Principles of Biology-Exam 2- chapters 3-5
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What are the four characteristics of water that are emergent properties resulting from hydrogen bonding
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1.Cohesion and Adhesion 2. ability to moderate temperature (high heat capacity) 3. Expansion upon freezing 4. The solvent of life
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Cohesion
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water molecules sticking to itself
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Adhesion
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water molecules sticking to other molecules
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Which property of water allows a paper towel to pick up a puddle of water?
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Adhesion
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Which property of water allows a water strider to walk on water?
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Cohesion- surface tension
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Which property of water allows dogs to cool themselves by panting?
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Ability to moderate temperature-evaporative cooling (remaining surface cools down and it occurs between the hottest molecules)
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Kilocalorie
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unit for measuring heat; but it is the nutrition unit
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Specific heat
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the heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of a substance to increase by 1C
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Evaporative cooling
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the surface area of an object becomes cooler during evaporation; liquid to gas
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Heat of Vaporization
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1g of a substance converted to gas
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Heat
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the thermal energy in transfer
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Temperature
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Measure of average kinetic energy
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Solution
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a uniform mixture of 2 or more substances
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Solute
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The substance being dissolved
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Solvent
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what surrounds the solute
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Hydrophobic
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Never dissolves or mixes in H2O
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Hydrophillic
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will dissolve and is attracted to H2O
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Mole
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6.022e23 atoms
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Molarity
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mol/L
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Hydration shell
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a ring of water around a substance
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Where is the water transported in plants
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the zylum
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Where does the water enter in the roots
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cytoplasm and the cell walls
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Where does the water leave?
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transpiration
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Thermal energy
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the random movements of atoms and molecules
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When does water turn into ice?
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when all 4 h-bonds form
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buffers
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weak acids or bases
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organic molecules
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contain carbon
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Describe the origin of vitalism and name its supporters
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belief in a life force outside the jurisdiction of physical chemical laws; the starter for O-chem; Miller experiment (Wohler and Kolbe); formed CH2O, HCN, amino acids, and hydrocarbons
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Explain Stanley Miller experiment and its relation to an early stage in the origin of life
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organic molecules can be made by inorganic things; disproved when chemists were able to synthesize organic compounds; organic molecules may have been synthesized abiotically on the early Earth
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Explain how carbon's electron configuration explains its ability to form large, complex and diverse organic molecules
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four valence electrons and four single covalent bonds
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Describe how carbon skeletons may vary, and explain how this variation contributes to the diversity and complexity of organic molecules
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length (# of carbons); branching; double bond position; presence of rings
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Describe the basic structure of a hydrocarbon and explain why these molecules are hydrophobic
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repetition of C-H; non-polar linkages; release a lot of energy major portion of petroleum and not prevalent in most living organisms (serve as a fuel reserve)
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isomer
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same formula different structure
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three type of isomers
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structural, cis/trans; enantiomer
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structural
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same formula
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cis/trans
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arrangement around double bonds; cis- across; trans- diagonal
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enantiomer
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mirror images; must have 4 different groups
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hydroxyl group
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-OH; will add solubility; polar due to oxygen; forms H-bonds with H2O
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Carbonyl group
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C=O; ketone-acetone (occur in the middle); aldehyde-propanol (occur at the beginning or end); present in sugars
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Carboxyl group
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HO-C=O; acts as an acid
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Amino group
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-NH2; acts like a base
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Sulfhydryl group
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-SH; helps stabilize protein structures; cross link for amino acids
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Phosphate group
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when it breaks it will release a lot of energy
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Methyl group
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-CH3; affects the shape and function of sex hormones
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Explain how ATP function as the primary energy transfer molecule in living cells
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release of a phosphate group; releases energy because p-p bonds hold a great amt. of energy
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polymers
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poly-many; long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks; covalent bonds
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Monomers
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monos-single; the subunit of a polymer
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Dehydration synthesis
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synthesis or a polymer; removes a water to form a new bond
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Hydrolysis
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breaking down of a polymer; it is the exact opposite of dehydration; gets the help from enzymes
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Monosaccharides
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basic formula CH2O; simple sugars; immediate source of energy; glyceraldehyde
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Disaccharides
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2 monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage; sucrose (table sugar) (glucose and fructose)
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Polysaccharides
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macromolecules; greater than 5 monomers; storage or structural
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glycosidic linkage
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a covalent bond formed by 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
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Starch
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a polysaccharide; plants; polymer of glucose monomers (include chloroplasts)
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Glycogen
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a polysaccharide; animals; stored in liver and muscle cells; allows you to live 1-2 days
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alpha linkages
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in polys; the carbon groups are all on one side
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beta linkages
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in polys; the carbon groups are on opposite sides and it switches with the hydroxyl groups; can't be broken down
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storage
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starch and glycogen
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structural
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cellulose
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Aldoses and ketoses differ in the position of their _____
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carbonyl groups
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All monosaccharides contain ____, _____, _____
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carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
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a six carbon sugar is called
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hexoses
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Cellulose
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structural component of plant cell walls
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Lipids
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hydrophobic; non-polar; dehydration synthesis; mix poorly with water
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Fats
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not polymers; constructed by glycerol (alcohol) and fatty acids (a chain of about 16-18 Carbons with a carboxyl group)
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how are 3 fatty acids joined together
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ester linkages
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Phospholipids
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major part of cell membranes; only 2 fatty acids with a glycerol and a phosphate and a polar head; ampheritic
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ampheritic
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hydrophilic and hydrophobic
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Steroids
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hydrophobic; cholesterol; four fused rings
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Bad cholesterol (LDL)
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store cholesterol in the blood stream and sticks to arteries
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Good Cholesterol (HDL)
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regulates LDL storage and promotes excretion
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Ester linkage
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a bond formed by a dehydration reaction between a hydroxyl and carboxyl group; in btw 3 acids
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Saturated fats
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no double bonds; @ room temperature- solid
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Unsaturated fats
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has 1+ double bonds (most are cis which creates a bend); @ room temp-liquid because the molecules aren't closely packed enough
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Trans fat
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unsaturated fats with trans bonds; lowers good cholesterol and increases bad; naturally occurs in meat and fair but typically unnatural in processed foods; H's on opposite side of double bonds; high melting point
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Cis fats
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generally good for health unless consumed in large quantities; naturally occurs; chains on the same side; low melting point
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Explain how a peptide bond forms between two amino acids
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when 2 amino acids are positioned so that the carboxyl group of one is adjacent to the amino group of the other
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List and describe the four major components of an amino acid
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Amino group, alpha carbon, carboxyl group, rest of the hydrocarbon
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hydrophobic interaction
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as it folds the non-polar side chains will end up in clusters; one these are close they will form Van der Waals to help held them together
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Hydrogen bonds
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holds the polar and ionic portions together
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Disulfide bridges
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covalent bonds; 2 cysteine monomers (that have -SH groups) are close -CH2-S-S-CH2
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Denaturation
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if the pH, temp, salt concentration or other aspects are altered the weak chemical bonds and interactions within a protein may be destroyed and lose its shape
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Chaperonins
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protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other molecules; keep the polypeptide segregated from disruptive chemical conditions in the cytoplasmic environment; has a cap and a hollow cylinder
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Nucleotide
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(1) five-carbon sugar (Deoxyribose or Ribose) (2) nitrogen containing base (Pyrimidine or a Purine) (3) 1+ phosphate groups contain phosphil diester bonds
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pyrimidines
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cytosine, thymines, uracil (1 ring)
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Purines
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Adenine, Guanine (2 rings)
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Nucleotides
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pentose, nitrogenous, phosphate group
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Nucleoside
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a nucleotide without a phosphate group
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RNA
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1 strand
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DNA
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2 stand
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Genomics
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the systematic study of whole set of genes and their interactions within a species and between species
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Proteomics
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analysis of large sets of proteins including their sequences
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What are the contributions of genomics and proteomics to biology?
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amino acid sequences are similar if the organisms are closely related; evolution
