Primate Social Behavior & Taxonomy (7)
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Polygyny
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Multiple males/females Some males lie with multiple females HIGH sexual dimorphism Multiple makes & females compete There can be no well defined social groups, there are bonds with members of opposite & same sex
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Polyandry
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Multiple males compete with 1 female Very rare Bachelors
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Strepsirhines
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Rhinarium Long Snout Tapetum lucidum to enhanace night vision Post orbital bar Smaller brain size Tooth comb
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Haplirhines
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No Tapetum lucidum No rhinarium Short Snout Post orbital closure no tooth comb Large brain to body size ratio
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Platyrrhines
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Broad lateral nostrils They utilized island hopping Claw-like nails 2.1.3.3. (Incisors, canines, pre-molars, molars)
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Catarrhines
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OW monkeys Apes & Humans Downward facing nostrils CP3 Complex 2 Premolars 2.1.2.3 / 2.1.2.3
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Cercopithecoids
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All have tails Stub, or no thumb Ischial callosities on rear Cheek pouches
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Hominoids
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Apes & Humans No tails Y5 molars Knuckle walking Culture Welfare
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Folivore
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eats leaves
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Frugivore
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eats fruit
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Prehensile tail
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capable of grasping
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Diurnal
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sleeps @ night active during day
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nocturnal
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sleeps during day active @ night
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Hunting deforestation pet trade overlapping resources
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4 threats facing primates
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mates food avoiding predators survival
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Why live in social groups?
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Solitary
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Common in early primates Males attempt to gain access to females Use scent markings to ward off intruders
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Monogamy
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Male and Females live in pair bond for extended period of time May not be fully monogamous Females mate with multiple males to have protection over her babies Very little sexual dimorphism
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Behavioral ecology
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___________ is the study of the evolution of behavior, emphasizing the role of ecological factors as agents of natural selection.
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primate social structure
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The composition, size, and sex ratio
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Affiliative
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Amicable behaviors that promote group cohesion are called ________ behaviors.
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empathy
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Grooming accomplishes all but _______ .
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grooming
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In many primate species, _______ have/has a central role in reinforcing social relationships.
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Altruism
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Type of behavior that benefits another while involving some risk to the performer.
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Chimpanzee
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_______ caregivers are evidenced in helping their younger siblings.
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Cultural.
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________ behavior is learned.
