question

External Environments

answer

All events outside a company that have the potential to influence or affect it

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Environmental Change

answer

The rate at which a company's general and specific environments change

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Stable Environment

answer

An environment in which the rate of change is slow

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Dynamic Environment

answer

An environment in which the rate of change is slow

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Punctuated Equilibrium Theory

answer

The theory that companies go through long periods of stability, followed by short periods of dynamic, fundamental change, and finishing with a return to stability

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Environmental Complexity

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The number and the intensity of external factors in the environment that affects organizations

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Simple Environment

answer

An environment with few environmental factors

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Complex Environment

answer

An environment with many environmental factors

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Resource scarcity

answer

The abundance or shortage of critical organizational resources in an organization's external environment

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Uncertainty

answer

Extent to which managers can understand or predict which environmental changes and trends will affect their businesses

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General Environment

answer

The economic, technological, sociocultural, and political trends that indirectly affect all organizations

question

Specific Environment

answer

The customers, competitors, suppliers, industry regulations, and advocacy groups that are unique to an industry and directly affect how a company does business

question

Business Confidence Indices

answer

Indices that show managers' level of confidence about future business growth

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Technology

answer

The knowledge, tools, and techniques used to transform input into output

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Competitors

answer

Companies in the same industry that sell similar products or services to customers

question

Competitive Analysis

answer

A process for monitoring the competition that involves identifying competition, anticipating their moves, and determining their strengths and weaknesses

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Suppliers

answer

Companies that provide material, human, financial, and informational resources to other companies

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Supplier Dependence

answer

The degree to which a company relies on a supplier because of the importance of the supplier;s product to the company and the difficulty of finding other sources of that product

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Buyer Dependence

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The degree to which a supplier relies on a buyer because of the importance of that buyer to the supplier and the difficulty of finding other buyers for it's products

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Opportunistic Behavior

answer

A transaction in which one party in the relationship benefits at the expense of the other

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Relationship Behavior

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The establishment of mutually beneficial, long-term exchanges between buyers and suppliers

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Industry Regulation

answer

Regulations and rules that govern the business practices and procedures of specific industries, businesses, and professions

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Advocacy Groups

answer

Concerned citizens who band together to try to influence the business practices of specific industries, businesses and professions

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Public Communications

answer

An advocacy group tactic that relies on voluntary participation by the news media and the advertising industry to get the advocacy group's message out

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Media Advocacy

answer

An advocacy group tactic that involves framing issues as public issues

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Product Boycott

answer

An advocacy group tactic that involves protesting a company's actions by persuading consumers not to purchase it's product or service

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Environmental Scanning

answer

Searching the environment for important events or issues that might affect an organization

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Internal Environment

answer

The events and trends inside an organization that affect management, employees, and organizational culture

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Organizational Culture

answer

The values, beliefs, and attitudes shared by organizational members

question

Organizational Stories

answer

Stories told by organizational members to make sense of organizational events and changes and to emphasize culturally consistent assumptions, decisions, and actions

question

Organizational Heroes

answer

People celebrated for their qualities and achievements within an organization

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Company Vision

answer

A company's purpose or reason for existing

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Consistent Organizational Culture

answer

A company culture in which the company actively defines and teaches organizational values, beliefs, and attitudes

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Behavioral Addition

answer

The process of having managers and employees perform new behaviors that are central to and symbolic of the new organizational culture that a company wants to create

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Behavioral Substitution

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The process of having managers and employees perform new behaviors central to the "new" organizational culture in place of behaviors that were central to the "old" organizational culture

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Visible Artifacts

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Visible signs of an organization's culture, such as the office design and layout, company dress code, and company benefits and perks, like stock options, personal parking spaces, or the private company dinning room

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Ethics

answer

The set of moral principles or values that defines right and wrong for a person or group

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Ethical Behavior

answer

Behavior that conforms to a society's accepted principles of right and wrong

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Ethical Intensity

answer

The degree of concern people have about an ethical issue

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Magnitude of Consequences

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The total harm or benefit derived from an ethical decision

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Social Consensus

answer

Agreement on whether behavior is bad or good

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Probability of Effect

answer

The chance that something will happen and then harm others

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Temporal Immediacy

answer

The time between an act and the consequences the act produces

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Proximity of Effect

answer

The social, psychological, cultural, or physical distance between a decision maker and those affected by his or her decisions

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Concentration of Effect

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The total harm or benefit that an act produces on the average person

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Preconventional Level of Moral Development

answer

The first level of moral development, in which people make decisions based on selfish reasons

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Conventional Level of Moral development

answer

The second level of moral development, in which people make decisions that societal to societal expectations

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Postconventional Level of Moral Development

answer

The third level of moral development, in which people make decisions based on internalized principles

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Overt Integrity Test

answer

A written test that estimates job applicant's honesty by directly asking them what they think or feel about theft or about punishment of unethical behaviors

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Personality-Based Integrity Test

answer

A written test that indirectly estimates job applicants' honesty by measuring psychological traits, such as dependability and conscientiousness

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Whistleblowing

answer

Reporting others' ethics violations to management or legal authorities

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Social Responsibility

answer

A business's obligation to pursue policies, make decisions, and take actions that benefit society

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Shareholder Model

answer

A view of social responsibility that holds that an organization's overriding goal should be profit maximization for the benefit of shareholders

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Stakeholder Model

answer

A theory of corporate responsibility that holds that management's most important responsibility, long-term survival, is achieved by satisfying the interests of multiple corporate stakeholders

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Stakeholders

answer

Persons or groups with a "stake" or legitimate interest in a company's actions

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Primary Stakeholder

answer

Any group on which an organization relies for its long-term survival

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Secondary Stakeholder

answer

Ant group that can influence or be influenced by a company and can affect public perceptions about company's socially responsible behavior

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Economic Responsibility

answer

A company's social responsibility to make a profit by producing a valued product or service

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Legal Responsibility

answer

A company's social responsibility to obey society's laws and regulations

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Ethical Responsibility

answer

A company's social responsibility not violate accepted principles of right and wrong when conducting its business

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Discretionary Responsibilities

answer

The social roles that a company fulfills beyond its economic, legal, and ethical responsibilities

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Social Responsiveness

answer

Refers to a company's strategy to respond to stakeholders' economic, legal, ethical, or discretionary expectations concerning social responsibility

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Reactive Strategy

answer

A social responsiveness strategy in which a compay does less than society expects

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Defensive Strategy

answer

A social responsiveness strategy in which a company admits responsibility for a problem but does the least required to meet societal expectations

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Accommodative Strategy

answer

A social responsiveness strategy in which a company accepts responsibility for a problem and does all that society expects to solve that problem

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Proactive Strategy

answer

A social responsiveness strategy in which a company anticipates responsibility for a problem before it occurs and does more than society expects to address the problem

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Planning

answer

Choosing a goal and developing a strategy to achieve that goal

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S.M.A.R.T. Goals

answer

Goals that are specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and timely.

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Goal Commitment

answer

The determination to achieve a goal.

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Action Plan

answer

The specific steps, people, and resources needed to accomplish a goal

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Proximal Goals

answer

Short-term goals or subgoals

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Distal Goals

answer

Long-term or primary goals

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Option-Based Planning

answer

Maintaining planning flexibility by making small, simultaneous investments in many alternatives in many alternative plans

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Slack Resources

answer

A cushion of extra resources that can be used with options-based planning to adapt to unanticipated change, problems, or opportunities

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Learning-Based Planning

answer

Learning better ways of achieving goals by continually testing, changing, and improving plans and strategies

question

Strategic Plans

answer

Overall company plans that clarify how the company will serve customers and position itself against competitors over the next two to five years

question

Vision

answer

An inspirational statement of an organization's enduring purpose

question

Mission

answer

A statement of a company's overall goal that unifies company-wide efforts toward it's vision, stretches and challenges the organization, and possesses a finish line and a time line

question

Tactical Plans

answer

Plans created and implemented by middle managers that specify how the company will use resources, budgets, and people over the next six months to two years to accomplish specific goals with it's mission

question

Management by Objectives

answer

A four-step process in which managers and employees discuss and select goals, develop tactical plans, and meet regularly to review progress toward goal accomplishment

question

Operational Plans

answer

Day-to day plans, developed and implemented by lower-level managers, for producing or delivering the organization's products and services over 30-day to six-month period

question

Single-Use Plans

answer

Plans that cover unique, one-time-only events

question

Standing Plans

answer

Plans used repeatedly to handle frequently recurring events

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Policy

answer

A standing plan that indicated the general course of action that should be taken in response to a particular event or situation

question

Procedure

answer

A standing plan that indicates the specific steps that should be taken in response to a particular event

question

Rules and Regulations

answer

Standing plans that describe how a particular action should be performed, or what must happen or not happen in response to a particular event

question

Budgeting

answer

Quantitative planning through which managers decide how to allocate available money to best accomplish company goals

question

Decision Making

answer

The process of choosing a solution from available alternatives

question

Rational Decision Making

answer

A systematic process of defining problems, evaluating alternatives, and choosing optimal solutions

question

Problem

answer

A gap between a desired state and an existing state

question

Decision Criteria

answer

The standards used to guide judgements and decisions

question

Absolute Comparisons

answer

A process in which each decision criterion is compared to a standard or ranked on its own merits

question

Relative Comparisons

answer

A process in which each decision criterion is compared directly with every other criterion

question

Bounded Rationality

answer

A decision-making process restricted in the real world by limited resources, incomplete and imperfect information, and managers' limited decision-making capabilities

question

Maximizing

answer

Choosing the best alternative

question

Satisfying

answer

Choosing a "good enough" alternative

question

Groupthink

answer

A barrier to good decision making caused by pressure within the group for members to agree with each other

question

C-Type Conflict

answer

Disagreement that focuses on problem and issue-related differences of opinion

question

A-Type Conflict

answer

Disagreement that focuses on individuals or personal issues

question

Devil's Advocacy

answer

A decision-making method in which an individual or a subgroup is assigned the role of a critic

question

Dialectical Inquiry

answer

A decision-making method in which decision makers state the assumptions of a proposed solution that is the opposite of that solution

question

Nominal Group Technique

answer

A decision-making method that begins and ends by having group members quietly write down and evaluate ideas to be shared with the group

question

Delphi Technique

answer

A decision-making method in which members of a panel of experts respond to questions and to each other until reaching agreement on an issue

question

Stepladder Technique

answer

A decision-making method in which group members are added to a group discussion one at a time.

question

Brainstorming

answer

A decision-making method in which group members build on each others' ideas to generate as many alternative solutions as possible

question

Electronic Brainstorming

answer

A decision-making method in which group members use computers to build on each others' ideas and generate many alternative solutions.

question

Production Blocking

answer

A disadvantage of face-to-face brainstorming in which a group member must wait to share an idea because another member is presenting an idea

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Evaluation Apprehension

answer

Fear of what others will think of your ideas

question

Resources

answer

The assets, capabilities, processes, information and knowledge that an organization uses to improve its effectiveness and efficiency, create and sustain competitive advantage and fulfill a need or solve a problem

question

Competitive Advantage

answer

Providing greater value for customers than competitors can

question

Sustainable Competitive Advantage

answer

A competitive advantage that other companies have tried unsuccessfully to duplicate and have, for the moment, stopped trying to duplicate

question

Valuable Resources

answer

A resource that allows companies to improve efficiency and effectiveness

question

Rare Resource

answer

A resource that is not controlled or possessed by many competing firms

question

Imperfectly Imitable Resource

answer

A resource that is impossible or extremely costly or difficult for other firms to duplicate

question

Nonsubstitutable Resource

answer

A resource that produces value or competitive advantage and has no equivalent substitutes or replacements

question

Competitive Inertia

answer

A reluctance to change strategies or competitive practices that have been successful in the pasr

question

Strategic Dissonance

answer

A discrepancy between a company's intended strategy and the strategic actions managers take when implementing that strategy

question

Situational Analysis

answer

An Assessment of the strengths and weaknesses in an organization's internal environment and the opportunities and threats in its external environment

question

Distinctive Competence

answer

What a company can make, do, or perform better than it's competitors

question

Core Capabilities

answer

The internal decision-making routines, problem-solving processes, and organizational cultures that determine how efficiently inputs can be turned into outputs

question

Strategic Group

answer

A group of companies within an industry that top managers choose to compare, evaluate, and benchmark strategic threats and opportunities

question

Secondary Firms

answer

The firms in a strategic group that follows strategies related to but somewhat different form those of the core firms

question

Strategic Reference Points

answer

The strategic targets managers use to measure whether a firm has developed the core competencies if needs to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage

question

Corporate-Level Strategy

answer

The overall organizational strategy that addresses the question "What business or businesses are we in or should we be in?"

question

Diversification

answer

A strategy for reducing risk by buying a variety of items so that the failure of one stock or one business does bot doom the entire portfolio

question

Portfolio Strategy

answer

A corporate-level strategy that minimize risk by diversifying investment among various businesses or product lines.

question

Acquisition

answer

The purchase of a company by another company

question

Unrelated diversification

answer

Creating or acquiring companies in completely unrelated businesses

question

BCG Matrix

answer

A portfolio strategy, developed by the Boston Consulting Group, that categorizes a corporation's businesses by growth rate and relative market share, and helps managers decide how to invest corporate funds

question

Star

answer

A company with a large share of a fast-growing market

question

Question Mark

answer

A company with a small share of a fast-growing market

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Cash Cow

answer

A company with a large share of slow-growing market

question

Dog

answer

A company with a small share of a slow-growing market

question

Related Diversification

answer

Creating or acquiring companies that share similar products, manufacturing, marketing, technology or culture

question

Grand Strategy

answer

A broad corporate-level strategic plan used to achieve strategic goals and guide the strategic alternatives that managers of individual businesses or subunits may use

question

Growth Strategy

answer

A strategy that focuses on increasing profits, revenues, market share, or the number of places in which the company does business

question

Stability Strategy

answer

A strategy that focuses on improving the way in which the company sells the same products or services to the same customers

question

Retrenchment Strategy

answer

A strategy that focuses on turning around very poor company performance by shrink the size or scope of the business

question

Recovery

answer

The strategic actions taken after retrenchment to return to a growth strategy

question

Industry-Level Strategy

answer

A corporate strategy that addresses the question "How should we compete in this industry?"

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Character of the Rivalry

answer

S measure of the intensity of competitive behavior between companies in an industry

question

Threat of New Entrants

answer

A measure of the degree to which barriers to entry make it easy or difficult for new companies to get started in an industry

question

Threat of Substitute Products or Services

answer

A measure of the ease with which customer can find substitute foe an industry's products or services

question

Bargaining Power of Suppliers

answer

A measure of the influence that suppliers of parts, materials, and services to firms in an industry have on the prices of these inputs

question

Bargaining Power of Buyers

answer

A measure of the influence that customers have on a firm's prices

question

Cost Leadership

answer

The positioning strategy of producing a product or service of acceptable quality at consistently lower production costs than competitors can, so that the firm can offer the product or service at the lowest price in the industry

question

Differentiation

answer

The positioning strategy of providing a product or service that is sufficiently different from competitors' offerings that customers are willing to pay a premium price for it

question

Focus Strategy

answer

The positioning strategy of using cost leadership or differentiation to produce a specialized product or service for a limited, specially targeted group of customers in a particular geographic region or market segment

question

Defenders

answer

Companies using an adaptive strategy aimed at defending strategic positions by seeking moderate, steady growth and by offering a limited range of high-quality products and services to a well-defined set of customers

question

Prospectors

answer

Companies using an adaptive strategy that seeks fast growth by searching for new market opportunities, encouraging risk taking, and being the first to bring innovative new products to market

question

Analyzers

answer

Companies using an adaptive strategy that seeks to minimize risk and maximize profits by following or imitating the proven successes of prospectors

question

Reactors

answer

Companies using an adaptive strategy of not following a consistent strategy, but instead reacting to changes in the external environment after they occur

question

Firm-Level Strategy

answer

A corporate strategy that addresses the question "How should we compete against a particular firm?"

question

Direct Competition

answer

The rivalry between two companies that offer similar products and services, acknowledge each other as rivals, and act and react to each other's strategic actions

question

Market Commonality

answer

The degree to which two companies have overlapping products, services, or customers in multiple markets

question

Resource Similarity

answer

The extent to which a competitor has similar amounts and kinds of resources

question

Attack

answer

A competitive move designed to reduce a rival's market share or profits

question

Response

answer

A competitive counter-move, prompted by rival's attack, to defend or improve a company's market share or profit

question

Organizational Innovation

answer

The successful implementation of creative ideas in organizations

question

Creativity

answer

The production of novel and useful ideas

question

Organizational Change

answer

A difference in the form, quality, or condition of an organization over time

question

Technology Cycle

answer

A cycle that begins with the "birth" of a new technology and ends when that technology reaches it's limits and is replaced by newer, substantially better technology

question

S-Curve Pattern of Innovation

answer

A Pattern of technological innovation characterized by slow initial progress, then rapid progress, and then slow progress again reaches it's limits

question

Innovation Streams

answer

Patterns of innovation over time that can create sustainable competitive advantage

question

Technological Discontinuity

answer

The phrase of an innovation stream in which a scientific advance or unique combination of existing technologies creates a significant breakthrough in performance or function

question

Discontinuous Change

answer

The phase of a technology cycle characterized by technological substitution and design competition

question

Technological Substitution

answer

The purchase of new technologies to replace older ones

question

Design Competition

answer

Competition between old and new technologies to establish a new technological standard or dominant design

question

Dominant Design

answer

A new technological design or process that becomes the accepted market standard

question

Technological Lockout

answer

The inability of company to competitively sell it's products because it relied on old technology or non-dominant design

question

Incremental Change

answer

The phase of a technology cycle in which companies innovate by lowering costs and improving the functioning and performance of the dominant technological design

question

Creative Work Environments

answer

Workplace cultures in which workers perceive that new ideas are welcomed, valued, and encouraged

question

Flow

answer

A psychological state of effortlessness, in which you become completely absorbed in what you're doing and time seems to pass quickly

question

Experiential Approach to Innovation

answer

An approach to innovation that assumes a highly uncertain environment and uses intuition, flexible options, and hands-on experience to reduce uncertainty and accelerate learning and understanding

question

Design Iteration

answer

A cycle of repetition in which a company tests a prototype of a new product or service, improves on that design, and then builds and tests the improved prototype

question

Product Prototype

answer

A full-scale working model that is being tested for design, function, and reliability

question

Testing

answer

The systematic comparison of different product designs or design iterations

question

Milestones

answer

Formal project review points used to assess progress and performance

question

Multifunctional Teams

answer

Work teams composed of people from different departments

question

Compression Approach to Innovation

answer

An approach to innovation that assumes that incremental innovation can be planned using a series of steps and that compressing those steps can speed innovation

question

Generational Change

answer

Change based on incremental improvements to a dominant technological design such that the improved technology is fully backward compatible with the older technology

question

Organizational Decline

answer

A large decrease in organizational performance that occurs when companies don't anticipate, recognize, neutralize, or adapt to the internal or external pressures that threaten their survival

question

Change Forces

answer

Forces that support the existing state of conditions in organizations

question

Resistance to Change

answer

Opposition to change resulting from self-interest, misunderstanding and distrust, or a general intolerance for change

question

Unfreezing

answer

Getting the people affected by change to believe that change is needed

question

Change Intervention

answer

The process used to get workers and managers to change their behavior and work practices

question

Refreezing

answer

Supporting and reinforcing new changes so that they "stick"

question

Coercion

answer

The use of formal power and authority to force others to change

question

Results-Driven Change

answer

Change created quickly by focusing on the measurement and improvement of results

question

General Electric Workout

answer

A three-day meeting in which managers and employees from different levels and parts of an organization quickly generate and act on solutions to specific business problems

question

Transition Management Team

answer

A team of 8 to 12 people whose full-time job is to manage and coordinate a company's change process

question

Organizational Development

answer

A philosophy and collection of planned change interventions designed to improve an organization's long-term health and performance

question

Change Agent

answer

The person formally in charge of guiding a change effort

question

Global Business

answer

The buying and selling of goods and services by people from different countries

question

Multinational Corporation

answer

A corporation that owns businesses in two or more countries

question

Direct Foreign Investment

answer

A method of investment in which a company builds a new business or buys an existing business in a foreign country

question

Trade Barriers

answer

Government-imposed regulations that increased regulations that increase the coast and restrict the number of imported goods

question

Protectionism

answer

A government's use of trade barriers to shield domestic companies and their workers from foreign competition

question

Tariff

answer

A direct tax on imported goods

question

Non-Tariff Barriers

answer

Non-tax methods of increasing the cost or reducing the volume of imported goods

question

Quotas

answer

A limit on the number or volume of imported products

question

Voluntary Export Restraints

answer

Voluntarily imposed limits on the number or volume of products exported to a particular country

question

Government Import Standard

answer

A standard ostensibly established to protect the health and safety of citizens but, in reality, often used to restrict imports

question

Subsidies

answer

Government loans, grants, and tax deferments given to domestic companies to protect them from foreign competition

question

Customs Classification

answer

A classification assigned to imported products by government officials that affect the size of the tariff and imposition of import quotas

question

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

answer

A worldwide trade agreement that reduced and eliminated tariffs, limited government subsides, and established protections for intellectual property

question

World Trade Organization

answer

The successor to GATT

question

Regional Trading Zones

answer

Areas in which tariff and non-tariff barriers on trade between countries are reduced or eliminated

question

Maastricht Treaty

answer

A regional trade agreement between most European countries

question

North American Free Trade Agreement

answer

A regional trade agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico

question

Central America Free Trade Agreement

answer

A regional trade agreement between Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and the United States

question

South American Nations

answer

A regional trade agreement between Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela

question

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

answer

A regional trade agreement between Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam

question

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

answer

A regional trade agreement between Australia, Canada, Chile, the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Russia, South Korea, Taiwan, the United States, and all the members of ASEAN, except Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar

question

Global Consistency

answer

When a multinational company has offices, manufacturing plants, and distribution facilities in different countries and runs them all using the same rules, guidelines, policies, and procedures

question

Local Adaptation

answer

Modifying rules, guidelines, policies, and procedures to adapt to differences in foreign customers, governments, and regulatory agencies

question

Exporting

answer

Selling domestically produced products to customers in foreign countries

question

Cooperative Contract

answer

An agreement in which a foreign business owner pays a company a fee for the right to conduct that business in his or her country

question

Licensing

answer

An agreement in which a domestic company, the licensor, receives royalty payments for allowing another company, the licensee, to produce the licensor's product, sell its service or use its brand name in a specified foreign market

question

Franchise

answer

a Collection of networking firms in which the manufacturer or marketer of a product to service, the franchisor, licenses the entire business to another person or organization, the franchisee

question

Strategic Alliance

answer

An agreement in which companies combine key resources, costs, risk, technology, and people

question

Joint Venture

answer

A strategic alliance in which two existing companies collaborate to form a third, independent company

question

Wholly Owned Affiliates

answer

Foreign offices, facilities, and manufacturing plants that are 100 percent owned by the parent company

question

Global New Ventures

answer

New companies that are founded with active global strategy and have sales, employees, and financing in different countries

question

Purchasing Power

answer

The relative cost of standard set of goods and services in different countries

question

Political Uncertainty

answer

The risk of major changes in political regimes that can result from war, revolution, death of political leaders, social unrest, or other influential events

question

Policy Uncertainty

answer

The risk associated with changes in laws and government polices that directly affect the way foreign companies conduct business

question

National Culture

answer

The set of shared values and beliefs that affect the perceptions, decisions, and behavior of the people from a particular country

question

Expatriate

answer

Someone who lives and works outside his or her native country

question

Organizational Structure

answer

The vertical and horizontal configuration of departments, authority, and jobs within a company

question

Organizational Process

answer

The collection of activities that transform inputs into outputs that customer value

question

Departmentalization

answer

Subdividing work and workers into separate organizational units responsible for completing particular tasks

question

Functional Departmentalization

answer

Organizing work and workers into separate units responsible for particular business functions or areas of expertise

question

Product Departmentalization

answer

Organizing work and workers into separate units responsible for producing or services

question

Customer Departmentalization

answer

Organizing work and workers into separate units responsible for particular kinds of customers

question

Geographic Departmentalization

answer

Organizing work and workers into separate units responsible for doing business in particular geographic areas

question

Matrix Departmentalization

answer

A hybrid organizational structure in which two or more forms of departmentalization, most often product and functional are used together

question

Simple Matrix

answer

A form of matrix departmentalization in which managers in different parts of the matrix negotiate conflicts and resources

question

Complex Matrix

answer

A form of matrix departmentalization in which managers in different parts of the matrix report to matrix managers, who help them sort out conflicts and problems

question

Authority

answer

The right to give commands, take action, and make decisions to achieve organizational objectives

question

Chain of Command

answer

The vertical line authority that clarifies who reports to whom throughout the organization

question

Unity of Command

answer

A management principle that workers should report to just one boss

question

Line Authority

answer

The right to command immediate subordinates in the chain of command

question

Staff Authority

answer

The right to advise, but not command, others who are not subordinates in the chain of command

question

Line Function

answer

An activity that contributes directly to create or selling the company's products

question

Staff Function

answer

An Activity that does not contribute directly to create or selling the company's products, but instead supports line activities

question

Delegation of Authority

answer

The assignment of direct authority and responsibility to a sub ordinate to complete tasks for which the manager is normally responsible

question

Centralization of Authority

answer

The location of most authority at the upper levels of the organization

question

Decentralization

answer

The location of a significant amount of authority in the lower levels of the organization

question

Standardization

answer

Solving problems by consistently applying the same rules, procedures, and processes

question

Job Design

answer

The number, kind and variety of tasks that individual workers perform in doing their jobs

question

Job Specialization

answer

A job composed of small part of a larger task process

question

Job Rotation

answer

Periodically moving workers from one specialized job to another to give them more variety and the opportunity to use different skills

question

Job Enlargement

answer

Increasing the number of different tasks that a worker performs within one particular job

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Job Enrichment

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Increasing the number of tasks in a particular job and giving workers the authority and control to make meaningful decisions about their work

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Job Characteristics Model

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An approach to job redesign that seeks to formulate jobs in ways that motivate workers and lead to positive work outcomes

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Internal Motivation

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Motivation that comes from the job itself rather than form outside rewards

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Skill Variety

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The number of doifferent activities performed in a job

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Task Identity

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The degree to which a job, from beginning to end, requires the completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work

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Task Significance

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The degree to which a job is perceived to have a substantial impact on others inside or outside the organization

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Autonomy

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The degree to which a job gives workers the discretion, freedom, and independence to decide how and when to accomplish the job

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Feedback

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The amount of information the job provides to workers about their work performance

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Mechanistic Organization

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An organization characterized by specialized jobs and responsibilities; precisely defined, unchanging roles.

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Organic Organization

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An organization characterized by broadly defined jobs and responsibility; loosely defined frequently changing roles

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Intraorganizational Process

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The collection of activities that take place within an organization to transform inputs into outputs that customers value

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Re-engineering

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Fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical measures of performance, such as cost, quality, service, and speed

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Task Interdependence

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The extent to which collective action is required to complete and entire piece of work

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Pooled Interdependence

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Work completed by having each job or department independently contribute to the whole

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Sequential Interdependence

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Work completed in succession with one group's or job's outputs becoming the inputs for the next group or job

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Reciprocal Interdependence

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Work completed by different jobs or groups working together in a back and forth manner

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Empowering Workers

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Permanently passing decision-making authority and responsibility from managers to workers by giving them the information and resources they need to make and carry out good decisions

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Empowerment

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Feelings of intrinsic motivation, in which workers perceive their workers perceive their work to have impact and meaning and perceive themselves to be competent and capable of self-determination

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Behavioral Informality

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A workplace atmosphere characterized by spontaneity, casualness, and interpersonal familiarity

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Behavioral Formality

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A workplace atmosphere characterized by routine and regimen, specific rules about how to behave and impersonal detachment

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Open Office Systems

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Offices in which the physical barriers that separate workers have been removed in order to increase communication and interaction

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Shared Spaces

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Spaces used by and open to all employees

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Private Spaces

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Spaces used by and open to just one employee

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Inter-organizational Process

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A collection of activities that take place among companies to transform inputs into outputs that customers value

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Modular Organization

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An organization that outsources noncore business activities to outside companies, suppliers, specialists or consultants

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Virtual Organization

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An organization that is part of a network in which many companies share skills, costs, capabilities, markets, and customers to collectively solve customer problems or provide specific products or services

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Work Team

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A small number of people with complementary skills who hold themselves mutually accountable for pursuing a common purpose, achieving performance goals, and improving interdependent work processes

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Cross Training

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Training team members to do all or most of the jobs performed by the other team members

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Social Loafing

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Behavior in which team members withhold their efforts and fail to perform their share of the work.

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Traditional Work Group

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A group composed of two or more people who work together to achieve a shared goal

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Employee Involvement Team

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Team that provides advice or makes suggestions to management concerning specific issues

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Semi-autonomous Work Group

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A group that has the authority to make decisions and solve problems related to the major tasks of producing a product or service

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Self-managing Team

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A team that manages and controls all of the major tasks of producing a product or service

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Self-designing Team

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A team that has the characteristics of self-managing teams but also controls team design, work tasks, and team membership

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Cross-functional Team`

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A team composed of employees from different functional areas of the organization

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Virtual Team

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A team composed of geographically and/or organizationally dispersed coworkers who use telecommunication and information technologies to accomplish an organizational task

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Project Team

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A team created to complete specific, one-time projects or tasks within a limited time

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Norms

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Informally agreed on standards that regulate team behavior

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Cohesiveness

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The extent to which team members are attracted to a team and motivated to remain in it

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Forming

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The first stage of team development, in which team members meet each other, form initial impressions, and begin to establish team norms

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Storming

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The second stage of development, characterized by conflict and disagreement, in which team members disagree over ehat the team should do and how it should do it

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Norming

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The third stage of team development, in which team members begin to settle into their roles, group cohesion grows, and positive team norms develop

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Performing

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The fourth and final stage of team development, in which performance improves because the team has matured into an effective, fully functioning team

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De-norming

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A reversal of the norming stage, in which team performance begins to decline as the size, scope, goal, or members of the team change

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De-storming

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A reversal of the storming phase, in which the team's comfort level decreases, team cohesion weakens, and angry emotions and conflict may flare

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De-forming

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A reversal of the forming stage, in which team members position themselves to control pieces of the team, avoid each other and isolate themselves from team leaders

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Structural Accommodation

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The ability to change organizational structures, polices and practices in order to meet stretch goals

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Bureaucratic Immunity

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The ability to make changes without first getting approval from managers or other parts of an organization

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Individualism Collectivism

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The degree to which a person believes that people should be self sufficient and that loyalty to one's self is more important than loyalty to team or company

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Team Level

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The average level of ability, experience, personality, or any other factor on a team

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Team Diversity

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The variances or differences in ability, experience personality, or any other factor on a team

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Interpersonal Skills

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Skills, such as listening, communicating, questioning, and providing feedback, that enable people to have effective working relationships with others

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Skill Based Pay

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Compensation system that pays employees for learning additional skills or knowledge

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Gain-sharing

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A compensation system in which companies share the financial value of performance gains, such as productivity, cost savings or quality, with their workers

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Human Resource Management

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The process of finding, developing, and keeping the right people to form a qualified workforce

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Bona Fide Occupational Qualification

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An exception in employment law that permits sex, age, religion, and the like to be used when making employment decisions, but onlu if they are reasonably necessary to the normal operation of that particular business.

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Disparate Treatment

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Intentional discrimination that occurs when people are purposely not given the same hiring, promotion, or membership opportunities because of their race, color, sex, age, ethnic group, national origin, or religious beliefs

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Adverse Impact

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Unintentional discrimination that occurs when members of a particular race, sex, or ethnic group are unintentionally harmed or disadvantaged because they are hired, promoted or trained at substantially lower rates than others

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Four-Fifths Rule

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A rule of thumb used by the courts and the EEOC to determine whether there is evidence of adverse impact.

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Sexual Harassment

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A form of discrimination in which unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, or other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature occurs while performing one's job

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Quis Pro Quo Sexual Harassment

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A form of sexual harassment in which employment outcomes, such as hiring, promotion, or simply keeping one's job, depend on whether an individual submits to sexual harassment

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Hostile Work Environment

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A form of sexual harassment in which unwelcome and demeaning sexually related behavior creates an intimidating and offensive work environment

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Recruiting

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The process of developing a pool of qualified job applicants

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Job Analysis

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A purposeful, systematic process for collecting information on the important work related aspects of a job

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Job Description

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A written description of the basic tasks, duties, and responsibilities required of an employee holding a particular job

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Job Specifications

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A written summary of the qualifications needed to successfully perform a particular job.

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Job Specifications

answer

A written summary of the qualifications needed to successfully perform a particular job.

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