Pre – Ap World History Midterm – Flashcards
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Primary source
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text that tells a first-hand account of an even (letters, journals)
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Secondary source
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information gathered by someone who did not take part in or witness an event
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Neolithic Revolution
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the shift from hunting of animals and gathering of food to the keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis around 8,000 BC
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Agriculture
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the practice of cultivating the land or raising stock
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artisan
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a skilled worker who practices some trade or handicraft
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civilization
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a society in an advanced state of social development with complex legal and political and religious organizations
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cuneiform
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an ancient wedge-shaped script used in Mesopotamia and Persia
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ziggurat
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a rectangular tiered temple or terraced mound erected by the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians
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scribe
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someone employed to make written copies of documents and manuscripts
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city-state
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a city with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside
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pharaoh
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the title of the ancient Egyptian kings
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hieroglyphics
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an ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds
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papyrus
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paper made from the papyrus plant by cutting it in strips and pressing it flat
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monarchy
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A government ruled by a king or queen
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theocracy
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government run by religious leaders
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dynasty
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a sequence of powerful leaders in the same family
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polytheistic
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worshipping or believing in more than one god
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patrician
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a member of the noble families who controlled all power in the early years of the Roman Republic
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plebeian
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of the common people of ancient Rome
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urban planning
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determining and drawing up plans for the future physical arrangement and condition of a community
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isolation (china)
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Great Wall to the North, mountains, & deserts kept the Chinese separate (isolated) from the rest of the world. Species of plants & animals developed there that are found nowhere else in the world.
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mandate of heaven (china)
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claim by chinese kings of the Zhou dynasty that they had directed authority from heaven to rule and keep order in universe
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pyramid
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a massive memorial with a square base and four triangular sides
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Hinduism
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A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms
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Buddhism
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the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth
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Confucianism
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the teachings of Confucius emphasizing love for humanity
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Judaism
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A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament.
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Aryans
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nomads from Europe and Asia who migrated to India and finally settled; vedas from this time suggest beginning of caste system
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Aryan/Hindu Caste System
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division of social classes
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Brahmins
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Priests, at the top of the caste system which the Aryans made
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Kshatriyas
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second level of the Hindu caste system; warriors
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Vaishyas
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peasants & traders in Hindu society; 3rd level of caste system
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Shudras
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laborers, craftworkers and servants in the Indian caste system
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Torah
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(Judaism) the scroll of parchment on which the first five books of the Hebrew Scripture is written
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Monotheism
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belief in a single God
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Canaan
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the ancient region lying between the Jordan, the Dead Sea, and the Mediterranean: the land promised by God to Abraham
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Israel
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an ancient kingdom of the Hebrew tribes at the southeastern end of the Mediterranean Sea
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Judah
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an ancient kingdom of southern Palestine with Jerusalem as its center
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Bureaucracy
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system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials
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Autocracy
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a political theory favoring unlimited authority by a single individual
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Silk Roads
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A system of ancient caravan routes across Central Asia, along which traders carried silk and other trade goods
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civil service
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the group of people whose job it is to carry out the work of the government
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Polytheistic
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worshipping or believing in more than one god
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Karma
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(Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation
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Reincarnation
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the Hindu or Buddhist doctrine that person may be reborn successively into one of five classes of living beings depending on the person's own actions
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Siddartha Gautama (Buddha)
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Founder of Buddhism
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Enlightenment
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(Hinduism and Buddhism) the beatitude that transcends the cycle of reincarnation
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Eightfold Path
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in buddhism a set of guidelines on how to escape suffering
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Five Precepts
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the basic moral requirements that are all binding of all Buddhists.
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King Asoka
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The leader of the Gupta Empire who is responsible for spreading Buddhism throughout India, China, and much of Asia
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Confucius
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Chinese philosopher (circa 551-478 BC)
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Great Wall of China
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a fortification 1,500 miles long built across northern China in the 3rd century BC
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Zhou
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Confucianism
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Qin
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autocracy, Great Wall
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Han
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Confucianism, bureaucracy
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Maurya
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King Asoka, Buddhism
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Gupta
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Hindusim
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Oligarchy
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a political system governed by a few people
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Aristocracy
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the most powerful members of a society
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Democracy
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a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
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Parthenon
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temple in Athens built to honor the goddess Athena
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Phalanx
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formation of warriors used by greek city states
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Persian Wars
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A series of wars between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire (5th century B.C.).
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Pelopponesian War
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War between Athens and Sparta, lasted 27 years. Sparta became allies with Persia - Sparta won.
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Helots
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peasants forced to stay on the land they worked
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Pericles
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Athenian statesman whose leadership contributed to Athen's political and cultural supremacy in Greece
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Socrates
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ancient Athenian philosopher
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Plato
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ancient Athenian philosopher
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Aristotle
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one of the greatest of the ancient Athenian philosophers
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Homer
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ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey (circa 850 BC)
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Epics
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Long poems that tell the stories of heroes
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Polis (city-state)
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an ancient Greek city-state.
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Phillip II of Macedonia
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came to power in 359; built a powerful army and turned Macedonia into the chief power of the Greek World; wanted to unite all of Greece under Macedonia; father of Alexander the Great
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Alexander the Great
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king of Macedon
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republic
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a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
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Twelve Tables
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the earliest written collection of Roman laws, drawn up by patricians about 450B.C., that became the foundation of Roman law
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consuls
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Two officials from the patrician class were appointed each year of the Roman Republic to supervise the government and command the armies
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dictator
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a ruler who has complete power over a country
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tribunes
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An officer of ancient Rome elected by the plebeians to protect their rights from arbitrary acts of the patrician magistrates.
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Senate
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In ancient Rome, the supreme governing body, originally made up only of aristocrats.
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plebeians
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common people
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patricians
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the wealthy class in Roman society; landowners
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legions
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the military units of the Roman Empire were organized into these.
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Punic Wars
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A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean.
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inflation
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a general and progressive increase in prices
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Pax Romana
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the Roman peace
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Islam
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the religion of Muslims collectively which governs their civilization and way of life
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Muslim
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a believer or follower of Islam
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Mecca
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the holiest city of Islam; Muhammad's birthplace
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Muhammad
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the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632)
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Allah
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Muslim name for the one and only God
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mosque
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a Muslim place of worship
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Qur'an
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the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina
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Five Pillars
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beliefs that all Muslims needed to carry out: Faith, Prayer, Alms, Fasting, and Pilgrimage
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Ramadan
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(Islam) a fast (held from sunrise to sunset) that is carried out during the Islamic month of Ramadan
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Alms
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money or goods given to the poor
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hajj
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a pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims
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Caliph
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the civil and religious leader of a Muslim state considered to be a representative of Allah on earth
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Umayyads
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A dynasty that ruled the Muslim Empire from 661 to 750 and later established a kingdom in al-Andalus.
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Abbasids
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A dynasty that ruled much of the Muslim Empire from 750 to about 1250.
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Sunni
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A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad
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Shi'a
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the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad
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movable type
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individual characters made of wood or metal that can be arranged to create a job for printing and then used over again
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porcelain
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ceramic ware made of a more or less translucent ceramic
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Silk
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a fabric made from the fine threads produced by certain insect larvae
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Gunpowder
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The formula, brought to China in the 400s or 500s, was first used to make fumigators to keep away insect pests and evil spirits. In later centuries it was used to make explosives and grenades and to propel cannonballs, shot, and bullets.
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Magnetic compass
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Chinese invention that aided navigation by showing which direction was north
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Excommunication
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the act of banishing a member of the Church from the communion of believers and the privileges of the Church
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Interdict
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an ecclesiastical censure by the Roman Catholic Church withdrawing certain sacraments and Christian burial from a person or all persons in a particular district
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Canon law
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the body of codified laws governing the affairs of a Christian church
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Sacraments
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the sacred rituals of the Church
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church officials
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clergy
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knights
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in the Middle Ages, lesser noble who served as a mounted warrior for a lord
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serfs/peasants
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Serfs were tied to the land, Peasants were able to leave.
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manor
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the landed estate of a lord (including the house on it)
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fief
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land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service
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Reconquista
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The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.
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Inquisition
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a former tribunal of the Roman Catholic Church (1232-1820) created to discover and suppress heresy
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humanism
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the doctrine emphasizing a person's capacity for self-realization through reason
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secular
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worldly; not pertaining to church matters or religion; temporal
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patron
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person who financially supports the arts
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perspective
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the appearance of things relative to one another as determined by their distance from the viewer
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vernacular
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the everyday speech of the people (as distinguished from literary language)
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printing press
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invented by Johann Gutenberg in 1454; machine used for printing
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Johann Gutenberg
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Man who created the printing press and changed the production and reading of books
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Gutenberg Bible
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A printed version of the Latin Vulgate translation of the Bible that was printed by Johannes Gutenberg, in Mainz, Germany in the fifteenth century.
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Machiavelli
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a statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government (1469-1527)
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Renaissance Man
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a scholar during the Renaissance who (because knowledge was limited) could know almost everything about many topics
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Individualism
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a belief in the importance of the individual and the virtue of self-reliance and personal independence
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Leonardo da Vinci
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Italian painter and sculptor and engineer and scientist and architect
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Mona Lisa
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A painting by Leonardo da Vinci of a woman. It is now of the most readily recognized paintings in the world.
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Shakespeare
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English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616)
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Medici Family
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Ruled Florence during the Renaissance, became wealthy from banking, spent a lot of money on art
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Magna Carta
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the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215
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Bubonic Plague/Black Death
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disease carried in rats that killed 1/3 of western europe population and ended serfdom in western europe
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Hundred Years' War
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Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families.
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devshirme
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Ottoman policy of taking boys from Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers
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janissaries
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Christian boys taken from families, converted to Islam, and then rigorously trained to serve the sultan
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Justinian Code
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the legal code of ancient Rome
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Cyrus
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Persian king who defeated Babylonia and thereby freed the Jews
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Cambyses
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a persian king,named after his father cyrus,expanded the persian empire by conquering egypt.
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Darius
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Persian ruler who brought order to the Persian Empire. He also built roads; established a postal system; and standardized weights, measures, and coinage.
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Royal Road
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a road in the persian empire, stretching over 1,600 miles from susa in persia to sardis in anatolia
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Zoroaster
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a Persian prophet, lived around 600 B.C. taught that the earth is a battleground where a great struggle if fought between the spirit of good and the spirit of evil, founder of Zoroasterianism
