pallid
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abnormally deficient in color as suggesting physical or emotional distress
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irrepressible
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impossible to repress or control
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inalienable
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incapable of being repudiated or transferred to another
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indelible
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cannot be removed, washed away or erased
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vicissitudes
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a change or variation; unexpected changes in life
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pensive
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showing pensive sadness
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veracity
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unwillingness to tell lies
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indolent
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disinclined to work or exertion
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surly
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inclined to anger or bad feelings with overtones of menace
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suppurated
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To form or discharge pus
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perspicacious
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acutely insightful and wise
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sudorific
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inducing perspiration
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ubiquitous
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being present everywhere at once
