Praxis II Middle School Content Knowledge – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
Style
answer
Usage of language to achieve certain effects
question
Tone
answer
Conveying an attitude or a mood with characters, settings, diction
question
Voice
answer
Who the narrator is and the attitude of the speaker, not necessarily the writer
question
mood
answer
Feeling at a specific point within the story
question
Harlem Renaissance (literature)
answer
African American movement in the '20s, French speakers. James Baldwin, Langston Hughes, Black artistic movement in New York City in the 1920s, when writers, poets, painters, and musicians came together to express feelings and experiences, especially about the injustices of Jim Crow; leading figures of the movement included Countee Cullen, Claude McKay, Duke Ellington, Zora Neale Hurston, and Langston Hughes.
question
Old English (literature)
answer
Poem Beowulf. Anglo Saxon Chronicles. Mostly consists of saints' lives biblical translations,
question
Middle English (literature)
answer
Chaucer's Canterbury Tales., Transitional period between Anglo-Saxon and modern English. 1066-1500. Chaucer is a good example of this period's work.
question
British Renaissance (literature)
answer
Years: 1485-1660 Themes: world view shifts from religion and after life to one stressing the human life on earth popular theme: development of human potential popular theme: many aspects of love explored unrequited love, constant love, timeless love, courtly love, love subject to change Key Literature/Authors: William Shakespeare, Donne,
question
American Colonial (literature)
answer
Anne Bradstreet- home and family life, John Winthrop- religious foundations of Massachussetts Bay, Phillis Wheatley- Slave narrative and poetry.
question
British Neoclassical (literature)
answer
Reason, Logic, Paradise Lost by MItlon, Dunn,
question
Modernism (literature)
answer
practices typical of contemporary life or thought. Yeats, TS Eliot, Joyce, Rejecting tradition
question
American Naturalistic
answer
Sinclair, Steinbeck, Twain. THe world as it is, specifically the grime and the grit.
question
Postmodernism
answer
The belief that society is no longer governed by history or progress. Postmodern society is highly pluralistic and diverse, with no "grand narrative" guiding its development. Dylan Thomas, Orwell, Golding.
question
Alliteration
answer
The repetition of consonant sounds
question
Allusion
answer
Makes reference to or representation of people, places, events
question
Analogy
answer
X is to Y as A is to B
question
Characterization
answer
Process of conveying information about characters
question
Cliche
answer
Overused element of work losing meaning or effect
question
Metaphor
answer
describes a subject by asserting that it is, on some level, the same as another
question
Simile
answer
Like/As comparison
question
Hyperbole
answer
Exaggeration not meant to be taken seriously
question
Personification
answer
The attribution of human characteristics to something non-human
question
Allegory
answer
Can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically politically or moral
question
Irony
answer
Expression of meaning using opposite language.
question
John Locke
answer
English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.
question
Hobbes
answer
Believed human action is motivated by selfish concerns and the fear of death. Known for writing Leviathan during the Civil War (1651)- argues for a social contract by an absolute soveriegn
question
Marx
answer
developed "scientific socialism", said that productive forces and economic relationships together made up the foundation of society. therefore, classes would conflict until the 'golden age' of communism took over. Author of Communist Manifesto
question
Lenin
answer
founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924.
question
Social Contract
answer
Sacrificed freedoms for protection from government
question
Conflict Resolution
answer
POlitical decision making in a complex society due to large populations
question
Collective Decision-Making
answer
Social choice theory is a theoretical framework for measuring individual interests, values or welfare as an aggregate towards collective decision
question
Paleolithic Period
answer
Development of primitive stone tools. Hunter/Gatherers Burial and Ritual Practices
question
Neolithic Period
answer
Agricultural Revolution: Farming permitted denser populations and farming/animal Animal Husbandry: agricultural practice of breeding and raising livestock
question
Development of City Civilizations
answer
Mesopotamia: Tigris-Euphrates river system Nile Valley: Ancient Egyptian Civilization- 2800 Hieroglyphs Indus River: MOdern Day Pakistan 3300-1300 BC Huang He River Valley: 4000 BC Yellow River Civilization in China Mesoamerica: Pre-Columbian Civilizations in modern day MExico/Central America- Mayan Cilivizations
question
Vedic Age
answer
Foundation of Indian Civilization Oldest Hindu scriptures, 1500-500 BC
question
Hinduism
answer
Religion of India, Vedic Religion Believe in complete freedom of worship and not one particular way. Numerous deities that actively influence the world and interact with humans.
question
Dharma
answer
Ethics and duties Hinduism
question
Samsara
answer
Cycle of rebirth/reincarnation Hinduism
question
Karma
answer
Action and Subsequent Reaction Hinduism
question
Moksha
answer
Liberation from Samsara Hinduism
question
Yogas
answer
Paths and Practices Hinduism
question
Buddhism
answer
BUddha (Awakened One)Eliminate suffering thought meditation to eliminate ignorance, seeing dependent origination and eliminating craving to find ultimate happiness- Nirvana
question
Buddhism
answer
Samsara and Karma Suffering causes and solutions- we can ind the root of suffering (physical, psychological, etc) Nature of Existence - the mind causes stress and must be awakened to develop dispassion for clinging and liberated from suffering Nirvana- ultimate happiness, liberation from suffering
question
Han Dynasty
answer
Golden Age of Chinese history; Economic prosperity, including the Silk Road (vast trade network)
question
Chinese Government
answer
Monarchy government with an Emperor and several Chancellors with an interruption of Hna Rule and several military campaigns
question
Chinese Dynasties
answer
Cao Wei, Eastern Wu and Shu Han dynasties developed from the fall of Han Dynasty. Conflict began when Emperor Xian relinquished empire to son, Cao Pi
question
Confucianism
answer
Chinese ethical and philosophical system developed by Chinese philosopher Confucius
question
Confucianism Beliefs
answer
Core is humanism - Belief that human beings are teachable, improvable, and perfectible through personal and communal endeavour
question
Confucianism Virtues
answer
focuses on the cultivation of vrtue and ethics humanistic and non-theistic, does not involve a belief in the supernatural or a personal God Emphasis on learning, devotion to family, peace, justice Hierarchy of Authority
question
Daoism
answer
Living in harmony with the Dao. Simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events
question
Judaism and Israel
answer
Kingdom of Israel (North) Kingdom of Judah (South) 930-576 BC Israel Exiled by Neo-Assyrians in 750 BC JUdah fell to King Nebuchadnezzar and Babylonia 586 -538 BC
question
Assyria
answer
Mesopotamia, Semitic People (4000-3500 BC) Fell to Babylon 18th Century BC which created the
question
Neo-Assyrian Empire
answer
911-608 BC, greatest empire in the worl to date encompassing control over Babylon, Israel, Judah, Egypt. Layed the foundation for the rise of Persians, Hellenism, Christianity and Islam
question
Persia
answer
Iran, Force by Cyrus the Great started conquering empires in 547 BC Strongest Empire 500 -330BC Loss to Greeks (Alexander)
question
Classical Greece
answer
510-323 BC (death of Alexander) Grecio-Persian wars 499 -449 BC Phillip II, Alex's father, built Macedon Alex liberated Greece from Persia in 330BC
question
Peloponnesian War
answer
Sparta/Athens War 431BC Fall of Sparta in 405 BC
question
Hellenistic World
answer
Greece after Alex. Arts, Exploration, Literature, architecture, theatre, mathematics, science Alexandria
question
Roman Republic
answer
Roman Republic (509 BC) to Augustus (27 BC) Governed by elected Senate but dissatisfaction led to civil wars and culminated in Caesar
question
Julius Caesar
answer
dictator of Rome, before Empire. Ides of March 44BC, left everything to nephew Augustus
question
Roman Empire
answer
27BC -476 AD Augustus - Fall
question
Pax Romana
answer
Roman Peace. Stable Period under Caesar Augustus 27BC -24AD
question
Decline of Roman Empire
answer
476 AD. 1.Constantine and adoption of Christianity as the state religion 2. General Rejection of the values of antiquity 3. Split of empire between Byzantine Empire (East) and chaos throughout the west
question
Christianity
answer
Jesus Christ born 1AD Persecution of religion until Constantine 306-337, adoption of Christianity and declared tolerance of all religions in 313, 330 official religion of Roman Empire
question
Kush
answer
Ancient African Kingdom, invaded Egypt 5th Century BC and ruled as Pharaohs (MOdern Sudan, South of Egypt)
question
Axum
answer
Ancient civilization (modern Ethiopia) Ruler converted to Christianity in 356 and was an ally of the Byzantine Empire vs the Persians. Eventually declined 7th Century with the spread of Islam
question
Nok Culture
answer
Originated 1000 BC in NIgeria. Advanced Social System. Vanished 500 AD in West Africa
question
Bantu Migrations
answer
MIllenia long Series of migrations of speakers in sub-equatorial Africa Spread of language and reason for similar dialects across sub-equatorial Africa. Language believed to originate from NIger-Congo language family
question
Transition to Middle Ages
answer
Nomadic Migrations into Eastern Europe after fall of Roman EMpire (400-800)
question
Germanic Peoples
answer
Goths, Vandels, Angels, Saxons, Franks... First to migrate, pushed westward by Huns
question
Huns
answer
Nomadic people who invaded Europe from the east and established the Hunic Empire in 370 AD
question
Mongols
answer
13th Century invasion of the Kingdom of Hungary by the Mongols
question
Byzantine Empire
answer
Empire in Southeastern Europe and Asia Minor formed from the Eastern Roman Empire. Ended in 1453 to the loss to the Ottoman Turks
question
Emergence of Russia
answer
Settled by Slavs from the 200 - 700 AD MOscow ascended in 14th, 15th 16th Centuries Empire achieved height of its power under Peter the Great and Catherine the Great in the 17th and 18th centuries
question
Islamic Civilization (Rise)
answer
570-632 Muhammad began publicly preaching that he had received revelations from God and claimed to be a prophet at age 40 622 Flight of Muhammad to Medina, 629 Muhammad pilgrimage to Mecca 632 Death of Muhammad
question
Islamic Civilizations (Expansion)
answer
632-700 campaigns and conquests throughout MIddle East 637 Conquest of Syria and Jerusalem Growth of religion went hand inhand with Military expansion for other motives
question
Inuit
answer
Eskimos in Alaska from across the Barring Straight
question
Anasazi (cliff dwellers)
answer
Southwest US "pueblo Indians" made homes in sides of cliffs. Protection with ladders, hunted wild animals
question
Northwest INdians (Kwakiuatl)
answer
Oregon lived in rivers and woods
question
Mound Builders
answer
Used earth for religious, ceremonial, burial purposes; great lakes, ohio river valley
question
Iroquois
answer
Northeast, Natives that befriended pilgrims
question
Cherokee
answer
Southeast, Trail of Tears Reservation in Oklahoma
question
Crusades (600AD-1300AD)
answer
Development of Catholic Church and Christianity got stronger because Catholic Church gained power
question
The Renaissance
answer
1300 AD, kings ruled countries Rebirth of learning Land=Power Catholic church extremely powerful, Martin Luther began protestant church
question
Imperialism
answer
Claiming colonies outside of landmass
question
Christopher Columbus
answer
1492 in effort to find a shorter route to Asia Found West Indies (Dominican Republic), claimed for Spain along with Florida
question
Magellan
answer
Went all the way around the world (SOuthern tip of SouthAmerica) after Columbus. Spanish
question
Henry VIII
answer
Began Church of ENgland to divorce his wife.
question
Louisiana Purchase
answer
Napoleon sold west of Mississippi to Jefferson
question
Portugal
answer
Claimed territories in Africa. Attempted to find a water route through Africa into Asia
question
1783 Revolutionary War
answer
Louis the 16th helped the US because he hated Great Britain. People inspired by the Americans revolted their government for taxes and lack GDP
question
4 Classes of molecules
answer
Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Lipids, Carbohydrates/
question
Proteins
answer
Linear chains of smaller molecules called amino acids. Proteins make chemical reactions go faster (enzymes), structural support
question
Nucelic Acids
answer
Hereditary material in the cell. DNA is the most common nuleic acid.
question
Nucleotides
answer
4 types that make up DNA: A,G,C,T
question
Gene
answer
A sequence of DNA that has the information for a nucelotide sequence particular protein
question
RNA
answer
very similar to DNA but it is single stranded, not double stranded. Tells ribosome what amino acids should go where in a new protein.
question
Lipid
answer
Fat. Great source of energy for cells. Phospholipids which are little molecules that make up the plasma membrane of cells/
question
Carbohydrates
answer
Sugars. Glucose is a specific carb that provides the body with energy
question
Cellular Respiration
answer
...
question
Metacognition
answer
"Thinking about thinking" or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task
question
Onomatopoeia
answer
using words that imitate the sound they denote
question
antrhomorphism
answer
attribution of human characteristics. Also known as personification
question
Cell Types
answer
Prokaryotes: don't have nucelus Eukaryotes: Have nucleus
question
Mitochondira
answer
Site of cellular respiration
question
Chloroplasts
answer
Site of Photosynthesis
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New